Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Adverse Metabolic Response To Regular Exercise: Is It A Rare Or Common Occurrence?, Claude Bouchard, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church, Conrad P. Earnest, James M. Hagberg, Keijo Häkkinen, Nathan T. Jenkins, Laura Karavirta, William E. Kraus, Dabeeru C. Rao, Mark A. Sarzynski, James S. Skinner, Cris A. Slentz, Tuomo Rankinen

Faculty Publications

Background: Individuals differ in the response to regular exercise. Whether there are people who experience adverse changes in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors has never been addressed.

Methodology/Principle Findings: An adverse response is defined as an exercise-induced change that worsens a risk factor beyond measurement error and expected day-to-day variation. Sixty subjects were measured three times over a period of three weeks, and variation in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and in fasting plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), in insulin (FI) was quantified. The technical error (TE) defined as the within-subject standard deviation derived from these measurements was computed. An …

Iraq And Afghanistan Veterans’ Experiences Living With Their Parents After Separation From The Military, Miranda E. Worthen, M Moos, R Ahem

Faculty Publications

When military service members separate from the military, many return to their families of origin, living with their parents for a period of several weeks to years. While research with veterans and their spouses has documented the particular strain of this reintegration period on veterans and their partners, little research to date has examined veterans’ experiences living with their parents. The present study sought to fill this research gap by investigating veterans’ experiences living with their parents using qualitative, in-depth interviews with Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in California. Overall, veterans appreciated the instrumental and emotional support their parents provided when …

A Two-Stage Cluster Sampling Method Using Gridded Population Data, A Gis, And Google Earth(Tm) Imagery In A Population-Based Mortality Survey In Iraq, Lp Galway, Nathaniel Bell, Al Shatari Sae, Amy Hagopian, Gilbert Burnham, Abraham Flaxman, Wiliam M. Weiss, Julie Rajaratnam, Tim K. Takaro

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND:

Mortality estimates can measure and monitor the impacts of conflict on a population, guide humanitarian efforts, and help to better understand the public health impacts of conflict. Vital statistics registration and surveillance systems are rarely functional in conflict settings, posing a challenge of estimating mortality using retrospective population-based surveys.

RESULTS:

We present a two-stage cluster sampling method for application in population-based mortality surveys. The sampling method utilizes gridded population data and a geographic information system (GIS) to select clusters in the first sampling stage and Google Earth TM imagery and sampling grids to select households in the second sampling …

Evaluation Of Methods To Relieve Parental Perceptions Of Vaccine-Associated Pain And Anxiety In Children: A Pilot Study, Karlen E. (Beth) Luthy, Renea L. Beckstrand, Amy Pulsipher

Faculty Publications

Introduction: The pain and anxiety associated with vaccination is a significant reason why parents are reluctant to have their children vaccinated. Distraction methods and vapocoolant sprays may be use to modify the parent's perceptions of their child's pain and anxiety, thus encouraging parents to return for the child's next vaccination.

Methods: A convenience sample of 68 parents with children ranging in age from 2 to 12 years was selected. The parents and the child were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group, a DVD distraction group, or a vapocoolant spray group. After the child was vaccinated, parents evaluated the …

Role Of Raltegravir In Hiv-1 Management, Kristina E. Rokas, P Brandon Bookstaver, Caitlin L. Shamroe, S Scott Sutton, Vanessa E. Millisor, Jacquelyn E. Bryant, Sharon B. Weissman

Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature concerning the role of raltegravir in the treatment of HIV-1 in antiretroviral (ARV)-experienced and ARV-naïve patients. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed search was conducted for published data through March 2012 using the search terms raltegravir, MK-0518, and integrase strand transfer inhibitor. An additional search of International Pharmaceutical Abstracts for unpublished data, including data from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, the International AIDS Society, and the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, was conducted using similar search terms. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: In vitro and in vivo …

Acquisition Of Initial Mental Graphemic Representations By Children At Risk For Literacy Development, Kenn Apel, Shurita Thomas-Tate, Elizabeth B. Wilson-Fowler, Danielle Brimo

Faculty Publications

We examined the acquisition of initial mental graphemic representations (MGRs) by 46 kindergarten children (mean age = 5 years, 9 months) at risk for literacy development because of low socioeconomic status. Using a storybook context, we exposed children to novel nonwords that varied in their phonotactic and orthotactic probabilities and then assessed the children's development of initial MGRs through spelling and reading recognition tasks. The children developed some initial MGRs but less than past reports of children from middle socioeconomic backgrounds. Children with more advanced word recognition abilities developed more initial MGRs than their peers with less advanced word recognition …

