Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Ii Acts Through An Endogenous Growth Pathway Regulated By Imprinting In Early Mouse Embryos, Daniel A. Rappolee, Karin S. Sturm, Ole Behrendtsen, Gilbert A. Schultz, Roger A. Pedersen, Zena Werb

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Publications

We present evidence that insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mediates growth in early mouse embryos and forms a pathway in which imprinted genes influence development during preimplantation stages, mRNA and protein for IGF-II were expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos, but the related factors IGF-I and insulin were not. IGF-I and insulin receptors and the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor were expressed. Exogenous IGF-II or IGF-I increased the cell number in cultured blastocysts, but a mutant form of IGF-II that strongly binds only the IGF-II receptor did not. Reduction of IGF-II expression by antisense IGF-II oligonucleotides decreased the rate of progression to the blastocyst …

Finding Hiv-Infected Women - The Clinician's Role, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

An estimated 100,000 women are currently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, and a great majority of them are unaware of their condition. Approximately 20,000 HIV-infected women were identified through publicly funded HIV screening programs in 1989 and 1990, and an unknown number through private screening. Because most HIV-infected women are believed to be in the lower socioeconomic strata, it is unlikely that a significant number were identified in the private sector. Therefore, up to 80% of HIV-positive women may not know they are infected.

Sex Selection: Regulating Technology Enabling The Predetermination Of A Child's Gender, Owen D. Jones

Vanderbilt Law School Faculty Publications

The debate over the prohibition of sex (or gender) selection (also known as "preselection" or "predetermination"), has focused almost exclusively on the context of aborting a "wrong-sex" fetus after a fetal gender-identification procedure. Despite the fact that sex selection abortions represent only a small subset of sex selection procedures, attitudes toward the former are driving general policy approaches to the latter. However, the issues are analytically distinct, and only during the former infancy of the pre-conceptive (and non-abortive post-conceptive) technology for sex selection were members on both sides of the debate afforded the economy of using one logic to support …

The Measurement Of Knowledge, Attitudes And Knowledge-Seeking Behaviours Of Women In Relation To The Menopause And Health Related Issues, Amanda Devine

Theses : Honours

Research suggests that women are not well informed about the health related issues which are associated with the menopause. The purpose of this study was to determine women's: current knowledge of the menopause and of the disease osteoporosis; attitudes to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT); frequency of menopausal symptoms; knowledge-seeking behaviours In relation to the menopause; and, open-ended responses to menopausal issues. This study surveyed 70 women who responded to an advertisement in Community Newspapers. Data were collected using a "Knowledge and attitudes to the menopause and health related issues" (KAMHRI) questionnaire. The KAMHRI questionnaire was developed by the researcher and …

List: Planned Parenthood Of Northeast Florida, Inc. 1992 Board Of Directors

Saffy Collection - All Textual Materials

A list of the 1992 board of directors and officers.

Platelets And Leucocyte Counts In Pregnancy, Saadiya Aziz Karim, Javaid H. Rizvi, Iffat Rizwana, Mohammad Khurshid, Sadiqua N. Jafarey

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

A study involving the obstetric clinic population of 3 major teaching hospitals of Karachi has been conducted to define changes in leucocyte and platelet counts as pregnancy progresses. 573 “normal” pregnant women - 183 in the first trimester, 195 in the second trimester and 194 in the third trimester were included in this analysis. We have found leucocytosis to be a feature of normal pregnancy; the change is subsequent to a progressive increase in granulocytes. Platelet counts were found to decrease slightly as pregnancy progresses

Female Condoms, An Urgent Need, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

As of February 1991, more than 16,000 cases of AIDS in women had been reported in the United States, but the ". tidal wave of cases in women is yet to come. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of the number of women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) range from 1.5 million in Africa to I 00,000 in the United States. Within the next ten years, the majority of these women will develop AIDS and die. Some will live a bit longer, but all are eventually doomed to die prematurely. Most will not live to see their 40th year.

