Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Pharmacy Newsletter : September 2015, Pharmacy Department

Department of Pharmacy Archives

Content

• Advancement in Pharmacotherapy
• Auxiliary Labels
• How to Take Oral Diabetic Medications with Food, Nutrient/Herb and other Medications?
• Proud to Report

Impact Of An Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention On Urinary Tract Infection Treatment In The Emergency Department, Kelly M. Percival, Kristine M. Valenti, Stacy E. Scmittling, Brandi D. Strader, Rebecka R. Lopez, Scott Bergman

SIUE Faculty Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity

STUDY OBJECTIVE:

The study objective is to assess changes in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) after implementation of recommendations based on national guidelines and local resistance rates.

METHODS:

This preintervention and postintervention study included patients discharged home from the emergency department (ED) with an uncomplicated UTI at a 439-bed teaching hospital. Emergency department prescribers were educated on how local antimicrobial resistance rates impact UTI practice guidelines. Empiric treatment according to recommendations was assessed as the primary outcome. Agreement between chosen therapy and isolated pathogen susceptibility was compared before and after education. Reevaluation in the ED or hospital admission …

The Role Of Pharmacists In Lgbtq Health, Cecilia M. Plaza, Jennifer Mathews, Tari Hanneman

Pharmacy Faculty/Staff Publications

Pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare providers and often can serve as the first point of contact for patients with the healthcare system. This session explored the role of that pharmacist on the healthcare team related to LGBTQ health. The new Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational Outcomes were discussed as well as current efforts within pharmacy education in LGBTQ health education. The speakers also addressed barriers to LGBTQ education and practice along with potential solutions.

Medical Marijuana And Pharmacy Practice, Karl G. Williams

Pharmacy Faculty/Staff Publications

By way of the Compassionate Care Act of 2014, New York has become the 23^rd state to create a process that will permit patients suffering from a “serious condition” to receive medical marijuana (or “cannabis”). Among those, it is the second state to prohibit the crude delivery system of smoking (Minnesota), and the third to involve pharmacists in the dispensing process (Connecticut and Minnesota). Because virtually every practicing pharmacist in New York will be caring for patients receiving some form of cannabinoid therapy, it is important to discuss the basic outlines established by the law and regulations.

Lipopolysaccharide Induced Map Kinase Activation In Raw 264.7 Cells Attenuated By Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles, Vellaisamy Selvaraj, Niraj Nepa, Steven Rogers, Nandini D.P.K. Manne, Ravi K. Arvapalli, Kevin M. Rice, Shinichi Asano, Erin Fankenhanel, J. Y. Ma, Tolou Shokuhfar, Mani Maheshwari, Eric R. Blough

Pharmaceutical Science and Research

High mortality rates are associated with the life threatening disease of sepsis. Improvements in septic patient survivability have failed to materialize with currently available treatments. This article represents data regarding a study published in biomaterials (Vellaisamy et al., Biomaterials, 2015, in press). with the purpose of evaluating whether severe sepsis mortality and associated hepatic dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be prevented by cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) treatment in male Sprague Dawley rats. Here we provide the information about the method and processing of raw data related to our study publish in Biomaterials and Data in Brief (Vellaisamy et al., …

Direct Oral Anticoagulants For The Prevention Of Stroke In Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: Understanding Differences And Similarities., Paul P. Dobesh, John Fanikos

Journal Articles: Pharmacy Practice

The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, significantly increases the risk for stroke. Current guidelines recommend that the vitamin K antagonist warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), such as the approved direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the approved direct factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban, should be used for thromboprophylaxis in patients with nonvalvular AF at risk for stroke or systemic embolic events (SEE). Warfarin, the mainstay of stroke prevention in AF, increases the risk of major bleeding. Furthermore, warfarin therapy comes with several limitations including frequent monitoring and the need for dose adjustments, …

Uji Toksisitas Akut Dan Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Metanol Dan Ekstrak N-Heksana Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya L), Tahara Dilla Santi