Clustering Of Unhealthy Behaviors In The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, Mariane Héroux, Ian Janssen, Duck-Chul Lee, Xuemei Sui, James R. Hébert, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Background

Objectives

Methods

Longitudinal Changes In Body Composition Associated With Healthy Ageing: Men, Aged 20-96 Years, Andrew S. Jackson, Ian Janssen, Xuemei Sui, Timothy S. Church, Steven N. Blair

Faculty Publications

Obesity and sarcopenia are health problems associated with ageing. The present study modelled the longitudinal changes in body composition of healthy men, aged from 20 to 96 years, and evaluated the fidelity of BMI to identify age-dependent changes in fat mass and fat-free mass. The data from 7265 men with multiple body composition determinations (total observations 38,328) were used to model the age-related changes in body mass, fat mass, fat-free mass, BMI and percentage of body fat. Changes in fat mass and fat-free mass were used to evaluate the fidelity of BMI and to detect body composition changes with ageing. …

The Future Of Nursing: How Important Is Discipline-Specific Knowledge? A Conversation With Jacqueline Fawcett, Janie B. Butts, Karen L. Rich, Jacqueline Fawcett

Faculty Publications

Nurses have long attempted to secure a unique identity for the profession. Many scholars are now promoting an interdisciplinary framework for nursing practice. Fawcett is convinced that interdisciplinary practice poses a danger for nursing to lose its identity and that interdisciplinary practice cannot be successful if members of each discipline do not understand the conceptual models, practice, and research of their own discipline. Dr. Janie Butts and Dr. Karen Rich interviewed Dr. Jacqueline Fawcett about her views related to discipline-specific knowledge and nursing's future. The authors conclude that Fawcett's scientific foundation gives nursing the solidarity and power necessary to determine …

Ototoxic Hearing Loss And Retinoblastoma Patients, Shaum Bhagat

Faculty Publications

Chemotherapy is often used in the conservative management of retinoblastoma. Chemotherapy drugs, while ameliorative, can produce long-lasting side effects that potentially can affect survivor quality of life. Carboplatin is a common chemotherapy agent with known ototoxic side effects that is used in the treatment of retinoblastoma (Rodriguez-Galindo et al., 2003). The potential for carboplatin-induced hearing loss is of concern to the medical professional, given that retinoblastoma is often diagnosed in early childhood and children with retinoblastoma have visual impairments. This chapter will outline the mechanisms underlying carboplatin ototoxicity. The extent of knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of carboplatin-induced hearing loss will …

Reactive Oxygen Species And Mitochondrial Sensitivity To Oxidative Stress Determine Induction Of Cancer Cell Death By P21, Ionica Masgras, Samantha Carrera, Petra J. De Verdier, Paul Brennan, Aneela Majid, Wan Makhtar, Eugene Tulchinsky, George D. Jones, Igor Roninson, Salvador Macip

Faculty Publications

p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates cell cycle arrest. Prolonged p21 up-regulation induces a senescent phenotype in normal and cancer cells, accompanied by an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, it has been shown recently that p21 expression can also lead to cell death in certain models. The mechanisms involved in this process are not fully understood. Here, we describe an induction of apoptosis by p21 in sarcoma cell lines that is p53-independent and can be ameliorated with antioxidants. Similar levels of p21 and ROS caused senescence in the absence of significant death in other cancer …

A 2010 Survey Of The Inacsl Membership About Simulation Use, Teresa Gore, Patrick Van Gele, Patricia K. Ravert, Cédric Mabire

Faculty Publications

Background: The survey was used to identify current nursing simulation practices of the INACSL membership.

Method: The similarities between U.S. and international responders identified: (a) the education/experience of simulation educators, (b) use of a theory/conceptual framework, (c) use of commercial based simulation products and internally created scenarios, (d) interprofessional simulation, (e) student roles played in simulation, (f) regulation of simulation by licensing/governing body, and (g) simulations based on objectives.