A Clinicopathological Analysis Of Ovarian Tumours, M Saeed, K Khawaja, I Rizwana, Iffat Rizwana, J Rizvi, Imtiaz Malik, A Khan

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with ovarian tumors who were admitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital from January 1985 to December 1989. Sixty one cases were reviewed. Mean age of the whole group was 44 years. Majority of the patients presented with abdominal pain and distention. Most frequent physical finding was a palpable mass on pelvic or abdominal examination. Overall these patients had a higher incidence of breast cancer than expected in the general population. Two-thirds of the tumors were malignant. Comparison of the patients with malignancy against those with benign tumors failed to show any correlation …

Development And Characterization Of Monoclonal Antisperm Antibodies: Potential For Contraception, Dilrowshan H. Haque

Theses and Dissertations in Biomedical Sciences

There is an expressed need to develop a greater variety of safe contraceptive methods which would find acceptance worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Immunization against spermatozoa might be such a method as judged by the accumulated evidence from studies on human females and in a number of female animal species.

Two extraction techniques were used for sperm membrane antigen isolation. The first technique involved NP-40 detergent for antigen extraction from human motile sperm and the second technique employed homogenized human testis for antigen extraction. Using these immunogens, sperm membrane-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed. When these antisperm MAbs were subjected …

Gestational Diabetes In A Developing Country, Experience Of Screening At The Aga Khan University Medical Centre, Karachi, Khalid S. Khan, J H. Rizvi, R N. Qureshi, R Mazhar

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

In order to determine the prevalence of glucose intolerance in pregnancy, 1267 consecutive women attending the antenatal clinic of the Aga Khan University Medical Centre were subjected to a 75 g glucose challenge followed 2 hr later by plasma glucose determination irrespective of gestation on the first antenatal visit. The test was repeated at 28-32 weeks of gestation if the patients had an abnormal initial screen at less than 28 weeks gestation and a normal glucose tolerance test on diagnostic follow-up and for those who had a risk factor for gestational diabetes and a normal initial screen at less than …

Gestational Diabetes In A Developing Country, Experience Of Screening At The Aga Khan University Medical Centre, Karachi, Khalid S. Khan, Javaid H. Rizvi,, Rahat Qureshi, Rauf Mazhar

Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology

In order to determine the prevalence of glucose intolerance in pregnancy, 1267 consecutive women attending the antenatal clinic of the Aga khan University Medical Centre were subjected to a 75g glucose challenge followed 2hr later by plasma glucose determination irrespective of gestation on the first antenatal visit. The test was repeated at 28-32 weeks of gestation if the patients had an abnormal initial screen at < 28 weeks gestation and a normal glucose tolerance test on diagnostic follow-up and for those who had a risk factor for gestational diabetes and a normal initial screen at < 28 weeks gestation. The glucose challenge test was abnormal (2hr plasma glucose> 1 40mg%) in 8.6% of the screened population. Follow-up oral glucose tolerance test on these patients revealed a prevalence of 3.2% of gestationat diabetes and 1.9% of impaired glucose tolerance test based on the modified …

Prophylatic Cord Care: Is It Necessary?, Karen Coyle

Theses : Honours

Since the evolution of 'open' cord care in 1974, the umbilical cord of the newborn has been treated prophylactically with many different forms of antibacterial solutions. Recent studies have demonstrated that cord separation is facilitated by bacteria and many of the current treatments, such as the use of alcohol, actually delay separation. The purpose of this study was to compare cleaning the cord with alcohol to dry cord care, a method of cord care which is now being considered as an acceptable alternative to prophylactic umbilical cord treatment. A convenience sample of 205 babies was taken from a small private …

Platelet A-Granule Fibrinogen, Albumin, And Immunoglobulin G Are Not Synthesized By Rat And Mouse Megakaryocytes, Prem Handagama, Daniel A. Rappolee, Zena Werb, Jack Levin, Dorothy F. Bainton

