Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Electrochemical Evaluation Of A Multi-Site Clinical Depth Recording Electrode For Monitoring Cerebral Tissue Oxygen, Ana Ledo, Eliana Fernandes, Jorge E. Quintero, Greg A. Gerhardt, Rui M. Barbosa

Neurosurgery Faculty Publications

The intracranial measurement of local cerebral tissue oxygen levels—PbtO₂—has become a useful tool for the critical care unit to investigate severe trauma and ischemia injury in patients. Our preliminary work in animal models supports the hypothesis that multi-site depth electrode recording of PbtO₂ may give surgeons and critical care providers needed information about brain viability and the capacity for better recovery. Here, we present a surface morphology characterization and an electrochemical evaluation of the analytical properties toward oxygen detection of an FDA-approved, commercially available, clinical grade depth recording electrode comprising 12 Pt recording contacts. We found that …

Viral Membrane Fusion And The Transmembrane Domain, Chelsea T. Barrett, Rebecca Ellis Dutch

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Initiation of host cell infection by an enveloped virus requires a viral-to-host cell membrane fusion event. This event is mediated by at least one viral transmembrane glycoprotein, termed the fusion protein, which is a key therapeutic target. Viral fusion proteins have been studied for decades, and numerous critical insights into their function have been elucidated. However, the transmembrane region remains one of the most poorly understood facets of these proteins. In the past ten years, the field has made significant advances in understanding the role of the membrane-spanning region of viral fusion proteins. We summarize developments made in the past …

Spermine Synthase And Myc Cooperate To Maintain Colorectal Cancer Cell Survival By Repressing Bim Expression, Yubin Guo, Qing Ye, Pan Deng, Yanan Cao, Daheng He, Zhaohe Zhou, Chi Wang, Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva, Charles E. Schwartz, Eun Young Lee, B. Mark Evers, Andrew J. Morris, Side Liu, Qing-Bai She

Markey Cancer Center Faculty Publications

Dysregulation of polyamine metabolism has been linked to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the underlying mechanism is incompletely characterized. Here, we report that spermine synthase (SMS), a polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, is overexpressed in CRC. Targeted disruption of SMS in CRC cells results in spermidine accumulation, which inhibits FOXO3a acetylation and allows subsequent translocation to the nucleus to transcriptionally induce expression of the proapoptotic protein Bim. However, this induction is blunted by MYC-driven expression of miR-19a and miR-19b that repress Bim production. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of MYC activity in SMS-depleted CRC cells dramatically induces Bim expression and apoptosis …

Evolving Role For Pharmacotherapy In Nafld/Nash, Suzanna L. Attia, Samir Softic, Marialena Mouzaki

Pediatrics Faculty Publications

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent, dynamic disease that occurs across the age spectrum and can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are currently no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatments for NAFLD; however, this is a field of active research. This review summarizes emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of adult and pediatric NAFLD. Investigated pharmacotherapies predominantly target bile acid signaling, insulin resistance, and lipid handling within the liver. Three drugs have gone on to phase III trials for which results are available. Of those, obeticholic acid is the single agent that demonstrates promise …

Assessing Diabetes Risk Factors In Rural Dwelling Grandparent Caregivers, Brittany L. Smalls, Adebola Olamide Adegboyega, Omar A. Contreras, Kelly Palmer, Jennifer Hatcher

Family and Community Medicine Faculty Publications

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to assess type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk factors in grandparent caregivers living in a rural environment.

Methods:

Clinical measures (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], blood pressure, and lipids) and self-reported data on social environment factors were attained. Data were analyzed via Pearson’s correlation and regression models.

Results:

By clinical definition of diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), 21% were prediabetic and 28% had undiagnosed T2DM. There was an association between the number of individuals in the home and triglycerides (r = −.25), high-density lipoproteins (HDL; r = .43), and body mass index (BMI; r = …

The Consequences Of Exercise-Induced Weight Loss On Food Reinforcement. A Randomized Controlled Trial, Kyle D. Flack, Harry M. Hays, Jack Moreland

Dietetics and Human Nutrition Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Obesity remains a primary threat to the health of most Americans, with over 66% considered overweight or obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater. A common treatment option many believe to be effective, and therefore turn to, is exercise. However, the amount of weight loss from exercise training is often disappointingly less than expected with greater amounts of exercise not always promoting greater weight loss. Increases in energy intake have been prescribed as the primary reason for this lack of weight loss success with exercise. Research has mostly focused on alterations in hormonal mediators …

