Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

A Color-Code Design Tool, David L. Post, William E. Goode

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The FAA is developing a standard set of colors for use inair traffic control (ATC) displays.The set will be defined in terms ofCIE Yu'v'values, corresponding sRGB values, and color names. A significant complication is that the ATC controller population includes people who havecolor-vision deficiencies (CVDs). We have written a softwaretool to assist the FAA inselecting and testing a suitable set of colors. It accepts a set of Yu'v'values as input and: (1) Draws graphics and calculates color-related figures of merit to predict whether the set will be acceptable for color-normal and CVD …

What Information About Consumers Predicts Their Trust In Autopilots?, Mattie Milner, Rian Mehta, Stephen Rice, Scott Winter, Matt Pierce

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

In order for pilots to carry passengers from one destination to another they must rely on their indicators and controls to take them there safely. This also includes their ability to use autopilot technology to help facilitate ease of travel and safety for not only pilots but passengers, as well. Autopilot technology is always advancing and now we are seeing that technology being incorporated into commercial aviation and UAS’s doing tasks such as transporting goods to people’s homes to performing military operations Despite this advancement in technology, passengers may feel nervous about pilots relying on autopilot technology for flight instead …

Intelligent Systems Applied To Workload Monitoring And Task Allocation, Scott Grigsby, Jacob Crossman, Rich Frederikson, Ben Purman, Dylan Schmorrow

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

We have implemented an integrated system, called Computational Situation Awareness (CSA), into a prototype control station to coordinate dynamic task sharing and allow UxV operators to be quickly brought up to speed with sufficient situation awareness to effectively understand and handle new tasking. Within CSAwe have implemented a real-time workload model for estimating workload across a user’s visual, tactile, and cognitive resources. This workload estimate enables the system to recognize when tasks should be handed off and to whom they should be handed. By tracking user tasks, user workload, and system state, the system builds an understanding of the team’s …

Intelligent Multi-Unmanned Vehicle Planner With Adaptive Collaborative/Control Technologies (Impact), Mark Draper, Gloria Calhoun, Michael Hansen, Scott Douglass, Sarah Spriggs, Michael Patzek, Allen Rowe, Dakota Evans, Heath Ruff, Kyle Behymer, Michael Howard, George Bearden, Elizabeth Frost

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Thissymposium provides an overview of a researcheffort that integrated several autonomy advancements into a control station prototype to flexibly teama single human operator with heterogeneous unmanned vehicles. The autonomy related technologies optimize asset allocation, plan vehicle routes, recommend courses of actionand provide a distributed support architecturefeaturing an extensible software framework.This effort also integrated these technologies with novel human-autonomy interfaces that allow operators to effectively manage UxV viahigh level “play” commands. Evaluation results indicatethat the innovative approach supports operator-autonomy teaming for effective management of a dozen simulated vehicles performing base defense tasks.

Attrition In U.S. Air Traffic Control Specialist (Atcs) Training: A Review Of 50 Years Of Data, Dana Broach

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Aptitude testing and “screening” at the FAA Academy have been viewed as keys to reducing field ATCS training attrition. To what extent have ATCS field training attrition rates changed over time with testing and screening? Historical data on training outcomes were extracted from FAA reports and other documented sources for controllers hired in five non-overlapping cohorts spanning 50 years. Academy Attrition Rateaveraged 26% (SD=18%) over the 50 yearsand across options, compared to 25% (SD=4%)in field training. LowerField Training Attrition Ratescoincided with no screening (22%, 1968– 1970) and intensive screening (19%, 1986–1992). Elimination of screening did not result …

Easy Breathing For Elementary School Children With Asthma At Dayton Public Schools, Jeanine M. Bochenek

Doctor of Nursing Practice Program Projects

Approximately 8.4% or 6.4 million children are diagnosed with asthma in the United States. Asthma is a chronic and life threatening disease that cannot be cured but only managed. Asthma is also one of the most expensive conditions to manage, requiring direct health care services if not adequately controlled. Asthma symptoms and exacerbations are also the number one reason for school absences among children. The PICOT question that guided the review of the literature to answer the clinical question was: In children with asthma, how does a school-based self-management asthma education program compared to standard management affect school absences and …

Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms In Pathological Gambling: Potential Evidence Of Anti-Reward Processes, Cheryl L. Green, Ramzi W. Nahhas, Arielle A. Scoglio, Igor Elman

Population and Public Health Sciences Faculty Publications

Background: Excessive gambling is considered to be a part of the addiction spectrum. Stress-like emotional states are a key feature both of pathological gambling (PG) and of substance addiction. In substance addiction, stress symptomatology has been attributed in part to "anti-reward" allostatic neuroadaptations, while a potential involvement of anti-reward processes in the course of PG has not yet been investigated. Methods: To that end, individuals with PG (n = 22) and mentally healthy subjects (n = 13) were assessed for trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS) using the Life Events Checklist and the Civilian Mississippi Scale, respectively. Results: In …

Evidence Of Morphological And Functional Variation Among Bluegill Lepomis Macrochirus Populations Across Grand Lake St Mary's Watershed Area, Anthony Bell, Stephen J. Jacquemin

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

A myriad of factors have been shown to influence the morphology offreshwaterfish. However, studies that parse out where variation is comingfrom (e.g. body size, sex, and habitat) as well as what potential thesechanges have to influence function (e.g. swimming performance) areunderstudied. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to describemorphological variation of BluegillLepomis macrochirusacross the GrandLake St Mary’s watershed area (northwest OH, USA) and test forcovariation of morphology with size, sex, and habitat as well as to assessswimming performance to discern whether any differences in habitat (andmorphology) correspond with functional aspects related to criticalswimming velocity. Geometric morphometric methods were used …

The In-Flight Affective Brain: Decision Making Under Uncertainty And Safety Implications In Aviation, Mariateresa Sestito, Francesca Benuzzi, Seongmin Park, Pierre Wydoodt, Umberto Scoditti, Giacomo Pavesi, Paolo Frigio Nichelli, Jean-Claude Dreher

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Understanding the relation betweenmotivation and pilot impulsive decision-making is extremely important in the context of aviation human factors.One way to operationalize motivation is by presentingparticipantswith different reinforces, either primary (e.g. food rewards) or secondary (e.g. financial incentives,arguably playinga crucial role in in-flight decision-making).To establish the role that different reward systems play in decision-making, we tested the extent to which distinct brain regions aresensitive to the reinforcement content. Combininganeuro-economics approach with a voxel-based lesion method, we foundthat distinct regions within orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) are differentially involved in impulsivitydecisionsbased on the reinforcement type. In contrast, lesions in dorsolateral prefrontalcortex (DLPFC) were not …

Interactive Team Cognition: Do Gaze Data Also Tell The Story?, Kirk Schulze Kissing, Carmen Bruder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Gaze-data could befeasible to assessinteractions within smallgroups, and provide added value for the assessment of ‘team cognition’(c.f., Cooke et al., 2013). In thesynthetic Control Center Task Environment (ConCenT) 18 teamsof three arecollectively monitoringan array of displays and predictingmalfunctions, indicated by a setpoint kickbacks.To locate potential malfunctions they have tocollaboratively determine system dynamicspatterns. Within-team expectations are measuredby gaze parameters related to situational relevantareas of interest (AoI). Within-team standard errors (SE) in fixation frequencies areutilized for post-hoc classifications of teams according to gaze-behavior homogenity. The amount of attentional resources teams allocated to relevant AoIsincreasesduring critical phases, with a change ofemphasis between the …

Exploring Facilitated Debriefing Techniques Using A Diary Study, Shawn Pruchnicki Ms, Arjun H. Rao Ph.D

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Diary studies, when used as a qualitative research instrument, provide numerous advantages not possible with other methods. These differences become even more apparent when comparing diary study results to the vastly different quantitative type paradigms. Although less commonly used, their unique benefit to the researcher is both the volume and nature of the open-endeddata captured.This underutilized method offers the researcher an opportunity to discovera rich first person account of the experiences, feelings, observations, and solutions to challenges.Here we present the beginning of a research study where we employed a diary studymethod to discover specific behavioursand observations from the perspective of …

Data-Driven Staffing Recommendations For Air Traffic Control Towers, Linda G. Pierce, Terry L. Craft