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Publications

It has been assumed that endogenous synthesis by the platelet precursor cell, the bone marrow megakaryocyte, is the major source of platelet a-granule protein. To test this hypothesis, we used mRNA phenotyping to detect in megakaryocytes the presence of mRNA transcripts specific for various proteins. Our results indicate that megakaryocytes synthesize platelet factor 4, a protein relatively specific for platelets, but do not express mRNA transcripts for the fibrinogen, albumin, or IgG found in a-granules. We have previously shown that mega- karyocytes endocytose circulating proteins, including fibrino- gen, albumin, and IgG, and incorporate them into a-granules. Thus, platelets appear to …

Two Alkaline Phosphatase Genes Are Expressed During Early Development In The Mouse Embryo, Ann C. Hahnel, Daniel A. Rappolee, Jose Luis Millan, Thomas Manes, Carol A. Ziomek, Nicoleta G. Theodosiou, Zena Werb, Roger A. Pedersen, Gilbert A. Schultz

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Publications

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity is stage specific in mouse embryos and may be associated with compaction and separation of trophectoderm from inner cell mass in preimplantation development. We previously sequenced a cDNA and two mouse AP genes that could contribute to the AP activity in embryos. Oligonucleotide primers were constructed from the three sequences and used in the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique to establish that two of the three AP isozymes are transcribed during preimplantation development. The predominant transcript (E-AP) is from a gene highly homologous to the human tissue-specific APs, but different from the mouse intestinal AP. Tissue …

Amwa Endorses Uniform Mammography Screening, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

Breast cancer is gaining on us at an increasing rate each year. In 1990 in the United States alone we expect about 145,000 new cases and 45,000 breast cancer deaths in women. What are we doing about it? What is AMWA doing, and what are women physicians doing- for themselves and their patients? Can we do anything? The answer is yes, we can. We can reduce mortality considerably if the cancer is detected early. The five-year survival rate for women with breast cancer diagnosed in its early (localized) stages is 90%, but for women with cancer diagnosed after it has …

Serum Cholesterol In Neonates And Their Mothers. A Pilot Study, S.H. Badruddin, R. Lalani, Mohammad Khurshid, A. Molla, R. Qureshi, M.A. Khan

Department of Medicine

Reports from the Aga Khan University indicate that 58% of 400 school children studied had undesirably high serum cholesterol levels. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the high cholesterol levels are present at birth and to determine the relationship between cord blood, maternal blood cholesterol and maternal diet. Cord blood from 58 neonates and fasting venous blood form 45 mothers were analyzed for total serum cholesterol. Mothers were interviewed regarding their usual diet during pregnancy. Mean cord blood cholesterol was 56.90 mg/dl (range 26 to 123 mg/dI). Mean maternal blood cholesterol was 232.4mg/dl (range 141-382 mg/dl). Mean maternal …

Organized Labor: The Past, Present, And Future Of Nurse-Midwifery In America, Amy Procter Matthews

Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects

No abstract provided.

Genes For Extracellular Matrix-Degrading Metalloproteinases And Their Inhibitor, Timp, Are Expressed During Early Mammalian Development, C. A. Brenner, R. R. Adler, D. A. Rappolee, R. A. Pedersen, Z Werb

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Publications

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling accompanies cell migration, cell-cell interactions, embryo expansion, uterine implantation, and tissue invasion during mammalian embryogenesis. We have found that mouse embryos secrete functional ECM-degrading metalloproteinases, including collagenase and stromelysin, that are inhibitable by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and that are regulated during peri-implantation development and endoderm differentiation. mRNA transcripts for collagenase, stromelysin, and TIMP were detected as maternal transcripts in the unfertilized egg, were present at the zygote and cleavage stages, and increased at the blastocyst stage and with endoderm differentiation. These data suggest that metalloproteinases function in cell-ECM interactions during growth, development, and …

