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Full-Text Articles in Medicine and Health Sciences
Display Overload: An Artifact-Based Work Analysis Of Air Traffic Management, Alicia Borgman Fernandes, Chris Brinton
Display Overload: An Artifact-Based Work Analysis Of Air Traffic Management, Alicia Borgman Fernandes, Chris Brinton
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Air traffic management personnel manage traffic flows into, out of, and through the area for which air traffic controllers in their facilities are responsible. We report on a cross-domain, artifact-based, work analysis of air traffic management that employed a hierarchical modeling methodology centered on the artifacts used in the operational setting and the information and decision-making support they provided. Many tools support traffic managers in planning for, managing, and monitoring traffic flows, but information and decision support functions are rarely integrated across tools. Thus, traffic managers spend much of their time acquiring and assimilating information from multiple displays and manually …
Teamwork And Performance Outcomes Of High-Fidelity Airline Operations Center Simulations, Glenn Littlepage, Paul Craig, Michael Hein, Richard Moffett Iii, Emily Sanders, Paul Carlson, Artyom Ivakh, Andrea Georgiou
Teamwork And Performance Outcomes Of High-Fidelity Airline Operations Center Simulations, Glenn Littlepage, Paul Craig, Michael Hein, Richard Moffett Iii, Emily Sanders, Paul Carlson, Artyom Ivakh, Andrea Georgiou
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
This study describes effects of a series of simulations of an airline flight operations center and related functions such as pilots and airport ramp control. It is continuation of a multi-year project designed to develop an effective training program for entry level aviation professionals and to develop insights into teamwork processes. Results indicate that the interdependent multi-specialization simulations enhanced teamwork and performance.
The Effectiveness Of Microsoft Flight Simulator As A Training Aid For Private Pilot Training And Proficiency, Wendy S. Beckman
The Effectiveness Of Microsoft Flight Simulator As A Training Aid For Private Pilot Training And Proficiency, Wendy S. Beckman
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The debate regarding the effectiveness of computer-based software for pilot training and proficiency has been ongoing since such software first became available. While studies on the efficacy of such software have been and continue to be conducted, pilots are in large number utilizing such packages. A nationwide survey was conducted to determine how the Microsoft Flight Simulator (MFS) software package is being used by pilots for both initial private pilot training and for maintaining proficiency once certificated. Over 650 survey respondents evaluated the effectiveness of MFS in 14 areas of pilot operations. It was found that over 40% of respondents …
Sensor To Analyst: Improved Decision-Making In Aerial Isr Through Training And Decision Support Tools, Tiffany R. Poeppelman, Dan Caggiano, Cullen Jackson ., Scott Galster ., Capt Chad Tossell ., Bruce Bolley, Lawrence Scarff, David Lind, Kevin Durkee, Sterling Wiggins
Sensor To Analyst: Improved Decision-Making In Aerial Isr Through Training And Decision Support Tools, Tiffany R. Poeppelman, Dan Caggiano, Cullen Jackson ., Scott Galster ., Capt Chad Tossell ., Bruce Bolley, Lawrence Scarff, David Lind, Kevin Durkee, Sterling Wiggins
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
From sensors to analysts, modern day intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) requires concerted efforts from players in the aviation, aerospace, and intelligence domains to complete the Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing and Exploitation, Analysis and Produ and ction, Dissemination (PCPAD) cycle. While the pilots, analysts, and consumers of ISR products in the PCPAD cycle have very different tasks and duties, all of th must constantly adapt to new environments, new challenges, and new enemies. The uncertainty generated by the nature of these environments places considerable decision-making and workload demands on the various operators. Currently, government, industry, and the operational community …
High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Andrea M. Georgiou, Paul C. Carlson, Paul A. Craig
High Fidelity Simulation And Aviation Training To Improve Problem Solving Skills And Coordination, Andrea M. Georgiou, Paul C. Carlson, Paul A. Craig
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
As part of an ongoing collaborative project, a high fidelity simulation lab was developed to address teamwork deficiencies exhibited by newly minted aviation professionals. This lab, referred to as the Flight Operations Center-Unified Simulation (FOCUS) lab, was enhanced with greater fidelity, realistic and complex scenario triggers, and robust after action reviews. Student teams participate in a simulated work shift to further improve problem solving skills and coordination among senior-level undergraduate students.