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The FAA is interested in an optimalstrategy for placing air traffic controllers into high-level Terminal facilities.Ourresearch question is whether new hire trainees (developmentals) should begin field training at lower-level facilities and transfer to higher-level facilities later, if successfulat the lower-level facility,or begin training at a higher-level facility and transfer to a lower-level facility if unsuccessful? We compared the success rates of developmentalsplaced into medium- and high-level Terminal facilities after completing Academy training to the success rates of certified professional controllers (CPCs)allowed to transferafter completing field training at a lower-level facility. We found that the CPCs who began training at a …

Effects Of Coupling An Operational Philosophy And A Corporate Culture In A Sociotechnical System, Oleksandr Petrenko, Oleg Petrenko

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The article is considered the content, functions and displays of operating philosophy. Suggested the additional model for the analysis of areas of possible incompatibilities in the structure of human factors in view of the "operating philosophy" genesis and manifestations. The results of an empirical study of the interrelationship of the professional worldview on human factor issues and judgments on the desirable socio-cultural characteristics of ATS units among begining air traffic controllers are presented.

Periodic Blink Measures Using Dynamic Windowing, Matt Middendorf, Chelsey Credlebaugh, Christina Gruenwald, Jonathan Mead, Scott Galster

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Artificial neural network (ANN) modelsare a common tool forcognitive state assessment. It is best if the inputs to the model are periodic. Typically, these inputs are extractedfrom physiological signals such as the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), and others. Spectral measures derived from EEG data are periodic due to the signal processing. Features based on heart activity and respiration are quasi-periodic by nature. Features extracted from EOG, such as blink rate, can be especiallynon-periodic and can contain outliers. One approach to deal with this problem is to use static windows to compute average blink rate. This approach has some …

An Investigation Into The Information Requirements For Remotely Piloted Aircraft Crew When Dealing With Cyber Threats, Dr. Kristen K. Liggett, Peter Venero, Dr. Gina Thomas

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) crews of the future will encounter more than the traditional threats to their aircraft. In addition to air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles, future conflicts will most likely include cyber weapons. While cyber weapons cancertainly cause physical damage to these aircraft, the potential also exists to turn the friendly RPA against their own forces. The goal of the Resilient and Assured UASSystems and Operations (RAUSO) program is to develop a cyber security module (CSM) that will detect and defend RPAs from cyber attacks. In some cases, the CSM will need to act automatically to defeat the threat. In …

Adaptive Automation Based On Air Traffic Controller Decision-Making, M. Ijtsma, C. Borst, G.A. Mercado-Velasco, M. Mulder, M.M. Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Through smart scheduling and triggering of automation support, adaptive automation has the potential to balance air traffic controller workload. The challenge in the design of adaptive automation systems isto decide how and when the automation should provide support. This paper describes the design of a novel mechanismfor adaptively invoking automation support. Whereas most adaptive automation support systems are reactive in that they invoke automation support aftercontroller workload has increased, the aim of the designed mechanism is to proactively trigger automation support priorto workload increases. To do this, the mechanism assesses the quality of air traffic controller's decisions. The …

Avionics Touch Screen In Turbulence: Simulation For Design (Part 2: Results), Sylvain Hourlier, Xavier Servantie

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Consumer market touch screens ubiquity has driventhe avionics industry to launch in depth evaluations of touch screen forcockpit integration. This paperis a follow-up from ISAP 2015 paperwhere a methodology for turbulence simulation design wasdiscussed. One of the challenges wasto verify touch screen compatibility with in flight use under turbulent conditions, ranging fromlightto severe. The avionics industryrecognized early on the need to alleviate such usability risk and the results of our evaluationsenabled us to define recommendations for our HMI designs. Using our validated turbulent profiles, basic touch screen interaction performances were analyzedand this paper will focus on the results we gathered …

Facilitating Communication For Aviation Training And Maintenance, Lorraine E. Holtaway, Kyle Jackson, Sarah M. Hubbard Ph.D.