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The acute toxicity test and antiinflammatory effect of methanolic and n-hexane extracts Carica papaya L leaf have been studied. The results of phytochemical screening show that papaya leaf contains alkaloid, steroid, and flavonoid compound. Flavonoid and alkaloid extracted from methanolic extract of papaya leaf and steroid extracted from n-hexane extract of papaya leaf. The acute toxicity test of methanolic and n-hexane extracts Carica papaya L leaf have been studied on rat with giving a single dose of samples. The aim of this work was to investigate the behavioral responses (pharmacological profile), the development of body weight and mortality for 14 …

Skrining Fitokimia Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Etanol Alga Merah Eucheuma Spinosum, Bina Lohita Sari, Nurulia Susanti, Sutanto Sutanto

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The red alga, Eucheuma spinosum from South Bangka Waters was shown to contain antioxidant activity. Natural antioxidants from algae are known to play an important role against various diseases and aging processes. The study objective was to investigate phytochemical screenings and antioxidant activity of ethanol fractions Euchema spinosum from south Bangka waters. Antioxidant activities of fresh algae (FA), dry algae (DA), and algae product (AP) were determined with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Extraction was conducted using 70% ethanol in acidic environment for 24 hours. Then, the extract was evaporated using rotary evaporator. Dry extract was fractionated with ethanol - n - …

Enzim Papain: Aspek Green Chemistry Pada Reaksi Knoevenagel, Laurentius Haryanto, Antonius Herry Cahyana

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Green chemistry aspect is the chemical approach that has been studied in the past two decade. One of the principles is the development of green synthesis process that is friendly for the environment. This research showed that papain can be used as catalyst for Knoevenagel reaction with 3 kinds of substituted-benzaldehyde and malononitrile as substrates in aqueous medium. The best reaction condition with 80% yield was reached by utilizing of 25 mg papain/mmol substrate. Reaction was conducted at ambient temperature and pressure for 30 min. Products were as yellowish to yellow needle crystals and successfully characterized by melting point, UV-Vis, …

Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L.) Sebagai Antikanker Payudara, Dwitiyanti Dwitiyanti

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Guava leaves are used as a cytotoxic. Previous research has demonstrated that guava leaves contained 61.71% of quersetin and has potential as an cytotoxic. The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of 70% ethanol extract of guava leaves against cancer cells T47D. The method used direct counting (viable cell count) to obtained LC50 value. This study used a test solution with six concentrations that were 130.62; 67.98; 35.98; 18.43; 9.56 and 5 µg/ml. The LC50 value from the 70% ethanol extract of guava leaves was 27.54 µg/ml. The results suggested the extract of guava leaves has …

Workload Perceptions Of Pharmacists: Part Of Changing A National Trend, Fadi M. Alkhateeb, Omar F. Attarabeen, David Latif, Rachel Deliere

Pharmacy Practice & Administration

Background: A National Pharmacist Workforce Survey (NPW) survey is being conducted in the US every five years. The 2009- NPW project surveyed 1,391 participants, of which only 12 participants were from West Virginia. Therefore, such a small representation of West Virginian pharmacists may question the validity of extrapolating the results of the 2009 NPW survey to pharmacists in this state. As a result, a separate survey was needed to answer the questions about the perceived workload, work characteristics, and demographics for West Virginian pharmacists.

Objectives: The primary objective of this investigation was to identify the pharmacists’ perceptions of workload in …

Application Of Ichip To Grow “Uncultivable” Microorganisms And Its Impact On Antibiotic Discovery, Rinzhin T. Sherpa, Caretta J. Reese, Hamidreza Montazeri Aliabadi

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Purpose. Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine, allowing significant progress in healthcare and improvement in life expectancy. Development of antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria is a natural phenomenon; however, the rate of antibiotic resistance emergence is increasing at an alarming rate, due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture and even everyday products. Traditionally, antibiotic discovery has been conducted by screening extracts of microorganisms for antimicrobial activity. However, this conventional source has been over-used to such an extent that it poses the risk of “running out” of new antibiotics. Aiming to increase access to a greater diversity of microorganisms, …

Advancements In Treatment For Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Implications For Rehabilitation Professionals, Shawn P. Saladin, Yasar Tasnif, Bianca Cruz, Robert B. Perez

JADARA

Rehabilitation professionals often work with individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. Sometimes the hearing loss is due to ototoxic medications that are prescribed as treatments for other conditions. An understanding of the types of ototoxic medications at the root of the sensorineural hearing loss combined with an understanding of the advancements in treatments will help the rehabilitation professional better serve consumers who fit this description.