A Situation Awareness Design Approach To The Position Of Airline Maintenance Control In A Simulated Operations Control Center, Durant Camron Bridges Iii
A Situation Awareness Design Approach To The Position Of Airline Maintenance Control In A Simulated Operations Control Center, Durant Camron Bridges Iii
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Research is being conducted at mid-sized public university regarding the collaborative team efforts of aviation students in a simulated airline control center. The students employ coordinated problem solving efforts toward disruption management and schedule optimization. Although the focus of this research is communication of the decision support systems, the design of the Maintenance Control position is discussed at length. The Maintenance Controller(s) communicate with all positions, as well as departments located outside the center’s physical location that may and may not be accessed by other participants. This position is one of the most vital and engaging in the simulation, and …
Applying Systems Thinking To Aviation Psychology, Nancy G. Leveson
Applying Systems Thinking To Aviation Psychology, Nancy G. Leveson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Hazard analysis is at the heart of system safety. It can be described succinctly as “investigating an accident before it happens.” A hazard is selected, such as two aircraft violating minimum separation standards or an aircraft losing sufficient lift to maintain altitude, and then the scenarios that can lead to that hazardous state are identified. Hazards are informally defined here as precursor states to accidents that the designer never wants the system to get into purposely. The resulting scenarios or potential paths to the hazard are then used to compute the probability of the hazardous state occurring or to design …
Man-Machine Symbiosis In Aviation: New Risks And Capabilities In View Of Information Technology Expansion, Oleksandr Petrenko
Man-Machine Symbiosis In Aviation: New Risks And Capabilities In View Of Information Technology Expansion, Oleksandr Petrenko
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The paper examines possibility of the impact of modern technology on the manmachine symbiosis in aviation. Presented some data concerning the perception of a pilots in a highly automated cockpit. The first results of empirical research make it possible to assume that aircraft systems can be customized to adjust to individual typological characteristics of operators. The paper discusses the language modality perspectives of a man-machine interaction. Creating modern sociotechnical systems aimed at a human at a completely new level has special requirements to an integration of designer and operational psychological outlooks.
Optimizing Data Processing And Management Decisions During Isr Through Innovative Training Regimens, Capt Chad C. Tossell, Cullen Jackson, Lisa M. Tripp ., Lt Robert A. Nelson
Optimizing Data Processing And Management Decisions During Isr Through Innovative Training Regimens, Capt Chad C. Tossell, Cullen Jackson, Lisa M. Tripp ., Lt Robert A. Nelson
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Effective intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) relies heavily on both technological and human analytical capabilities. Intelligence analysts must be able to detect, interpret, process, and perform other critical tasks to turn data into meaningful information for decision-makers. The ability to aggregate massive data sets into operationally relevant information is challenging due to issues such as information overload, team coordination, time constraints, tunnel vision, and limited or vague guidance. This report describes research and development efforts to enhance training for geospatial intelligence analysts. Initial results from cognitive task analyses with these analysts along with associated technology development are discussed.
Assessing The Efficacy Of Situation Awareness Probe Questions For Predicting Airtraffic- Management Performance, James D. Miles, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Thomas Strybel, Vernol Battiste
Assessing The Efficacy Of Situation Awareness Probe Questions For Predicting Airtraffic- Management Performance, James D. Miles, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Thomas Strybel, Vernol Battiste
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
We conducted an exploratory data analysis as a step toward modeling components of SA. It was based on data collected from situation awareness probe questions that were used in large-scale air traffic control simulations over 5 semesters of an ATC radar internship in the Center for Human Factors in Advanced Aeronautics Technologies (CHAAT). Three components of SA were generated by a principal component analysis that we label “Action Relevant,” “Distance R and “Low Priority.” The analyses provide a data-driven scheme for categorizing probes relate SA that can be used in future evaluations of NextGen concepts and technologies.