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Maintenance errors are the primary cause of approximately 8% of commercial aircraft accidents worldwide. One factor that contributes to human errors is miscommunication. Clear communication is critical in aviation education and in aviation maintenance operations. A fundamental concept for clear communication is both the transmission and receipt of a common message. This research explores the miscommunication and misinterpretation of instructions used in maintenance training. Miscommunicationmay be due to ambiguity, use of jargon, and differentindividual interpretations and methods for standard practices. First, an example of a commonly misunderstood process is identified. Next, enhanced training tools are developed to reduce the likelihood …

Using Pair-Wise Rankings In The Assessment Of Adaptive Aiding, Christina Gruenwald, Matt Middendorf, Chelsea Credlebaugh, Jonathan Mead, Scott Galster

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

In remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) operations, operator cognitive workload is an important concern. High workload couldresult in performance decrements and operational mishaps. In research, physiological data can beused by models to assess the operator’s cognitive state. When a model detects the onset of cognitive overload, assistance could thenbe provided to the operator to help mitigate the overload in some form of augmentation. However, it is imperative that the assessment is accurate and completed in a timely manner. The accuracy of a workload assessment model and augmentation application canbe evaluated using a psychometrically determined scale of man/machine conditions. Both the operator …

Design Considerations For Attitude State Awareness And Prevention Of Entry Into Unusual Attitudes, Kyle K.E. Ellis, Lawrence J. (Lance) Prinzel Iii, Jarvis J. (Trey) Arthur, Stephanie N. Nicholas, Captain Daniel Kiggins, Harry Verstynen, Captain Clay Hubbs, Captain James Wilkerson

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Loss of control –inflight (LOC-I) has historically represented the largest category of commercial aviation fatal accidents. A review of the worldwide transport airplane accidents (2001-2010) evinced that loss of attitude or energy state awareness was responsible for a large majority of the LOC-I events. A Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) study of 18 worldwide loss-of-control accidents and incidents determined that flight crew loss of attitude awareness or energy state awareness due to lack of external visual reference cues was a significant causal factor in 17 of the 18 reviewed flights. CAST recommended that “Virtual Day-Visual Meteorological Condition” (Virtual Day-VMC) displays …

Incomplete Knowledge Of Results And The Manipulation Of Response Bias, Matthew J. Davis

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

In signal detection theory, an optimal observer exploits all available information to achieve the desired goal of a particular decision strategy (Green & Swets, 1966). Detectionexperiments often provide the observer with complete knowledge of results (CKR) in order to ensure best possible performance for the task. If optimal behavior is indeed dependent upon CKR, then a degradation of that information should also reduce the likelihood of achieving optimal response bias. A single-interval auditory detection experiment was conducted to measure changes in response bias in the presence of incomplete knowledge of results(IKR) (i.e. feedback for some combination of true/false detections …

Longitudinal Safety Climate Analysis: Modeling For Enhanced Organizational Response, Erin E. Bowen, Brian J. Roggow

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

Much of the safety climate research captures only a transient state in the aviation environment, by extension limiting organizational responses to transactional approaches. The limits of the transient annual safety climate audit traps safety attitudinal/behavioral research in a static or reactive cycle. The present study takes advantage of a collegiate aviation environment with multiple training locations (each with its own culture), participating in regular safety climate audits across flight operations, to develop an enhanced safety culture model. Using longitudinal climate data collected from the organization, the authors present a mixed-methods trend analysis of safety climate changes to date, incorporating organizational …

Relationship Between Relational Energy, Emotional Labor, And Cognitive Flexibility Among Flight Attendants, Rithi Baruah

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

The primary aim of the civil avaiation insdustry is to work for the safety and comfort of their clients and customers. This study concentrated on the front line employees of the aviation industry, the flight attendants who are paid to smile.Energy at workplace is a fairly new concept and is an organisational resource which help employee attain their goals. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between relational energy and the major issue of emotional labor(deep acting and surface acting)and cognitive flexibility among flight attendants. A correlational research design was used to study the relationship among 39 …

Opportunity And Life-Long Health Outcomes: A Review Of The Effects And Proposed Solutions Of Hypersegregation On Health Disparities, Christen D. Johnson

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Hypersegregation, the overrepresentation of a racial group in a metropolitan area, is defined by evenness, exposure, concentration, centralization, and clustering. Hypersegregated communities are subjected to bias and have few resources and opportunities, which compounds the negative impact on one’s health and socioeconomic outcomes. This study aims to describe the effects of hypersegregation on health risks, chronic disease, violence, and compare the differences between hypersegregated and non-hypersegregated cities. Data were collected for Montgomery County, Ohio (MC) for low birth weight, infant mortality, diabetes, heart disease, and violent crime, and compared with data from Summit County (SC). There is a larger Black …