Derivation Of An Analytical Solution To A Reaction-Diffusion Model For Autocatalytic Degradation And Erosion In Polymer Microspheres, Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, Paul D. Arendt, Daniel W. Pack, Richard D. Braatz

Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

A mathematical reaction-diffusion model is defined to describe the gradual decomposition of polymer microspheres composed of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) that are used for pharmaceutical drug delivery over extended periods of time. The partial differential equation (PDE) model treats simultaneous first-order generation due to chemical reaction and diffusion of reaction products in spherical geometry to capture the microsphere-size-dependent effects of autocatalysis on PLGA erosion that occurs when the microspheres are exposed to aqueous media such as biological fluids. The model is solved analytically for the concentration of the autocatalytic carboxylic acid end groups of the polymer chains that comprise the microspheres …

Development Of Hypoxia Trapping Enhanced Bb2r-Targeted Radiopharmaceutics For Prostate Cancer, Zhengyuan Zhou

Theses & Dissertations

The Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (BB2r) has been investigated as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for prostate and other cancers due to the high expression level on neoplastic relative to normal tissues. A variety of BB2r-targeted agents have been developed utilizing the bombesin(BBN) peptide, which has shown nanomolar binding affinity to human BB2r. However, as with most of the low-molecular weight, receptor-targeted drugs, a major challenge to clinical translation of BB2r-targeted agents is the low retention at the tumor site due to intrinsically high diffusion and efflux rates. Our laboratory seeks to address this deficiency by developing synthetic approaches to selectively …

Targeted Magnetite Tissue Delivery For Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetics, Tianyuzi Li

Theses & Dissertations

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies are required for bench to bedside translation of any new drug, formulation or device. Multifunctional magnetite nanocarriers enable magnetic resonance imaging tracking of nanomaterial encased antiretroviral drugs serving to improve the effectiveness of formulation developments. Targeting ligands used to deliver nanoparticles to HIV harboring cells can be tested using multifunctional magnetite nanocarriers. To this end, two types of magnetite nanocarriers were developed. These included small magnetite antiretroviral therapy particles. The second were ALN-PEG coated magnetite particles for testing macrophages targeting ligands. Overall, these works should serve to speed the development of long acting nanoformulated ART to …

Polymeric Nanocarriers For Treatment Of Melanoma And Genetically Modified Mesenchymal Stem Cells To Improve Outcome Of Islet Transplantation, Vaibhav Mundra

Theses & Dissertations

Melanoma is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options for advanced metastatic stages. New targeted therapeutic options with discovery of BRAF and MEK inhibitors have shown significant survival benefit. Despite the recent progress, inefficient tumor accumulation and dose limiting systemic toxicity remains pressing challenges for treating metastatic melanoma and there is a need for drug delivery approach to improve therapeutic index of chemotherapeutics. Nanoparticle based drug delivery represents promising approach to enhance efficacy and reduce the dose limiting systemic toxicity. Nanoparticles can be formulated either by physical encapsulation of drugs or by covalent conjugation of drugs to the polymeric backbone. …

Role Of Macrophages In Muscle Transfection With Pdna/Pluronic Formulation, Vivek Mahajan

Theses & Dissertations

Non-ionic amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), Pluronics, arranged in a tri-block structure PEO-PPO-PEO, have raised a considerable interest in skeletal muscle Gene Therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated that co-administration of Pluronics with naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) by direct i.m. injection enhanced transgene expression not only in muscle but also in distal lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) and this response was strain-dependent; not observed in athymic (BALB/c nu/nu) mouse; suggesting a role of immune cells in gene transfer to skeletal muscles. Therefore, we first evaluated the role of inflammation and inflammatory cells, on muscle …