Preliminary Examination Of Simulator-Based Training Effectiveness, Maxine Lubner, Sharon Devivo, Emerson Allen, Andrew Dattel ., Deb Henneberry
Preliminary Examination Of Simulator-Based Training Effectiveness, Maxine Lubner, Sharon Devivo, Emerson Allen, Andrew Dattel ., Deb Henneberry
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
A preliminary examination of the effectiveness of a simulator-based training program for pilots was conducted. Thirteen students of varying backgrounds, with limited flight experience enrolled in an intensive, simulator-based flight training program. Six students completed their FAA Private Pilot certificates in an average of five weeks, while five completed within four weeks. They completed instrument ratings within three or four weeks. These qualifications were completed with fewer flight hours than the US average. One student stopped training, but four remaining students have completed their FAA commercial, multi-engine and instructor qualifications in a timely and cost-effective manner. A combination of intensive …
Nasa Nextgen Flightdeck Research: A Database Of Research Areas And Results, Kathleen L. Mosier, Alec Munc, Kendra Reich, Danielle Fox, James Swarts, Linda Tomko, Matthew O'Neill, Kerry Cunningham
Nasa Nextgen Flightdeck Research: A Database Of Research Areas And Results, Kathleen L. Mosier, Alec Munc, Kendra Reich, Danielle Fox, James Swarts, Linda Tomko, Matthew O'Neill, Kerry Cunningham
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
This article contains an introduction to a database created to capture important NASA or NASA-sponsored research related to NextGen flightdeck issues and operations. Documents are products of NASA’s Airspace and Aviation Safety Program efforts to identify and resolve flightdeck human factors issues in NextGen, challenges to efficient operations, key areas in which technological advances are predicted to facilitate NextGen operations, research findings that can be used to develop NextGen procedures, and the potential impacts of off-nominal events.
Perceived Usefulness Of Planned Nextgen Capabilities By Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers, Jon Holbrook, Ray Oyung, Kari M. Gonter, Bonny Parke, Rebecca Collins, Bettina L. Beard
Perceived Usefulness Of Planned Nextgen Capabilities By Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers, Jon Holbrook, Ray Oyung, Kari M. Gonter, Bonny Parke, Rebecca Collins, Bettina L. Beard
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is an ambitious collaborative effort between government agencies and industry to increase the capabilities of the current air traffic system. Under NextGen, tools are being developed to support air traffic controllers in many aspects of their jobs. However, budgetary constraints, unanticipated technological hurdles and other challenges to implementation make it unlikely that every NextGen tool in development will find its way into future air traffic control facilities. Information is needed to prioritize NextGen tool development to ensure that the tools that will provide the most benefit can be implemented in the appropriate facilities. …
Sequential Required Time Of Arrival Intervals Utilizing Existing Technologies, Amy L. Alexander, Thomas L. Teller
Sequential Required Time Of Arrival Intervals Utilizing Existing Technologies, Amy L. Alexander, Thomas L. Teller
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Four-dimensional trajectory-based operations (4D TBO) requiring aircraft to meet specified timing constraints at designated waypoints along their route are a key strategy for increasing airspace throughput and efficiency. The Required Time of Arrival (RTA) function of the aircraft Flight Management System (FMS) and the ground-based Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) were tested for supporting such operations. Two different methods for implementing appropriate time intervals between sequential RTA aircraft were explored in this paper: a fixed 90-second interval versus discrete intervals varied to match the prevailing conditions. Both methods yielded a good balance between separation assurance and flow efficiency. Three different types …
Exploring The Effects Of Working Memory Capacity, Attention, And Expertise On Situation Awareness In A Flight Simulation Environment, Orçun Orkan Özcan, Murat Perit Çakır, Bilge Say
Exploring The Effects Of Working Memory Capacity, Attention, And Expertise On Situation Awareness In A Flight Simulation Environment, Orçun Orkan Özcan, Murat Perit Çakır, Bilge Say
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Simulator pilots are subject to some of the constraints of a real flight situation in a PC based flight simulation. Situation awareness (SA) for simulator pilots was explored in terms of underlying cognitive aspects by analyzing the compound effects of expertise, working memory, inhibition and divided attention. Online and Offline SA measurements were analyzed with expertise and scores of Automated Operation Span Task, Stroop and Coşkunöz visual attention tasks. Regression analyses revealed the expected relationships of simulator pilots’ SA with expertise and inhibition capacity but not with working memory and divided attention capacity. Obtained results were also compared to those …