The American Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Epidemic: Considerations For Targeted Diabetes Prevention Programs, Dolores Dodson

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Childhood obesity is an identified risk factor for several long-term health issues such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death within the United States. The CDC has implemented an evidence-based program, The National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), to prevent the development of T2DM among individuals with prediabetes. Prediabetes is defined as having elevated glucose levels glycated hemoglobin [A1C] levels between 5.7%-6.5%) that are not elevated enough to meet diabetes diagnosis criteria (A1C levels > 6.5%). The DPP is a lifestyle change program that has …

Analysis Of The 2017 Montgomery County Adult Risk Perception Of Prescription Opioid Misuse Survey Data, Lance Nussbaum

Master of Public Health Program Student Publications

Montgomery County, Ohio, has higher overdose rates than the national or state averages: approximately 50% are related to prescription opioid misuse. A community assessment was conducted to better understand Montgomery County’s adult population’s connection with, and opinions of, prescription opioid medications. Methods: Data for 284 anonymous internet surveys were compiled and subjected to a descriptive analysis of responses and trends. Response patterns were used to recommend appropriate interventions. Results: Respondents were well-educated (91.9%), employed (76.7%), Caucasian (89.8%), females (79.2%) who resided (82%) and worked (66.5%) in Montgomery County (82%). The risk from personal misuse of prescription opioids was perceived by …

First Definitive Fossil Of An Oestroid Fly (Diptera: Calyptratae: Oestroidea) And The Dating Of Oestroid Divergences, Pierfilippo Cerretti, John O. Stireman Iii, Thomas Pape, James E. O'Hara, Marco A. Marinho, Knut Rognes, David A. Grimaldi

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Calyptrate flies include about 22,000 extant species currently classified into Hippoboscoidea (tsetse, louse, and bat flies), the muscoid grade (house flies and relatives) and the Oestroidea (blow flies, bot flies, flesh flies, and relatives). Calyptrates are abundant in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, often playing key roles as decomposers, parasites, parasitoids, vectors of pathogens, and pollinators. For oestroids, the most diverse group within calyptrates, definitive fossils have been lacking. The first unambiguous fossil of Oestroidea is described based on a specimen discovered in amber from the Dominican Republic. The specimen was identified through digital dissection by CT scans, which provided morphological …

Vital Signs, Winter 2017, Boonshoft School Of Medicine

Vital Signs

A forty eight page newsletter created by the Boonshoft School of Medicine to document the current affairs of the school. This issue includes a variety of feature articles, a research spotlight, alumni notes, and more.

An Investigation Of Minimum Information Requirements For An Unmanned Aircraft System Detect And Avoid Traffic Display, Kevin W. Williams

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2017

This study was conducted to support the development of Minimum Operational Performance Specifications for UAS Detect and Avoid traffic displays being developed by RTCA Special Committee 228.The experiment tested four different display configurations. Thesewere a baseline display, an indication of Closest Point of Approach (CPA), an avoidance area (blob) indication, and a banding display. Also manipulated in the study weretwo levels of pilot experience and two types of control interface.Analysis of the well clear violations showed a significant effect due to display type. Individual comparisons revealed that both the avoidance areaand banding displays significantly decreased the likelihood of violating well …

Genetic Variation In The Histamine Production, Response, And Degradation Pathway Is Associated With Histamine Pharmacodynamic Response In Children With Asthma, Bridgette L. Jones, Catherine M.T. Sherwin, Xiaoxi Liu, Hongying Dai, Carrie A. Vyhlidal

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

Introduction: There is growing knowledge of the wide ranging effects of histamine throughout the body therefore it is important to better understand the effects of this amine in patients with asthma. We aimed to explore the association between histamine pharmacodynamic (PD) response and genetic variation in the histamine pathway in children with asthma.

Methods: Histamine Iontophoresis with Laser Doppler Monitoring (HILD) was performed in children with asthma and estimates for area under the effect curve (AUEC), maximal response over baseline (Emax), and time of Emax (Tmax) were calculated using non-compartmental analysis and non-linear mixed-effects model with a linked effect PK/PD …