Genome Diversity And The Origin Of The Arabian Horse, Elissa J. Cosgrove, Raheleh Sadeghi, Florencia Schlamp, Heather M. Holl, Mohammad Moradi-Shahrbabak, Seyed Reza Miraei-Ashtiani, Salma Abdalla, Ben Shykind, Mats H. T. Troedsson, Monika Stefaniuk-Szmukier, Anil Prabhu, Stefania Bucca, Monika Bugno-Poniewierska, Barbara Wallner, Joel Malek, Donald C. Miller, Andrew G. Clark, Douglas F. Antczak, Samantha A. Brooks

Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

The Arabian horse, one of the world's oldest breeds of any domesticated animal, is characterized by natural beauty, graceful movement, athletic endurance, and, as a result of its development in the arid Middle East, the ability to thrive in a hot, dry environment. Here we studied 378 Arabian horses from 12 countries using equine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and whole-genome re-sequencing to examine hypotheses about genomic diversity, population structure, and the relationship of the Arabian to other horse breeds. We identified a high degree of genetic variation and complex ancestry in Arabian horses from the Middle East region. Also, …

Resolving Metabolic Heterogeneity In Experimental Models Of The Tumor Microenvironment From A Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics Perspective, Teresa W-M Fan, Richard M. Higashi, Yelena Chernayavskaya, Andrew N. Lane

Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises complex interactions of multiple cell types that determines cell behavior and metabolism such as nutrient competition and immune suppression. We discuss the various types of heterogeneity that exist in solid tumors, and the complications this invokes for studies of TME. As human subjects and in vivo model systems are complex and difficult to manipulate, simpler 3D model systems that are compatible with flexible experimental control are necessary for studying metabolic regulation in TME. Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) is a valuable tool for tracing metabolic networks in complex systems, but at present does not directly …

A "Leave Me Alone" Jaw Lesion, Galal Omami

Oral Health Practice Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Risk And Protective Factors Of Dementia Among Adults With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review Protocol, Karen A. Lawrence, Theresia M. Pachner, Molly M. Long, Stephanie Henderson, Donna L. Schuman, Brenda L. Plassman

Social Work Faculty Publications

INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Individual epidemiological studies have controlled for several confounders of the relationship between PTSD and increased dementia risk, yet particular risk factors underlying this relationship have not been determined. This systematic review protocol aims to identify risk and protective factors of dementia among adults with PTSD.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct an electronic search of the databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, The Cochrane Library, Scopus and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global. After screening the studies, quantitative synthesis will be performed, if possible. Otherwise, a narrative synthesis will be …

Endoluminal Graft System And Method Of Implanting The Same, David J. Minion

Surgery Faculty Patents

An endoluminal graft system comprising an endoluminal graft including a framework and a flexible fabric surrounding the framework, a deflection means configured for placement through an opening to a branching vessel, and a delivery catheter configured to position the endoluminal graft within a primary vessel. A method of implanting the endoluminal graft includes positioning the endoluminal graft within a primary vessel with a leading edge of the endoluminal graft adjacent to an opening to a branching vessel. A deflecting means is positioned through the opening to the branching vessel adjacent to the leading edge of the endoluminal graft. The endoluminal …

Vesicular Monoamine Transporter-2 Ligands And Their Use In The Treatment Of Psychostimulant Abuse, Linda P. Dwoskin, Peter Anthony Crooks, Guangrong Zheng, Justin Robert Nickell, Zheng Cao, Na-Ra Lee

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Patents

The present invention relates to methods of treatment of a disease or pathology of the central nervous system, an eating disorder, or substance use disorder, drug dependence/abuse and withdrawal therefrom comprising administering at least one N-phenylalkyl amphetamine derivative and pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one N-phenylalkyl amphetamine derivative to an individual in need thereof.

Rural/Urban Disparities In Utilization Of Diabetes Self-Management Training To The Fee-For-Service Medicare Population, Christian Rhudy, Aric Schadler, Jeffery C. Talbert

Rural & Underserved Health Research Center Publications

Overview of Key Findings

• In 2016, rural fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries represented 21.7% of the population diagnosed with diabetes, but only 2.7% of the population utilizing Diabetes Self-Management Training.
• Utilization of DSMT services in 2016 occurred in 76 rural counties and 309 urban counties.
• Average utilization rates of DSMT services were greater in rural counties than urban counties (5.5% vs. 2.5%).

