Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Spatial-Temporal Cluster Approach To Discover Visual Scanning Behaviors In Virtual Reality, Ziho Kang, Jerry Crutchfield, Ricardo Palma Fraga, Saptarshi Mandal

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

If we could discover the visual scanning patterns of expert air traffic control operators (ATCOs), we could use those findings to better train novices. One critical issue is that visual scan paths can be complex even for a short period of time, therefore, a systematic approach is required to obtain clear and meaningful visual scanning patterns. We transformed the raw eye movement data of expert ATCOs into visual scanning patterns by using the collapsed eye movement sequences that occurred on important areas of interest, then visualized them based on accumulated time frames. We collected and subsequently analyzed controller eye movements …

Measuring The Range Of Attention To Preview And Its Momentary Persistence In Simulated Driving, Tyler N. Morrison, Richard J. Jagacinski, Jordan Petrov

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Participants used a position control system to track the center of a simulated winding roadway with preview that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 s. Participants’ spatial distributions of attention were measured by perturbing the roadway with different frequency sinusoids at different roadway positions and then measuring the degree to which those frequencies were present in their tracking movements. Participants exhibited a continuous range of attention, and it lengthened with the amount of displayed preview. When preview disappeared for 5 s, longer time to regress to feedback control was strongly correlated with the amount of preview that was withdrawn. During preview …

Exploring Methods To Collect And Analyze Data On Human Contributions To Aviation Safety, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Focusing on undesired operator behaviors is pervasive in system design and safety management cultures in aviation. This focus limits the data that are collected, the questions that are asked during data analysis, and therefore our understanding of what operators do in everyday work. Human performance represents a significant source of aviation safety data that includes both desired and undesired actions. When safety is characterized only in terms of errors and failures, the vast majority of human impacts on system safety and performance are ignored. The outcomes of safety data analyses dictate what is learned from those data, which in turn …

How Do Different Knowledge Frameworks Help Us Learn From Aviation Line Observations?, Randall J. Mumaw, Dorrit Billman, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Human performance includes actions that increase safety, as well as actions that can reduce safety. Ensuring safety in complex dynamic operations like commercial aviation depends on the ability to institute appropriate responses based on what is learned from flightcrew performance and the contexts in which it occurs. To do this systemically at the organization level requires collecting data on flightcrew performance, developing effective approaches to analyzing those data, and understanding how to translate what has been learned into policies, procedures, and practice. Systematic observation of front-line operators is a vital source of human performance data. Much has been learned from …

Thinking Outside The Box: The Human Role In Increasingly Automated Aviation Systems, Joel Lachter, Alan Hobbs, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Rapid advances in automation are enabling transport systems to operate in an increasingly autonomous manner. From time to time, these systems encounter operational conditions that fall outside a “competency box” of scenarios and environments for which the system was designed. Human operators add resilience because they can see and act outside the automation’s competency box. Advanced aviation concepts envision fleets of highly automated air vehicles providing on-demand transport for people and goods. We examine one such concept, Urban Air Moblity [sic] (UAM) and explore how humans can best be incorporated to maintain resilience. A human-autonomy teaming approach is suggested.

Evaluating The Use Of High-Fidelity Simulator Research Methods To Study Airline Flight Crew Resilience, Chad L. Stephens, Lawrence J. Prinzel, Daniel Kiggins, Kathryn Ballard, Jon Holbrook

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

As it evolves, aviation will continue to require integration of a wide range of safety systems and practices, some of which are already in place and others that are yet to be developed. New concepts in system safety thinking have emerged to consider not only what may go wrong, but also what can be learned when things go right during commercial flight operations. Taken together, these complementary perspectives form a more comprehensive approach to system safety thinking that can help to recognize and preserve the resilient performance capabilities currently provided by humans. A need exists, however, for research methods to …

Factors Influencing Pilot Trust In Electronic Flight Bag Information, Warren Pittorie, Summer Rebensky, Leonia Hunt, Andrew Narkushian, Maria Chaparro, Meredith Carroll

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs) are widely used by pilots in the commercial aviation industry. EFBs serve as replacements for some traditional sources of information, such as paper charts, manuals, and checklists, augmentation for flight-related information previously unavailable through older cockpit systems such as temporary flight restriction locations, and supplemental information such as a secondary display of traffic). By having access to this information, pilots are able to make more effective decisions in various situations. Related literature has shown that decision makers in situations of uncertainty are influenced by a range of factors such as experience, the level of risk in …

Flight Allocation In Shared Human-Automation En-Route Air Traffic Control, G De Rooij, C Borst, M M. Van Paassen, M Mulder