Situation Awareness And Situation Assessment: How Are They Related?, Norman R. Hertz, Michael T. Hertz
Situation Awareness And Situation Assessment: How Are They Related?, Norman R. Hertz, Michael T. Hertz
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The goals of human factors practitioners and industrial psychologists in situation awareness milieu are to assess individuals, teams, and organizations to measure current performance and predict future performance. The value in assessing situation awareness (SA) is that it impacts performance. Endsley (1995a) stated “SA provides the primary basis for subsequent decision making and performance in complex, dynamic systems.” The purpose of this paper is not to discuss or propose another means of describing or measuring SA but instead to propose the role of situation assessment (SAS) in identifying the nature of SA, product and/or process, regardless of the definition or …
Review Of Pilot Performance And Pilot-Automation Interaction Models In Support Of Nextgen, Angelia Sebok, Christopher D. Wickens
Review Of Pilot Performance And Pilot-Automation Interaction Models In Support Of Nextgen, Angelia Sebok, Christopher D. Wickens
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Computational models of aircraft pilot performance will gain importance over the next decades, as major evolutions in the national airspace continue to emerge with the NextGen program. Evaluating new technology, or procedures such as self-separation, requires time and resourceconsuming pilot-in-the-loop (PITL) simulations. Models can augment PITL findings and they can help to constrain the scope of PITL simulations. If they are validated, such computational models may actually answer some design questions in place of PITL simulations. This paper summarizes a review of modeling efforts to address pilot performance, and elaborates on pilot-automation interaction models.
The Faa’S Human Factors Air Traffic Control / Technical Operations Strategic Research Plan, Edward Austrian, Dino Piccione
The Faa’S Human Factors Air Traffic Control / Technical Operations Strategic Research Plan, Edward Austrian, Dino Piccione
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Control (ATC) / Technical Operations (TO) Human Factors Team completed development and publication of a ten-year strategic research plan. This effort was endorsed by the FAA Research Engineering and Development Advisory Committee (REDAC) and sponsored by the FAA Human Factors Division. The intent of the strategic plan is to define a clear pathway for the ATC / TO Human Factors Team to improve and integrate human factors research in ATC applications. The strategic plan also serves as a communication tool to engage the community of practice and promote the implementation of products that …
Refinement Of Mental Models Of Interdependence And Communication, Emily Sanders, Glenn Littlepage, Michael Hein
Refinement Of Mental Models Of Interdependence And Communication, Emily Sanders, Glenn Littlepage, Michael Hein
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
This study examined the relationship between mental models of interdependence and communication in a simulated aviation flight operations center. Social network analysis indicated that mental models of both interdependence and communication importance develop with team interaction and that, following team interaction, the two types of models were closely related.
Effects Of Nextgen Concepts For Separation Assurance And Interval Management On Atco Situation Awareness, Thomas Z. Strybel, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Corey A. Morgan, Vernol Battiste
Effects Of Nextgen Concepts For Separation Assurance And Interval Management On Atco Situation Awareness, Thomas Z. Strybel, Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Dan Chiappe, Corey A. Morgan, Vernol Battiste
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
We examined the effects of responsibility for interval management and separation assurance on ATCo situation awareness, workload and performance. Four conditions were tested by crossing two strategies for interval management (ATCo responsible or flight deck responsible) and two strategies for separation assurance (ATCo primary or automation primary). Situation awareness and workload were assessed with an online probe technique. Workload was lowest when both functions were automated, but situation awareness for conflicts depended on the sector. Both workload and situation awareness were related to the number of ATCo-managed LOS.