Antileukemic Efficacy Of Continuous Vs Discontinuous Dexamethasone In Murine Models Of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, L B. Ramsey, L J. Janke, M A. Payton, X Cai, S W. Paugh, S E. Karol, Landry K. Kamdem, C Cheng, R T. Williams, S Jeha, C H. Pui, W E. Evans, M V. Relling

Faculty Research ​and Publications

Osteonecrosis is one of the most common, serious, toxicities resulting from the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In recent years, pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia clinical trials have used discontinuous rather than continuous dosing of dexamethasone in an effort to reduce the incidence of osteonecrosis. However, it is not known whether discontinuous dosing would compromise antileukemic efficacy of glucocorticoids. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of discontinuous dexamethasone against continuous dexamethasone in murine models bearing human acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts (n = 8 patient samples) or murine BCR-ABL+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Plasma dexamethasone concentrations (7.9 to 212 nM) were similar to those …

Fluorescein Dye For Exploring Anti-Cancer Drug Dissolution Kinetics, Connor Davis, Tonglei Li, Wei Gao

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

Nanocrystalline formulations of anti-tumor drugs have been shown to improve desirable characteristics as well as increase the efficacy of delivery. However, the improvements seen are not strong enough to eradicate tumors and there exists a need to better understand how the drug particles move about and release in the body. The use of fluorophores incorporated into substrates allows for highly sensitive and resolute imaging in the body without the need for radioisotopes. This research aims to utilize quenching characteristics of fluorescein in order to provide pharmacokinetic information to aid in the improvement of nanoparticulate delivery formulations. Nanocrystal formulations of paclitaxel …

Temporal And Spatial Changes In The Pattern Of Iba1 And Cd68 Staining In The Rat Brain Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Debbie Smith, Diane Brooks, Eric Wohlgehagen, Thomas Rau, David Poulsen

Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty Publications

We have previously demonstrated that acute treatment with low dose methamphetamine is neuroprotectivein a rat model of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using gene expression analysis, we further showed that methamphetamine treatment significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory genes after severe TBI. Therefore, to further investigate the potential effects of methamphetamine treatment on the neuroinflammatory response, we examined immunofluorescent staining of Iba1 and CD68, two marker of neuroinflammation, in the rat lateral fluid percussion injury model of severe TBI. In this study, we observed temporal and spatial alterations in the pattern of Iba1 and CD68 labeling within two weeks after …

Establishment Of Immortalized Innate Lymphoid Cell Lines From The Mouse Lung, Celine A. Beamer

University Grant Program Reports

The purpose of this proposal was to create immortalized innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lines from normal and transgenic mice

Improved Oncolytic Virotherapy By Increasing Virus Spread Within Tumors., Stephen Wechman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have great therapeutic potential for lung cancer. Cancer selective E1b-deleted Ads are safe, however their efficacy remains limited clinically. To improve E1b-deleted Ads, Adhz60 was selected for greater anti-cancer efficacy by a process called bioselection, producing AdUV. AdUV preferentially lysed A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells more effectively than both the cancer selective Adhz60 and non-selective Ad5. AdUV induced greater LC3-II expression, relative to LC3-I, indicating that AdUV (30.9-fold) induced autophagy more effectively than Ad5 (12.2-fold) and Adhz60 (7.8-fold) in A549 cells. Mice treated with AdUV had significantly smaller tumors (p-value < 0.001) and prolonged survival (p-value = 0.0005) than mice treated with the negative control AdGFP. These results suggest that AdUV efficiently lyses lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Chronic Ethanol Exposure Sensitizes The Lung In A Mouse Model Of Endotoxemia-Induced Acute Lung Injury : Potential Role Of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1., Lauren G. Poole

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this project is to characterize a new mouse model of alcohol-enhanced acute lung injury (ALI) and to determine the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in this model. Male mice (WT and PAI-1-/-) were exposed to ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diet or pair-fed control diet for 6 weeks; some animals were administered intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to sacrifice. Chronic alcohol feeding enhanced induction of the chemokines MIP-2 and KC (murine IL-8 homologues) after LPS injection in wild type animals. This enhanced chemokine expression did not correlate with enhanced pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, however animals exposed to chronic ethanol showed sustained …