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Allocation is a challenge for higher levels of automation in air traffic control, where fights can be dynamically assigned to either a human or an automated agent. Through an exploratory experiment with six professional air traffic controllers, insight was gained into the possibilities and challenges of human-automation teamwork in an en-route environment. Participants showed high levels of automation trust, but mostly ignored automation-suggested allocations, preferring a highly automated sector instead. Most fights were delegated to automation, after they were given a direct and conflict-free path. Flights handled manually were those requiring level changes or non-standard routing. Future research should focus …

Assessing The Relationships Between Organizational Management Factors (4ps) And A Resilient Safety Culture In A Collegiate Aviation Program With A Safety Management Systems (Sms), Daniel Kwasi Adjekum

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Resilient safety culture is a key factor in sustaining safety management systems (SMS) in a U.S. collegiate aviation program. The relationships between four organizational management factors (Principles, Policy, Procedures, Practices) and a resilient safety culture model based on Reason’s concept was assessed using an online survey instrument. Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique were used to assess measurement models of factors underlying a resilient safety culture. All four management factors had significant predictive relationship with resilient safety culture. Practices had the weakest predictive relationship with resilient safety culture and Policy had the highest. Procedures strongly mediated path between Policies and Practices …

Safety Programs, Safety Management Systems And Implications For Human Performance, Julia Pounds, Paul Krois

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

A State Safety Program (SSP) and a Safety Management System (SMS) are both part of the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to support international safety in air navigation, flight inspections, air accident investigations, training, certification, and related areas. This paper discusses roles and responsibilities of the regulator and service provider focusing on human performance in oversight versus operations. Clarification is intended to help both regulators and operators focus on executing their separate and distinct roles and responsibilities for oversight versus operations. Left unaddressed, role confusion between the organizations can result in safety …

A Model Of Space Operator Training Motivation Using Serious Games, Foster E. Davis, Michael E. Miller

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Services provided by spacecraft, including communications and global positioning, are integral to small businesses, multinational corporations, and the United States Department of Defense. United States rivals recognize the advantage provided by the space domain and are exploring ways to degrade these services in their warfare doctrine. In response, the United States requires space systems suited to counter these threats and personnel who are trained to respond to the newly contested environment. Training research has shown that trainee characteristics, including motivation, can significantly impact training outcomes. Beyond the training literature, guidelines have been developed for motivating game play which might apply …

Transitioning From Face-To-Face To Virtual Training: Trainee Perceptions Of Virtual Air Traffic Training, Brett S. Torrence, Chanda Sanders, Charla Long

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

The public health emergency has adversely impacted the aviation community, resulting in reduced air traffic operations and challenges for the workforce. The Air Traffic Controller workforce has experienced interruptions to initial and on-the-job training due to social distancing practices and extended periods of reduced traffic. In response, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transitioned components of its air traffic training to an online (virtual) platform to continue training and reduce delays. An initial evaluation of the FAA’s Virtual Air Traffic Basics and Virtual Initial Lessons courses was conducted by examining air traffic control trainee (N = 180) perceptions of the virtual …

Modern Practices For Flightcrew Training Of Procedural Knowledge, Nathan Sonnenfeld, Blake Nguyen, Class Tido Boesser, Florian Jentsch

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Instructional systems utilizing electronic and distance learning approaches (E&DL) have advanced the accessibility and capabilities of training in aviation and other industries. The aviation industry is particularly interested in how to extend the use of E&DL from training facts and information to training procedures, and how to integrate E&DL into existing training. We reviewed a corpus of literature including over 1,200 scientific, regulatory, and technical documents—across domains including aviation, defense, healthcare, and education—focusing on the effectiveness of E&DL for training procedures and the design, development, and evaluation of E&DL. We received input from subject matter experts with respect to contemporary …

Knowns And Unknowns In Air Traffic Controller Safety Reports: Developing A New Method, Paul Krois, Julia Pounds

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers in the Federal Aviation Administration can submit voluntary safety reports when significant safety concerns and potential safety events are encountered during their everyday operations. We tested two questions: Can safety reports be classified according to whether the risk was known or unknown to the controller or the system; and would classifying reports in this manner yield useful safety information? A sample of 36 reports was assessed using this known-unknown method. 55% of the reports were classified as risks known to the controller but unknown to the system. 17% of the reports were scored as known to both …

Is Our Current Certification Process A Threat To Safety Innovation?, Erik-Jan A M Huijbrechts, M M René Van Paassen

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Certification is an important process in the aviation industry. The certified status of aircraft, aircraft equipment and procedures is often regarded as a guarantee for safety. However, if shortcomings emerge during operation, this certified status can prevent improvement of the design. In addition, to develop and certify new equipment, it is often easier to modify existing, certified equipment than have a full certification of a new system. Doing so, safety problems may be overlooked. In this paper, a link is made between the certification process and organizational safety of both manufacturers of aircraft or aircraft equipment and airline companies.