Three Cheers For Elective Hysterectomy, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

Hysterectomy is the second (after cesarean section) most commonly performed major surgical procedure in the United States today.1 About [650,000 American women will have hysterectomies in 1989. Thirty-seven percent of all US women will have had a hysterectomy by the time they reach age 60. The number of hysterectomies increased dramatically Born 1965 to 1975, but then leveled off and decreased to the present level of about 7 per 1000 women. The ~ghest rates occur in women aged 35 to 44 years, the age group the so called baby boomers are now entering in large numbers. Therefore, if the age-specific …

Developmental Expression Of Pdgf, Tgf-A, And Tgf-J Genes In Preimplantation Mouse Embryos, Daniel A. Rappolee, Carol A. Brenner, Richard Schultz, David Mark, Zena Werb

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Publications

Control of growth and differentiation during mammalian embryogenesis may be regulated by growth factors from embryonic or maternal sources. With the use of single-cell messenger RNA phenotyping, the simultaneous expression of growth factor transcripts in single or small numbers of preimplantation mouse embryos was examined. Transcripts for platelet-derived growth factor A chain (PDGF-A), trans- forming growth factor (TGF)-a, and TGF- 1, but not for four other growth factors, were found in whole blastocysts. TGF-cx, TGF-(31, and PDGF antigens were detected in blastocysts by immunocytochemistry. Both PDGF-A and TGF-a were detected as maternal transcripts in the unferilized ovulated oocyte, and again …

Virginity And Celibacy As Health Issues, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

Sexual behavior is both a health issue and a moral issue. Hence public education on sexuality has traditionally come from two main sources, those individuals or groups concerned with health and those concerned with morals. In his book No Magic Bullet (Oxford University Press, 1985), Allan Brandt describes the tensions that developed between these groups over the control of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States early in this century. Both groups wanted to control sexual behavior, but for different reasons. Public health personnel wanted to change sexual behavior in order to control infection and disease, while moralists believed that …

Pms Or Perifollicular Phase Euphoria?, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

Why is it that so little is known about PMS? First of all, there is no agreement on what PMS is. If investigators are referring to different sets of symptoms, how can studies be comparable? In fact, they are not. Not only are the symptoms different, but the timing of symptoms is different, Some studies describe symptoms that occur 7 to 10 days before the onset of menses, while others include symptoms that begin 14 days before the onset of menses and continue for 7 days after onset. This definition suggests that women may have PMS-related symptoms during 21 days …

Have You Had Your Mammogram, Doctor?, Mary Guinan

Public Health Faculty Publications

Breast cancer incidence continues to increase in the United States, with more than 130,000 new cases and 42,000 deaths expected this year. Today, one in every ten women in the United States will develop breast cancer at sometime during their lives. Breast cancer can be prevented by early prophylactic bilateral mastectomy, ie, removal of the breasts before any signs or symptoms develop. This practice was advocated by a male gynecologist colleague of mine. When I expressed horror at his suggestion that I have such a procedure at age 32, he challenged me to defend myself against advocating a practice that …

From 'The Help Of Grave And Modest Women' To 'The Care Of Men Of Sense': The Transition From Female Midwifery To Male Obstetrics In Early Modern England, Karen L. Smith Adams

Dissertations and Theses

Until the sixteenth century, childbirth in England was the exclusive domain of women and was orchestrated by the female midwife. By the end of the seventeenth century, university-educated and church-approved male physicians were systematically beginning to usurp the midwife's role in the lying-in room and to gradually assume authority and power over the process of childbirth. Ultimately doctordominated childbirth threatened, and in some places accomplished, the displacement of the midwife. No one factor was responsible for the shift in delivery room personnel nor was the transition from female midwives to male obstetricians a "natural" one. This thesis looks at three …

Anaemia In Pregnancy: Occurrence In Two Economically Different Clinic Populations Of Karachi, Saadiya Aziz Karim, Mohammad Khurshid, Javed H. Rizvi