Rural/Urban Disparities In The Utilization Of Health And Behavioral Assessments/Interventions In The Fee-For-Service Medicare Population, Christian Rhudy, Eugene Shin, Jeffery C. Talbert

Rural & Underserved Health Research Center Publications

Overview of Key Findings

• In 2016, rural county residents represented 21.8% of the fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare population, but only 1.6% of rural FFS beneficiaries live in a county with local utilization of Health and Behavioral Assessments and Interventions (HBAI) services.
• Utilization of HBAI services in 2016 occurred in 19 (9.7%) rural counties and 176 (90.3%) urban counties.
• Average utilization rates of HBAI services were higher in rural counties than urban counties (0.7% vs. 0.4%).

Rural/Urban Disparities In Utilization Of Medical Nutrition Therapy To The Fee-For-Service Medicare Population, Christian Rhudy, Eugene Shin, Jeffery C. Talbert

Rural & Underserved Health Research Center Publications

Overview of Key Findings

• In 2016, 21.8% of the fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare population resided in a rural county, but only 3.7% of enrollees residing in a county with utilization of Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) services were rural county residents.
• Utilization of MNT services in 2016 occurred in 92 rural counties and 388 urban counties.
• Average utilization rates of MNT services were greater in rural counties than urban counties (3.1% vs. 1.9%).

Major Depression, Treatment Receipt, And Treatment Sources Among Non-Metropolitan And Metropolitan Adults, Tyrone F. Borders

Rural & Underserved Health Research Center Publications

Overview of Key Findings

• 7.8% of non-metropolitan (weighted number of persons=2,755,020) and 7.1% of metropolitan (weighted number of persons=14,868,655) adults had past year major depression.
• Treatment receipt (seeing a health professional or using prescription medication for depressive feelings) was similar among non-metropolitan (68.0%) and metropolitan (64.6%) adults.
• A closer examination of the type and source of treatment revealed the following:

• Rates of seeing a health professional were similar among non-metropolitan (60.8%) and metropolitan (58.4%) adults, but rates of using prescription medication for depressive feelings were higher among non-metropolitan (58.2%) than metropolitan (48.6%) adults.
• Rates of visiting a general practice/family doctor …

Axillary Artery Pseudoaneurysm Following Percutaneous Transaxillary Access For Impella Device Placement During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Anas A. Alharbi, Fahad S. Alqahtani, Peter Farjo, Jason A. Moreland

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Percutaneous transaxillary access is currently considered an acceptable alternative to transfemoral approach for large-bore access, especially in the setting of hostile iliofemoral arteries. Few published reports exist concerning complications of upper extremity access. We describe development of an axillary artery pseudoaneurysm and its management following transaxillary access. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.)

Postnatal Loss Of The Insulin Receptor In Osteoprogenitor Cells Does Not Impart A Metabolic Phenotype, John L. Fowlkes, R. Clay Bunn, Evangelia Kalaitzoglou, Phil Ray, Iuliana Popescu, Kathryn M. Thrailkill

Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Faculty Publications

The relationship between osteoblast-specific insulin signaling, osteocalcin activation and gluco-metabolic homeostasis has proven to be complex and potentially inconsistent across animal-model systems and in humans. Moreover, the impact of postnatally acquired, osteoblast-specific insulin deficiency on the pancreas-to-skeleton-to-pancreas circuit has not been studied. To explore this relationship, we created a model of postnatal elimination of insulin signaling in osteoprogenitors. Osteoprogenitor-selective ablation of the insulin receptor was induced after ~10 weeks of age in IR^l°^x/lox/Osx-Cre^+/− genotypic male and female mice (designated postnatal-OIRKO). At ~21 weeks of age, mice were then phenotypically and metabolically characterized. Postnatal-OIRKO mice demonstrated …

A Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention For Enhancing Posttreatment Psychological Well-Being In Young Adult Cancer Survivors (Empower): Protocol For A Single-Arm Feasibility Trial, John M. Salsman, Laurie E. Mclouth, Michael Cohn, Janet A. Tooze, Mia Sorkin, Judith T. Moskowitz

Behavioral Science Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYAs) experience clinically significant distress and have limited access to supportive care services. Interventions to enhance psychological well-being have improved positive affect and reduced depression in clinical and healthy populations but have not been routinely tested in AYAs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this protocol is to (1) test the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention for posttreatment AYAs called Enhancing Management of Psychological Outcomes With Emotion Regulation (EMPOWER) and (2) examine proof of concept for reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological well-being.