Behavioral Indicators In Air Traffic Control: Detecting And Preventing Performance Decline, Tamsyn Edwards, Rachel Seely, Aaron Katz, Paul Lee

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Air traffic controllers are responsible for the safety and efficiency of air traffic and therefore must maintain a consistently high standard of performance. However, performance can be negatively affected by factors such as workload and fatigue, potentially leading to performance decline and performance-related incidents. Real-time identification of negative influences would facilitate timely implementation of supportive strategies prior to performance decline. The current study aimed to explore the concept of ‘behavioral indicators’ to identify when a controller was reaching a performance limit. A second aim was to capture behavioral indicators associated with performance influencing factors. A total of 65 controllers spanning …

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Emergent States Supporting Teamwork In Aviation, Glenn E. Littlepage, Michael B. Hein, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

This paper describes a variety of factors that can facilitate teamwork. These include team orientation, collective efficacy, mutual trust, psychological safety, shared situational awareness, shared mental models, and transactive memory. Aviation-specific research on each of these states is reviewed.

What We Know About Teamwork And Multiteam Coordination In Aviation: Teamwork Processes In Aviation, Michael B. Hein, Glenn E. Littlepage, Andrea M. Georgiou

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Much of the work of pilots, flight attendants, air traffic controllers, aircraft mechanics, and flight operations center personnel is done in teams and coordination within and between teams is required. This is the third in a five- article series discussing theory and research relating to teamwork in aviation. This article presents a core piece of the comprehensive model of teamwork in aviation .

Pilot Situation Awareness And Risk Of Critical Incidents Using A Novel Online Flight Simulation Tool, Kirsten Brightman, Kathleen Van Benthem, Chris M. Herdman

International Symposium on Aviation Psychology - 2021

Pilot situation awareness (SA) is a critical influence on decision making and an important element in maintaining the safe control of an aircraft. The present research investigated whether measures of pilot SA, gathered via an online computer-based cognitive screening tool for pilots, could be used to predict pilot’s likelihood of real-world critical incidents. A risk score for each pilot was developed based on their self-reported critical incidents from their actual flight history. It was hypothesized that individuals with lower SA scores would have higher risk scores. The impact of age and pilot experience were also considered, as these factors are …

First Profunda Artery Perforator Flap For Breast Reconstruction Performed At A Va Hospital, Kaitlynne Pak, Amanda Fang, Garrison Leach, Riley Dean, Sarah Crowley

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

The profunda artery perforator (PAP) flap for breast reconstruction originated by Dr. Robert J. Allen in 2010 after multiple failed attempts at using muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominal muscle (MS-TRAM) flap and implants. This flap method was initially approached due to the patient’s request for an autologous tissue graft that did not sacrifice muscle. The PAP flap has grown significantly in popularity and usage in breast reconstruction and makes up to about 16% of autologous breast reconstruction, coming second to DIEP flaps (76%). This well-tolerated, muscle-sparing approach is ideal for patients without sufficient abdominal fat (low BMI or previous abdominal liposuction) …

The Role Of Art In Teaching Virtual Anatomy During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Shaigan Bhatti, Ashwatha Thenappan, Rose A. Maxwell, Marilyn Kindig

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

The purpose of this study is to determine whether drawing anatomical structures and teaching it virtually to others improves student confidence in remembering anatomy and improves student perceptions of OB/GYN anatomy in the obstetrics and gynecology core clerkship. Active recall is a superior method of learning and memory retention because it practices information retrieval. If one draws an anatomic region of the human body after visualization and then teaches it, the learner would be exercising retrieval thus promotion retention of the material. The specific act of writing things down on paper promotes memory retention. This study sets a precedence of …

Identifying Factors Underlying The Decision For Genetic Carrier Screening Among Women In Montgomery County, Sowon Kim, Rose A. Maxwell

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Genetic Carrier Screening (GCS) is a genetic test that allows patients to find out if they carry genes for certain genetic disorders. The results of the test enable patients to make changes to their family planning decisions and prenatal care when appropriate and allow them the opportunity to seek further medical and social support. Despite these health benefits and notable clinical utility of GCS, GCS has not been utilized in most nations due to moral and ethical controversy among the public. Previous studies have demonstrated patients’ ethnicity, socio-demographic (age, education) and economic factors were associated with the patient’s intention to …

Access To Primary Care Among Emergency Department Patients, Megan Hanna, Nicholas Seitz, Steven Repas, Michael Harrington, David L. House, Tiffany Le, Derek Sorensen, Catherine Marco

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Primary care is an essential component of a robust healthcare system by promoting preventative medicine and health education. This study assessed the percentage of Emergency Department (ED) patients with access to primary care and barriers to primary care.