Does Supplementary Computer Generated Cueing Enhance Controller Efficiency In A Congested Communication Environment?, Laurienne C.R.A. Santana, Brent T. Langhals, Michael E. Miller, Vic Finomore
Does Supplementary Computer Generated Cueing Enhance Controller Efficiency In A Congested Communication Environment?, Laurienne C.R.A. Santana, Brent T. Langhals, Michael E. Miller, Vic Finomore
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Air traffic controllers are often required to simultaneously communicate with several aircraft over multiple radio frequencies. As a result, during peak loading, it is common for the controller to receive multiple concurrent communications, each from a different aircraft, making it difficult to discern all necessary auditory communications. To address this problem, a modified air traffic control (ATC) interface was prototyped with the goal of increasing controller-to-pilot communication efficiency. This prototype involved an automated text to speech system which displayed supplementary text in an on-screen text box, echoing aircraft transmissions in the event of an indiscernible radio call. The prototype was …
Training For Situation Awareness, Michael T. Hertz, Norman R. Hertz
Training For Situation Awareness, Michael T. Hertz, Norman R. Hertz
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Situation awareness (SA) is not fixed but is malleable and can be enhanced by training. The operating premise is that SA is measurable given the many theories of SA. This paper identifies the various methods and approaches that have proven effective in training for greater degrees of SA. The loss of ,or insufficient SA is not viewed as inattention or lack of focus but instead, it is very likely that the person lacked the skill set to perform the job. The amount of training necessary for the person to effectively perform the work is helpful if it reduces the workload …
A Proposal To Reduce Unsafe Aviation Maintenance Task Handovers With A Virtual Training Solution, Kevin Gildea, Wayne Shebilske, Ganesh Alakke, Shruti Narakesari
A Proposal To Reduce Unsafe Aviation Maintenance Task Handovers With A Virtual Training Solution, Kevin Gildea, Wayne Shebilske, Ganesh Alakke, Shruti Narakesari
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Safety researchers have documented maintenance errors happen when outgoing crews inadequately communicate to incoming crews at task/shift handover. Poor task handovers are especially likely for low-frequency problems, when complacency is present, or with new technicians. Highly experienced maintenance personnel may have prevented the poor handover. Backup safety procedures catch most errors, but correcting the remaining increases risks to safety, such as those not caught until after the plane is rolled out of the hanger. The cumulative effect of handover errors increases the exposure to additional threats and errors during reworks and replacement of aircraft on the line among others. This …
Exploring The Impact Of Ads-B Nextgen Technology Requirements For General Aviation, Rachel Borsa, Professor Brian G. Dillman, Professor Timothy D. Ropp
Exploring The Impact Of Ads-B Nextgen Technology Requirements For General Aviation, Rachel Borsa, Professor Brian G. Dillman, Professor Timothy D. Ropp
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The Next Generation Air Transportation System, or NextGen, represents the modernization of the United States air transportation system. It is a shift from legacy computer and radar based technologies to an integrated set of technologies, connected into a real time data sharing “system,” shared by air traffic control, pilots and airports. This upgrade to our National Airspace System (NAS) involves potentially significant changes and financial considerations for many air operators. The upgrade and integration of one of these technologies, the Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) transmitter, is among the mandatory upgrades being required by the Federal Aviation Administration within …
Applied Human Factors Research For The Technical Operations Organization Of The Federal Aviation Administration, Edward Austrian, Edmundo Sierra Jr.
Applied Human Factors Research For The Technical Operations Organization Of The Federal Aviation Administration, Edward Austrian, Edmundo Sierra Jr.