Results: Significant differences were noted: (a) mandatory viewing of recording, (b) length of debriefing time, (c) ratio of simulation counted as clinical hours, (d) use of National League for Nursing simulation …

Detection And Imaging Of The Free Radical Dna In Cells—Site-Specific Radical Formation Induced By Fenton Chemistry And Its Repair In Cellular Dna As Seen By Electron Spin Resonance, Immuno-Spin Trapping And Confocal Microscopy, Suchandra Bhattacharjee, Saurabh Chatterjee, Jinjie Jiang, Birandra K. Sinha, Ronald P. Mason

Faculty Publications

Oxidative stress-related damage to the DNA macromolecule produces lesions that are implicated in various diseases. To understand damage to DNA, it is important to study the free radical reactions causing the damage. Measurement of DNA damage has been a matter of debate as most of the available methods measure the end product of a sequence of events and provide limited information on the initial free radical formation. We report a measurement of free radical damage in DNA induced by a Cu(II)-H2O2 oxidizing system using immuno-spin trapping supplemented with electron paramagnetic resonance. In this investigation, the short-lived radical generated is trapped …

Physical Activity Levels Of Adolescent Girls During Dance Classes, Jennifer R. O'Neill, Russell R. Pate, Michael W. Beets

Faculty Publications

Background: The aims of this study were to describe the physical activity levels of girls during dance classes and to identify factors associated with moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in those classes. Methods: Participants were 137 girls (11 to 18 years-old) enrolled in ballet, jazz, or tap dance classes from 11 dance studios. Participants wore an accelerometer during the selected dance class on 2 separate days. Factors hypothesized to be associated with MVPA were dance style, instructional level, instructor's experience, percent of class time spent in choreography, and participants' age, race/ethnicity, BMI-for-age percentile, and years of dance training. Data were analyzed …

School Racial Composition And Race/Ethnic Differences In Early Adulthood Health, Bridget J. Goosby, Katrina M. Walsemann

Faculty Publications

We investigate whether school racial composition is associated with racial and ethnic differences in early adult health. We then examine whether perceived discrimination, social connectedness, and parent support attenuates this relationship. Using U.S. data from Wave I and IV of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we found that black adolescents attending predominantly white schools reported poorer adult health while Asians reported better health. Further research is warranted to understand whether there are qualitative differences in the treatment of racial and ethnic minorities within certain school contexts and how that differential treatment is related to adult health outcomes.

Heart Rate Variability And Exercise In Aging Women, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church

Faculty Publications

Background: Our group has shown a positive dose-response in maximal cardiorespiratory exercise capacity (VO_2max) and heart rate variability (HRV) to 6 months of exercise training but no improvement in VO_2max for women ≥60 years. Here, we examine the HRV response to exercise training in postmenopausal women younger and older than 60 years.

Methods: We examined 365 sedentary, overweight, hypertensive, postmenopausal women randomly assigned to sedentary control or exercise groups exercising at 50% (4 kcal/kg/week, [KKW]), 100% (8 KKW) and 150% (12 KKW) of the National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Panel physical activity guidelines. Primary outcomes …

Drug Treatment Program Ownership, Medicaid Acceptance, And Service Provision., Duane C. Mcbride, J. Chriqui, Y. Terry-Mcelrath, M Mulatu

Faculty Publications

The Institute of Medicine noted that effective substance abuse treatment (SAT) programs integrate individual therapeutic approaches with transitional/ancillary services. In addition, research suggests that type of ownership impacts SAT services offered and that Medicaid plays a key role in SAT access. Data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services for the years 2000 and 2002–2006 were used to examine relationships among SAT program Medicaid acceptance, program ownership, and transitional/ancillary service accessibility. Multivariate logistic regression models controlling for state- and program-level contextual factors were used to analyze the data. Nonprofit SAT programs were significantly more likely to offer transitional/ancillary …

Evaluation Of Lay Support In Pregnant Women With Social Risk (Elsips): A Randomised Controlled Trial, Sara Kenyon, Kate Jolly, Karla Hemming, Lucy Annang Ingram Phd, Nicola Gale, Sophie-Anna Dann, Jacky Chambers, Christine Macarthur

Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes are worse in families from black and ethnic minority groups and disadvantaged backgrounds. There is little evidence on whether lay support improves maternal and infant outcomes among women with complex social needs within a disadvantaged multi-ethnic population in the United Kingdom (UK). METHOD/DESIGN: The aim of this study is to evaluate a lay Pregnancy Outreach Worker (POW) service for nulliparous women identified as having social risk within a maternity service that is systematically assessing social risks alongside the usual obstetric and medical risks. The study design is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in …

Integrating Advanced Writing Content Into A Scholarly Inquiry In Nursing Course, Barbara L. Madleco