METHODS: The intervention development and testing are …

Longitudinal Evaluation Of The Effects Of Illness Perceptions And Beliefs About Cardiac Rehabilitation On Quality Of Life Of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease And Their Caregivers, Patricia Thomson, Neil J. Angus, Federico Andreis, Gordon F. Rushworth, Andrea R. Mohan, Misook L. Chung, Stephen J. Leslie

Nursing Faculty Publications

Background

Patients’ negative illness perceptions and beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation (CR) can influence uptake and adherence to CR. Little is known about the interpartner influence of these antecedent variables on quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and their family caregivers. The aims of the study were: 1) to assess differences in illness perceptions, beliefs about CR and quality of life between patients with CAD and their family caregivers upon entry to a CR programme and at 6 months follow-up; and 2) to examine whether patients’ and caregivers’ perceptions of the patient’s illness and beliefs about CR …

Regulation Of Myofilament Contractile Function In Human Donor And Failing Hearts, Kerry S. Mcdonald, Laurin M. Hanft, Joel C. Robinett, Maya Guglin, Kenneth S. Campbell

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Heart failure (HF) often includes changes in myocardial contractile function. This study addressed the myofibrillar basis for contractile dysfunction in failing human myocardium. Regulation of contractile properties was measured in cardiac myocyte preparations isolated from frozen, left ventricular mid-wall biopsies of donor (n = 7) and failing human hearts (n = 8). Permeabilized cardiac myocyte preparations were attached between a force transducer and a position motor, and both the Ca²⁺ dependence and sarcomere length (SL) dependence of force, rate of force, loaded shortening, and power output were measured at 15 ± 1°C. The myocyte preparation size was …

Anti-Aggregation Effects Of Phenolic Compounds On Α-Synuclein, Kenjiro Ono, Mayumi Tsuji, Tritia R. Yamasaki, Giulio M. Pasinetti

Neurology Faculty Publications

The aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (αS) are major pathologic features of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other α-synucleinopathies. The propagation of αS pathology in the brain plays a key role in the onset and progression of clinical phenotypes. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing strategies that attenuate αS aggregation and propagation. Based on cumulative evidence that αS oligomers are neurotoxic and critical species in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies, we and other groups reported that phenolic compounds inhibit αS aggregation including oligomerization, thereby ameliorating αS oligomer-induced cellular and synaptic toxicities. Heterogeneity in gut microbiota may influence the …

Microrna-148a Regulates Low-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism By Repressing The (Pro)Renin Receptor, Na Wang, Lishu He, Hui Lin, Lunbo Tan, Yuan Sun, Xiaoying Zhang, A. H. Jan Danser, Hong S. Lu, Yongcheng He, Xifeng Lu

Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Faculty Publications

High plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) concentration is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) regulates LDL metabolism, and thereby plasma LDL-c concentration. Recently, we have identified the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] as a novel regulator of LDL metabolism, which regulates LDLR degradation and hence its protein abundance and activity. In silico analysis suggests that the (P)RR is a target of miR-148a. In this study we determined whether miR-148a could regulate LDL metabolism by regulating (P)RR expression in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. We found that miR-148a suppressed (P)RR expression by binding to the 3’-untranslated regions (3’-UTR) of the (P)RR …

Ccl2 Overexpression In The Brain Promotes Glial Activation And Accelerates Tau Pathology In A Mouse Model Of Tauopathy, Aurelie Joly-Amado, Jordan Hunter, Zainuddin Quadri, Frank Zamudio, Patricia V. Rocha-Rangel, Deanna Chan, Anisha Kesarwani, Kevin Nash, Daniel C. Lee, Dave Morgan, Marcia N. Gordon, Maj-Linda B. Selenica

Sanders-Brown Center on Aging Faculty Publications

Innate immune activation is a major contributor to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathophysiology, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL) 2 is produced by neurons and glial cells and is upregulated in the AD brain. Transgene expression of CCL2 in mouse models of amyloidosis produces microglia-induced amyloid β oligomerization, a strong indication of the role of these activation pathways in the amyloidogenic processes of AD. We have previously shown that CCL2 polarizes microglia in wild type mice. However, how CCL2 signaling contributes to tau pathogenesis remains unknown. To address this question, CCL2 was delivered via recombinant …

Brain Structure Changes Over Time In Normal And Mildly Impaired Aged Persons, Charles D. Smith, Linda J. Van Eldik, Gregory A. Jicha, Frederick A. Schmitt, Peter T. Nelson, Erin L. Abner, Richard J. Kryscio, Richard R. Murphy, Anders H. Andersen

Neurology Faculty Publications

Structural brain changes in aging are known to occur even in the absence of dementia, but the magnitudes and regions involved vary between studies. To further characterize these changes, we analyzed paired MRI images acquired with identical protocols and scanner over a median 5.8-year interval. The normal study group comprised 78 elders (25M 53F, baseline age range 70-78 years) who underwent an annual standardized expert assessment of cognition and health and who maintained normal cognition for the duration of the study. We found a longitudinal grey matter (GM) loss rate of 2.56 ± 0.07 ml/year (0.20 ± 0.04%/year) and a …