Section of Haematology/Oncology

According to previous WHO standards, anaemia in pregnancy denoted a haemoglobin level of 11.0 gms/dl or less, but this is now considered to be variable¹ as it differs from country to country depending on local reference ranges and socio-economic conditions. Each country should “lay down minimal acceptable standards” below which an individual is considered to be anaemic, taking into account the available fmancial and manpower resources and other health needs of the country². There is a wide divergence in the quoted prevalence of anaemia in Pakistan and neigh­bouring countries.^3-6 This study was undertaken to determine a …

Correlates Of Birth Weight And Gestation Age : Baseline Data For Health Education, Adanetch Kidanemariam

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Purpose. The study examined the correlation of maternal occupation, urinary tract infection, smoking, and working during pregnancy with infant birth weight and gestational age in order to generate baseline data for development of a health education intervention program protocol for pregnant women In the work place.

Primary Hypotheses. (1) The four maternal risk factors: (a) occupation during lifetime, (b) reported urinary tract infection, (c) cigarette smoking, (d) working, are individually and interactively correlated with infant birth weight and gestational age. (2) The effects of the interactive associations are greater on birth weight than gestational age.

Procedure. A sample of …

Factors That Influence Prepared Childbirth Couples' Use Of Epidural Anesthesia For Labor And Delivery, Terri S. Chambers

Community & Environmental Health Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence a Prepared Childbirth couple's decision to utilize epidural anesthesia for labor and delivery. Review of the literature indicated a high correlation between epidural use for uncomplicated labors and deliveries and a high incidence of maternal complications and low neonatal neurological and behavioral scores.

A sample of twenty-nine couples was used in this prospective, non-experimental field study for the research. Data were collected utilizing two developed demographic and factual event tools, Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Tool and Spanier's Dyadic Marital Adjustment Tool.

Three hypotheses were developed and data were …

Pregnancy Diagnosis Using Ultrasound, M A C Johns

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Few Western Australian ewe flocks are diagnosed for pregnancy despite the precence of high numbers of barren ewes. Surveys of farm flocks in the early 1970s recorded that between 14 and 29 per cent of ewes failed to lamb each year.

Techniques for diagnosing pregnant ewes have been available for many years, but ultrasonic devices and computer technology have made it possible for skilled operators to determine whether ewes are pregnant and more importantly, whether they have one, two or more foetuses.

Once the number of pregnant ewes is known farmers can use labour more efficiently. They can minimise the …

Body Weight Changes Throughout The Menstrual Cycle And Their Effect Upon The Components Of Body Composition, Lovina M. Query

Dissertations and Theses

Research has shown that women experience fluctuations in body weight (BW) due to water retention and/or other processes at various times in the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study is to measure women repeatedly throughout the course of one menstrual cycle and

(1) to confirm whether significant fluctuations in weight occur at various times and

(2) to determine whether there are significant differences in the components of body composition by hydrostatic weighing which are related to any changes in BW.

It was concluded that while significant fluctuations in BW occur at certain times in the menstrual cycle, the changes …

The Zinc Status Of Pregnant Vegetarian Women, Michelle J. Abu-Assal

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The zinc status of twelve lacto-ovo-vegetariah pregnant women and seventeen non-vegetarian pregnant women was evaluated. Zinc intakes were calculated from three-day dietary records and twenty-four hour dietary histories. Plasma zinc levels were drawn during the last trimester of pregnancy and approximately ten weeks postpartum. Gestational age at birth, birthweight, and APGAR scores of the infants born were obtained from the medical charts. Dietary zinc intakes for the vegetarians (10.5 ± 4.0 mg) did not differ significantly from the intakes of the non-vegetarians (10.9 ± 3.0 mg). The vegetarian last trimester plasma zinc levels (47.9 ± 12.4 mcg/dl) and postpartum plasma …