Faculty Publications

Since there are few data examining methods to help students learn to write in a scholarly manner, the purposes of this project were to (1) evaluate students’ learning of writing content integrated into a Scholarly Inquiry in Nursing course by examining differences in scores on a writing assessment taken at the beginning and end of the course; and (2) examine student confidence ratings relative to writing to see if it improved during the course. After obtaining IRB approval and informed consent, the CLIPS pre and post assessment mean scores of 82 students in a Scholarly Inquiry in Nursing course were …

Dog Ownership During Pregnancy, Maternal Activity, And Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study, Carri Westgarth, Jihong Liu, Jon Heron, Andrew R. Ness, Peter Bundred, Rosalind M. Gaskell, Alexander J. German, Sandra Mccune, Susan Dawson

Faculty Publications

The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) is an observational study of 14273 UK pregnant singleton mothers in 1990/1991. We examined outcomes of self report of strenuous activity (hours per week) at 18 and 32 weeks of gestation, hours spent in leisure-time physical activities and types, and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI); overweight status was defined as pre-pregnancy BMI$25 and obesity BMI$30. Pet ownership and activity data were reported for 11,466 mothers. Twenty-five percent of mothers owned at least one dog. There was a positive relationship between participation in activity at least once a week and dog ownership …

History And Development Of The Simulation Effectiveness Tool (Set), Victoria L. Elfrink Corgi, Kim Leighton, Nancy Ryan-Wenger, Thomas J. Doyle, Patricia K. Ravert

Faculty Publications

Background: There has been a lack of reliable and valid instruments measuring human patient simulation effectiveness reported in the literature. Two related studies addressing this concern are described.

Methods: A multi-phased pilot investigation at a single nursing program (N=161) and a follow-up multi-site national study (N=645) evaluated the reliability of the Simulation Effectiveness Tool (SET) as a measure of the effectiveness of a simulated clinical experience (SCE).

Results: Findings from the pilot study resulted in a revision of the original 20-item evaluation tool to a 13-item 3-point ordinal scale instrument. Two subscales, “confidence” and “learning” were noted with Chronbach's alpha …

Constructivism Applied To Psychiatric–Mental Health Nursing: An Alternative To Supplement Traditional Clinical Education, Michelle Hampton

Faculty Publications

With the popularity of accelerated pre‐licensure nursing programmes and the growth in nursing student enrolments, traditional clinical education continues to be a challenge to deliver. Nursing faculty members are required to develop and implement educational innovations that achieve effective learning outcomes, while using fewer resources. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the effectiveness of a constructivism‐based learning project to achieve specific learning outcomes and to supplement approximately 30 clinical hours in a psychiatric–mental health nursing course. Students participated in a 10‐week, multistage project that examined life histories, treatment resources, and evidence‐based practice, as applied to a single …

The Impact Of A 3-Year After-School Obesity Prevention Program In Elementary School Children, Zenong Yin, Justin B. Moore, Maribeth H. Johnson, Marlo M. Vernon, Bernard Gutin

Faculty Publications

Background: Children tend to be sedentary during the after-school hours, and this has deleterious effects on their health. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of a 3-year after-school physical activity (PA) program, without restriction of dietary energy intake, on percent body fat (%BF), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and cardiometabolic markers in children.

Methods: A cluster randomization design was employed. A total of 574 3^rd grade children from 18 elementary schools in the south-eastern United States participated. The intervention consisted of 80 minutes of age-appropriate moderate-to-vigorous PA each school day. The main outcomes of interest were …

Cardiovascular Fitness Moderates The Relations Between Estimates Of Obesity And Physical Self-Perceptions In Rural Elementary School Students, Nathanael G. Mitchell, Justin B. Moore, Wendy S. Bibeau, Kathleen M. Rudasill

Faculty Publications

Background: Levels of physical activity decline throughout childhood. Children's physical self-perceptions have been found to relate to their physical activity. Understanding the relationships among physical self-perceptions, obesity, and physical activity could have important implications for interventions in children. Methods:The current study investigated the moderating effect of cardiovascular fitness (CVF, heart rate recovery from a 3-minute step test) on the relationship between obesity (BMI, waist circumference) and physical self-perceptions (athletic competence, physical appearance) in 104 fourth- and fifth-grade children from a small rural community. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that CVF moderated the relations between BMI and waist circumference on …

Effect Of Different Doses Of Aerobic Exercise On Total White Blood Cell (Wbc) And Wbc Subfraction Number In Postmenopausal Women: Results From Drew, Neil M. Johannsen, Damon L. Swift, William D. Johnson, Vishwa D. Dixit, Conrad P. Earnest, Steven N. Blair, Timothy S. Church

Faculty Publications

Background: Elevated total white blood cell (WBC) count is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and death. Aerobic exercise is associated with lower total WBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts. However, no studies have evaluated the effect of the amount of aerobic exercise (dose) on total WBC and WBC subfraction counts.