Regulation Of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases By Ubiquilin1., Zimple Kurlawala

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK’s) like EGFR, Insulin Receptor, IGF1R and others mediate growth, proliferation and balance between apoptosis and survival. Dysregulation of RTK activity has been identified in a wide range of cancers and contributes to initiation, progression and metastasis of tumors. Ubiquilins (UBQLN) are fairly novel proteins and are studied mostly in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Our laboratory recently discovered a link between UBQLN1 function and tumorigenesis. UBQLN1 is lost in about 50% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases. We have identified an interaction between UBQLN1 and IGF1R. Furthermore, UBQLN1 regulates activity of IGF1R and EGFR. Following …

Identifying Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hcc) Cells With Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties., Harshulkumar M. Pandit

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging condition to treat in the clinic due to its distinct tumor phenotype, aggressive growth, and chemotherapy resistance. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are a poorly differentiated subpopulation of cells within the tumor microenvironment, and role of CSCs in tumor initiation and chemotherapy resistance is not well understood in HCC. In this study, we have successfully identified HCC cells with CSC-like properties that showed resistance to Doxorubicin. Using the established serum free culture techniques, we have enriched CSC-like cells among hepatocellular cancer cells. These enriched cells exhibit all CSC-like properties i.e. self-renewal capability, anchorage independent growth …

Metabolomics Of Transformed Mda-Mb-231 Cell Lines Expressing Different Levels Of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 1 (Nat1)., Samantha Marie Carlisle

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is a phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that is found in almost all tissues of the body. Expression of NAT1 is commonly elevated in several cancers including breast cancer. However, the exact mechanism by which NAT1 expression affects cancer risk and progression remains unclear. Three MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cell lines that stably express wild-type, increased, and decreased levels of human NAT1 have been constructed and characterized for NAT1 mRNA, NAT1 acetylation activity, cell doubling rates, and endogenous acetyl-CoA levels. Differences in polar metabolic profile between these three cell lines were investigated using a comprehensive GC×GC−TOF …

Suramin Protects From Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury., Tess Dupre

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

In rodent models, suramin improves recovery following acute kidney injury (AKI). We hypothesized that suramin would be useful in protection against cisplatin-induced AKI. This hypothesis was tested by pre-treating C57BL/6j mice with suramin prior to cisplatin. Our data indicates that suramin protects the kidney from injury by decreasing cisplatininduced decreases in kidney function. Renal histology indicated that suramin significantly protected from cisplatin-induced AKI. Data indicate that suramin pretreatment attenuated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines following cisplatin treatment, while also decreasing markers of cell stress and cell death. We utilized the same experimental design with 10-month old FVB mice …

The Regulation And Mechanisms Of Egfr-Mediated Apoptosis In Mda-Mb-468 Cells., Nicole Marion Jackson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Background: The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a 170- kilodalton transmembrane protein that belongs to the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Upon ligand-mediated activation, the EGFR responsible for cell growth, proliferation, and tissue homeostasis in epithelial cells; however, the EGFR is overexpressed in many human malignancies including MDA-MB-468 cells, a metastatic breast epithelial cell line. Previous studies have indicated that within the MDA-MB-468 cell line, receptors at the cell surface promote cell growth when activated with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) ligand. Activated receptors that are internalized to the endosomes however induce apoptosis. This contrasting response at different cellular …

Searching For Novel Ligands For The Cannabinoid And Related Receptors., Pritesh Prakash Kumar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The first purpose of the present dissertation was to apply a high throughput assay to systematically screen a library of food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs as potential ligands for the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). A cell-based, homogenous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) method for measuring changes in intracellular cAMP levels was validated and found to be suitable for testing ligands that may act on CB2. Among the 640 FDA-approved drugs screened, raloxifene, a drug used to treat/prevent post-menopausal osteoporosis, was identified for the first time to be a novel CB2 inverse agonist. The dissertation reporting these results demonstrated that by …