Correlations Of Calf Muscle Macrophage Content With Muscle Properties And Walking Performance In Peripheral Artery Disease, Kate Kosmac, Marta Gonzalez-Freire, Mary M. Mcdermott, Sarah H. White, R. Grace Walton, Robert L. Sufit, Lu Tian, Lingyu Li, Melina R. Kibbe, Michael H Criqui, Jack M. Guralnik, Tamar S. Polonsky, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Luigi Ferrucci, Charlotte A. Peterson

Physical Therapy Faculty Publications

Background

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of atherosclerosis characterized by reduced blood flow to the lower extremities and mobility loss. Preliminary evidence suggests PAD damages skeletal muscle, resulting in muscle impairments that contribute to functional decline. We sought to determine whether PAD is associated with an altered macrophage profile in gastrocnemius muscles and whether muscle macrophage populations are associated with impaired muscle phenotype and walking performance in patients with PAD.

Methods and Results

Macrophages, satellite cells, and extracellular matrix in gastrocnemius muscles from 25 patients with PAD and 7 patients without PAD were quantified using immunohistochemistry. Among patients …

Uremia Preventing Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome Despite Rapid Hyponatremia Correction, Srinadh Annangi, Snigdha Nutalapati, Srikanth Naramala, Pradeep Yarra, Khalid Bashir

Internal Medicine Faculty Publications

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered both in the inpatient and outpatient clinical settings in the United States. Rapid correction leads to a deranged cerebral osmotic gradient causing osmotic demyelination syndrome. Coexisting azotemia is considered to be protective against osmotic demyelination syndrome owing to its counteractive effect on osmolarity change that occurs with rapid hyponatremia correction. In this article, we report the case of a 37-year-old male who presented with altered mentation, acute azotemia, and severe electrolyte derangements, with serum blood urea nitrogen 160 mg/dL, creatinine 8.4 mg/dL, sodium 107 mEq/L, potassium 6.1 mEq/L, bicarbonate 7 mEq/L, and …

Can Unconventional Immunomodulatory Agents Help Alleviate Covid-19 Symptoms And Severity?, Stephen W. Mamber, Steven Krakowka, Jeffrey L. Osborn, Lloyd Saberski, Ryan G. Rhodes, Albert E. Dahlberg, Sunthorn Pond-Tor, Kara Fitzgerald, Neal Wright, Sarah Beseme, John Mcmichael

Biology Faculty Publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the respiratory infection known as COVID-19. From an immunopathological standpoint, coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 induce increased levels of a variety of T-helper 1 (Th1) and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, CCL2 protein, and CXCL10 protein. In the absence of proven antiviral agents or an effective vaccine, substances with immunomodulatory activity may be able to inhibit inflammatory and Th1 cytokines and/or yield an anti-inflammatory and/or Th2 immune response to counteract COVID-19 symptoms and severity. This report briefly describes the following four unconventional but …

Substance Use Prevention Services In Juvenile Justice And Behavioral Health: Results From A National Survey, Rodney Funk, Hannah K. Knudsen, Larkin S. Mcreynolds, John P. Bartkowski, Katherine S. Elkington, Ellen H. Steele, Jessica M. Sales, Christy K. Scott

Behavioral Science Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: This study examined the national availability of substance use prevention (SUP) within juvenile justice (JJ) and their primary behavioral health (BH) providers, and the relationships between the availability of SUP and agency-level measures of organizational structure, staffing, and youth characteristics. A three-stage national probability sampling process was used to select participants for a national survey that included, among other facets of community supervision (CS) and BH practices, questions on agency characteristics, youth characteristics, whether the agency/provider directly provided SUP services, and whether the agency/provider directly provided substance use and/or mental health treatment. This paper focuses on SUP services along …

Lipid Bilayer-Integrated Spp1 Connector Protein Nanopore And Spp1 Connector Protein Variants For Use As Lipid Bilayer-Integrated Nanopore, Peixuan Guo, Shaoying Wang

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Patents

A conductive channel-containing membrane includes a membrane layer, and a SPPl connector polypeptide variant that is incorporated into the membrane layer to form an aperture through which conductance can occur when an electrical potential is applied across the membrane. A method of sensing a molecule, such as a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule, makes use of the conductive channel- containing membrane. A method of DNA sequence makes use of the conductive channel-containing membrane.