Purpose: To examine the effects of 3 different doses of aerobic exercise on changes in total WBC and WBC subfraction counts and independent effects of changes in fitness, adiposity, makers of inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, C-reactive protein), fasting glucose metabolism, and adiponectin.

Methods: Data from 390 sedentary, overweight/obese …

Comparing The Validity Of 2 Physical Activity Questionnaire Formats In African-American And Hispanic Women, Louise C. Mâsse, Janet E. Fulton, Kathleen B. Watson, Susan Tortolero, Harold W. Kohl Iii, Michael C. Meyers, Steven N. Blair, William W. Wong

Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of 2 physical activity questionnaire formats - one that lists activities (Checklist questionnaire) and one that assesses overall activities (Global questionnaire) by domain.

Methods: Two questionnaire formats were validated among 260 African-American and Hispanic women (age 40-70) using 3 validation standards: 1) accelerometers to validate activities of ambulation; 2) diaries to validate physical activity domains (occupation, household, exercise, yard, family, volunteer/church work, and transportation); and 3) doubly-labeled water to validate physical activity energy expenditure (DLW-PAEE).

Results: The proportion of total variance explained by the Checklist questionnaire was 38.4% with …

Hiv Testing In Women: Missed Opportunities, Wayne A. Duffus, Harley T. Davis, Michael D. Byrd, Khosrow Heidari, Terri G. Stephens, James J. Gibson

Faculty Publications

Objective: To investigate opportunities for early human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing on women.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study design linked case reports from HIV surveillance to several statewide health-care databases. Medical encounters occurring before the first positive HIV test (missed opportunities) were categorized by diagnosis/procedure codes to distinguish visits that were likely to have prompted an HIV test. Women were categorized as late testers (AIDS diagnosis < 12 months from first HIV test date), non-late testers (no AIDS diagnosis during study period or diagnosis of AIDS > 12 months of HIV diagnosis), of reproductive age (13-44 years old), and not of reproductive age (> 44 years old). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate risk …

Systematic Review Of Peer Support For Breastfeeding Continuation: Metaregression Analysis Of The Effect Of Setting, Intensity, And Timing, Kate Jolly, Lucy Annang Ingram Phd, Khalid S. Khan, Jonathan J. Deeks, Nick Freemantle, Christine Macarthur

Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of setting, intensity, and timing of peer support on breast feeding. DESIGN: Systematic review and metaregression analysis of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Library, Medline, CINAHL, the National Research Register, and British Nursing Index were searched from inception or from 1980 to 2011. Review methods Study selection, data abstraction, and quality assessment were carried out independently and in duplicate. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for individual studies and pooled. Effects were estimated for studies grouped according to setting (high income countries, low or middle income countries, and the United Kingdom), intensity …

Debriefing Experience Scale: Development Of A Tool To Evaluate The Student Learning Experience In Debriefing, Shelly Jensen Reed

Faculty Publications

Background: Debriefing represents the reflection phase of the simulation process, in which feelings are resolved and learning is solidified, but the nursing student experience during debriefing is largely unknown.

Method: The Debriefing Experience Scale was developed from debriefing literature and expert opinion. This scale was used in 2 research studies and refined through the use of factor analysis.

Results: The resulting scale, divided into 4 subscales, consists of 20 items defining the nursing student debriefing experience.

Conclusions: The Debriefing Experience Scale has the potential to assist in providing further insight.

Network Modulation During Complex Syntactic Processing, Dirk B. Den Ouden, Dorothee Saur, Wolfgang Mader, Björn Schelter, Sladjana Lukic, Eisha Wali, Jens Timmer, Cynthia K. Thompson

Faculty Publications

Complex sentence processing is supported by a left-lateralized network including inferior frontal cortex and posterior superior temporal cortex. This study investigates the pattern of connectivity and information flow within this network. We used fMRI BOLD data derived from 12 healthy participants reported in and earlier study (Thompson, C. K., Den Ouden, D. B., Bonakdarpour, B., Garibaldi, K. & Parrish, T. B. (2010b). Neural plasticity and treatment-induced recovery of sentence processing in agrammatism. Neuropsychologia, 48(11), 3211-3227) to identify activation peaks associated with object-cleft over syntactically less complex subject-cleft processing. Directed Partial Correlation Analysis was conducted on time series extracted from …