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The FAA is developing and implementing human factors standards within the Technical Operations domain of the Air Traffic Organization. TO personnel are responsible for installing, certifying, and maintaining NAS infrastructure and equipment. Application of standards within this domain is intended to improve human performance, contribute to the more efficient and effective maintenance of NAS systems, and facilitate the integration of human factors into operational systems. Over several decades, the FAA has independently and incrementally modernized TO systems leading to user-system interface diversity within and across systems and facilities. Based on human factors principles, TO requested that FAA human factors research …
Adaptive Controller Adaptation Time And Available Control Authority Effects On Piloting, Anna Trujillo, Dr. Irene Gregory
Adaptive Controller Adaptation Time And Available Control Authority Effects On Piloting, Anna Trujillo, Dr. Irene Gregory
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
Adaptive control is considered for highly uncertain, and potentially unpredictable, flight dynamics characteristic of adverse conditions. This experiment looked at how adaptive controller adaptation time to recover nominal aircraft dynamics affects pilots and how pilots want information about available control authority transmitted. Results indicate that an adaptive controller that takes three seconds to adapt helped pilots when looking at lateral and longitudinal errors. The controllability ratings improved with the adaptive controller, again the most for the three seconds adaptation time while workload decreased with the adaptive controller. The effects of the displays showing the percentage amount of available safe flight …
Reducing Aggressive Responses To Tcas: Evaluation Of A Tcas Training Program, Elizabeth S. Fleming, Amy R. Pritchett, Vlad M. Popescu, William P. Cleveland
Reducing Aggressive Responses To Tcas: Evaluation Of A Tcas Training Program, Elizabeth S. Fleming, Amy R. Pritchett, Vlad M. Popescu, William P. Cleveland
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to prevent mid-air collisions. While responding to a TCAS advisory is generally the safe course of action, instances of overly aggressive responses have resulted in injuries to crew members and passengers as well as disruptions in air traffic operations. However, current training standards do not address the need to mitigate overly aggressive responses. This paper details the design and evaluation of a training program for TCAS which incorporated a learning objective related to mitigating aggressive responses to advisories. The impact of the training program was …
Transferring Human Factors Knowledge From Aviation To Development Of A Warning System For Landslide, Ioana Koglbauer, Guenter Hohenberger, Christian Steger
Transferring Human Factors Knowledge From Aviation To Development Of A Warning System For Landslide, Ioana Koglbauer, Guenter Hohenberger, Christian Steger
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
There is a successful history of transferring knowledge from aviation to other domains such as medicine (Thomas & Helmreich, 2002). In this study the ICAO multistage alerting service (2008) served as model for the specification of an early warning system for landslide. The early warning system is designed to monitor mass-movement data provided by GPS sensors, and to generate warnings and alarms to the National Alarm- and Warning Center of Styria, Austria. For the human factors specification of the new system a qualitative analysis was performed. Results are discussed with regard to applicability of human factors guidelines from aviation to …
Tracking And Visuospatial Working Memory, Robin Langerak, Chris M. Herdman, James Howell Ba
Tracking And Visuospatial Working Memory, Robin Langerak, Chris M. Herdman, James Howell Ba
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
The present research examines the role of visuospatial working memory in supporting pursuit tracking. Participants completed a pursuit motor tracking task while simultaneously completing secondary tasks designed to separately place demands on either storage or processing in visuospatial working memory. The results show that simple pursuit tracking utilizes visuospatial processing in working memory without a strong requirement for visuospatial storage. These findings have implications for understanding time-sharing of tasks in the cockpit.
Assessment Of Manual Flying Skills By Combining Aircraft Parameters With Pilot Control Inputs, Ekkehart Schubert, Björn Appel, Gerhard Hüttig
Assessment Of Manual Flying Skills By Combining Aircraft Parameters With Pilot Control Inputs, Ekkehart Schubert, Björn Appel, Gerhard Hüttig
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2013
In a recent full flight simulator experiment, 57 commercial airline pilots (long-haul captains and short-haul first officers) had to accomplish a realistic scenario ending in a manual flown “raw data approach” (localizer and glideslope capturing with absence of autopilot and flight director aid). The manual flight performance was evaluated by an instructor. Various flight path parameters and pilot control input data were collected from the simulator for an objective evaluation and comparison with the instructor assessment. At first the outer control loop was analyzed by using flight path tracking errors. This showed significant difference between the two groups of pilots. …