Tb Incidence In Us And Puerto-Rico From 1993 To 2017, Bowranigan Tharmalingam, Amber Todd

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

The objective of this project is to test for possible correlation between the trend of Tuberculosis incidence rate in the US and the Tuberculosis incidence rate in PuertoRico from 1993 to 2017. Data from CDC Wonder-Online Tuberculosis InformationSystem and Pearson Correlation test were used to investigate the relationship. Analysis shows a positive association and a significant correlation between TB incidence rate between both region during the 26-year timeframe. This result has the potential for in-depth future research to identify the common variables and causes for the positive correlation.

Efficacy Of Urolift Procedure For Bph By A Single Center Of Excellence Over 5 Years, Joseph Wiedemer, Jennifer Espenschied, Trevor Mckoy, Benjamin Schmeusser, Andrew Drozd, Jeffrey Bierly, Michael Yu

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Since receiving FDA approval in 2013, the Urolift intervention for BPH has shown to be a promising alternative to the TURP characterized by nearly equal efficacy with markedly reduced recovery time. The 5-year L.I.F.T study is by far the most robust Urolift research published to-date, which reports on a prospective randomized controlled study of 206 subjects. The L.I.F.T study reported stable improvement in the vast majority of patients over 5 years including preserved uroflow improvement from initial post-op evaluation and just 13.6% requiring surgical retreatment. Despite the procedure’s ostensibly high efficacy, more research is needed on a larger scale.

Urologists …

Holding Traction During Ct: Simple Tricks To Maintain Reduction In The Lower Extremity, Garrhett G. Via, David A. Brueggeman, Alexander Chase, Jennifer L. Jerele, Kyle S. Mobley

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Traction is one of the pillars of orthopaedic injury management, as it can provide both temporizing and definitive treatment for anatomic malalignment associated with joint dislocations and fractures. In the realm of modern orthopaedic care, post-traction imaging provides the surgeon with information about resting fracture position and the overall effects of traction that are critical to preoperative planning. However, there are often circumstances in which an orthopaedic surgery provider is faced with the discrepancy between the proper sequence of orthopaedic care and the need for emergent, advanced imaging to evaluate other organ systems. In other words, they are often forced …

Liposomal Bupivacaine Infiltration And Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Standard Of Care For Post Caesarean Pain Control: A Retrospective Chart Review, Ellie Ganz, Darren Adams, Rose A. Maxwell, Theresa Roby, Marilyn Kindig

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and wound infiltration with local anesthetics are shown to reduce opiate use and pain scores when compared to controls who received narcotic pain medications. With the current opiate epidemic, finding different ways to control pain without opiates is important,-to prevent unnecessary use of these drugs and reduce the potential for addiction in patients having a Cesarean delivery who often times receive opiate medications on schedule regardless of their reported pain.

Predictive Factors For Early Breastmilk Discontinuation In Premature Infants: A Retrospective Study, Smiti Gupta, Darah Yuhas, Janet Wasylyshen-Valesco, Adrienne Stolfi

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by continuation of breastfeeding with introduction of complimentary foods for at least 1 year (1). There has been considerable success initiating breastfeeding in birth hospitals. This can largely be attributed to many beneficial programs, including the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and “10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding” (2, 3). Despite the success with increasing breastfeeding rates in birth hospitals, only 58.3% of US infants received breast milk at 6 months of age and only 25.6% of US infants were exclusively breastfed at 6 months in 2019 (4).This discrepancy is even greater for …

Adrenal Insufficiency Following Intraarticular Steroid Injections, Julia Hitchcock, Ankur Gupta

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

A 59-year-old woman presented with fatigue and 50 pounds weight gain in the last two years.She has been receiving triamcinolone steroid injections in both knees every three months for the last two years.She has also been receiving triamcinolone injections in ankles sporadically during this time period. Laboratory evaluation showed undetectable serum cortisol and inappropriately normal serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The patient underwent cosyntropinstimulation test confirming secondary adrenal insufficiency (Table 1).Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a normal pituitary gland with no tumors.She was started on hydrocortisone 10mg twice daily with improvement in fatigue.The patient was recommended to minimize steroid injections. The …

Reduced No-Show Rates And Sustained Patient Satisfactionof Telehealth During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Brenden Drerup, Jennifer Espenschied, Joseph Wiedemer, Lisa Hamilton

Medical Student Research Symposium Abstracts and Posters

TheCOVID-19 pandemic thrusted the relatively novel approach of telemedicine to thecenter stage of healthcare infrastructures within the U.S. and around the globe, leadingto adramatically increasedutilization of telehealth services.Since the first reported case ofCOVID-19 in the U.S. on January 20, 2020, telemedicine has played a large role in reducingviraltransmission by preserving PPE and supporting crippled healthcare revenuestreams. The convenience of these serviceshas also reduced caregiver burden and travelcosts for patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have consistentlydemonstrated a strong association between telehealth utilization and increased patient satisfaction. The impact of telemedicine on patient satisfaction during the currentpandemic has yet to …