Plant Pathology Commons^™

Analysis Of The Factors Affecting On Disappearance Of Nitrate In Grass During Ensilage, T Masuko, T Otani, K Awaya

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

From 1979 to 1985, a series of experiments was carried out. In these experiments, Italian rye grass containing large amounts of nitrate was ensiled in laboratory silos with CaCO3, glucose and urea immediately after harvesting, and at three moisture levels adjusted by pre-wilting. In each experiment, the grasses were chopped to about 2 cm length and then packed in 1.5 liter glass bottles. The silos were kept at 28°C in the incubator and opened 50-80 days after ensiling. The nitrate content and crude protein content of original grass were-high and WSC content of that was low. In thirty grass silages …

A Technique To Study The Relative Merits Of Different Silage Additves, A D. Drysdale, D A. Parker

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Expansion in the use of silage additives in the more difficult silage-making areas of Europe has created the need for a simple laboratory method to assess the relative values of the wide range of products now offered. A technique is described which can be used to study potential new additives and to monitor existing products. Using direct-cut lucerne(Medicago sativa) ensiled quickly it is possible to produce a high pH, poorly fermented, untreated silage and against this the relative effects of different additive treatments can be assessed. In an example discussed, lucerne of 14% dry matter (DM) and buffering capacity 44m-equiv …

Control Of Silage Fermentation By Inoculation With Lactobacillus Casei, K Ataku, H Nakamura, N Narasaji, M Kikuchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The D( -) isomer of lactic acid is largely produced by silage fermentation. Accordingly, this study focused on Lactobacillus casei (LC) in which produces L( +) lactic acid. The influences of the inoculation of LC and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on the quality of silage and on the isomer ratio of the lactic acid were examined with and without 2% glucose addition at two ensilage temperature (20°C and 30°C). Orchardgrass and alfalfa were ensiled in laboratory silos, capacity one-liter. When either LP and LC was added, a large quantity of lactic acid was produced, the pH dropped sharply, and the quality …

Losses During Ensiling Due To Gas Exchange, H Honig, E Zimmer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Gas exchange leading to air infusion into the silo during the storage period is one of the main reasons for poor silage quality and additional losses. To make these losses better predictable, and to show ways to ensiling technology to avoid them, the parameters influencing the gas exchange in silage stacks have to be defined and quantified. The motive powers for this gas exchange are "breathing" in gastight systems, and CO2 flow off in "open" systems. Recent experiments using 6 m3 pilot silos to evaluate and quantify these losses, especially those due to CO2 flow off, show the following results: …

Speeding The Field Drying Of Alfalfa With Chemicals, C A. Rotz, J W. Thomas, D R. Buxton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Field drying experiments were conducted on alfalfa to determine the requirements and long term expected performance of chemicals for conditioning hay in the northern USA 2.8% aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) sprayed on the alfalfa as it was mowed increased field drying rate. A mixture of 1.4% potassium carbonate and 1.4% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in water provided a similar increase in drying rate, while a solution of sodium carbonate alone was generally less effective. Maximum effect occurred when the treatment was applied as alfalfa was mowed and conditioned with a roll-type conditioning machine and the alfalfa was left to …

Mechanical And Chemical Conditions As An Aid In Hastening Drying Rate Of Ryegrass Forage, M Tsang Mui Chung, L R. Verma

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A laboratory study to evaluate different types of mechanical, chemical and combinations of mechanical-chemical treatments on drying rate and quality of ryegrass (Lolium multifloruIJJ.) forage is described. Mechanical treatments ranged from cuticle abrasion to crushing of the stems while the chemicals were expected to remove or disrupt epicuticular waxes. Removal of the surface wax layer and part of the cuticle caused only moderate increases in drying rate indicating that epicuticular resistance for ryegrass is only a small fraction of the total resistance to moisture loss. Treatments that crushed and split the stems to bypass tissue resistance were considerably more effective. …

Effect Of A Lactobacillus Inoculant On Fermentation And Aerobic Stability Of Grass Silage, G Pahlow, E Zimmer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The objective of the experiment was to optimize the fermentation process and to improve the aerobic stability of silage by the use of a bacterial additive. Prewilted grass was ensiled with and without the inoculant in laboratory silos. These were perfused with different amounts of oxygen to simulate suboptimum 5 ensiling technology. The spray inoculation of a Lactobacillus culture with 10 colony forming units (cfu) per g of the crop enabled the

homofermentative starter to dominate the indigenous flora even in the air treated silages. The lactic acid production was markedly increased and pH-value, gas losses and protein decomposition were …

The Use Of Microbiological Processes In The Fractioning Of Plant Green Mass, M J. Beker, A A. Klintsare, D J. Upite, V E. Ramnietse, V F. Bekere, R Carlsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The work discusses anaerobic fermentation of juice and press cakes of plant green mass in order to obtain stabilized feeds upon minimum energy expenses. We have studied the conversion of carbohydrates into acids, protein coagulation and proteolysis. There has been constructed a new technology "TPF-1". The work deals also with the stability and biological effectivity of the fermented juice and coagulate. Zootechnical experiments on pigs, calves, bull-calves established that a stabilized juice or coagulate can replace upto 30-40% of protein in traditional ratios without a decrease in animal productivity. It was established that, in order to ensure complete wastelessness and …

Protein Production From Tobacco Plants Iii: Pilot Plant Extraction, P Fantaozzi, A Sensidoni, R Bortolomeazzi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The goals of the present study are: (1) to find a technology for the extraction of valuable proteins from tobacco at a pilot plant level. (2) to optimize such a technology with some modifications of the original idea; Results are shown related: (1) to the distribution of Proteins in the various fractions obtained during the extraction; (2) to the effect of some additives on the final protein yields and characteristics. To allow that the process would be economical qualitatively and quantitatively, the authors suggest an optimization of the extraction yield and a better purification of the final products from contaminants …

Commercial Protein Fractionation From Lucerne, G J. Shearer

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The first commercial protein fractionation plant in New Zealand is located at Broadlands on a geothermal steam field in the central North Island pumice lands. Lucerne is harvested over a 30 km radius and trucked to the processing plant.This factory has a wet input design capacity of 10 tonnes per hour expansible to 20 tonnes per hour. Freshly harvested lucerne is pulped and double pressed to express the juice which is then coagulated with steam, centrifuged, and the leaf protein concentrate {LPC) dried and pelleted. The presscake is also dried and pelleted. The deproteinised juice {DPJ) is evaporated and the …

Fabrication Of A Machine For Production Of Leaf Protein And Cost Evaluation Of Leaf Protein, P Vijayalakshmi, R P. Devadas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A pulper cum squeezer machine was fabricated. The cost of the machine was Rs. 4048.42. The juice extracting efficiency of this pulper-cum squeezer was found to be good. Alfalfa (luceme) was grown in three different areas, one was the local village, the second being Sri Avinashilingam Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) and the third being Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya. It was calculated that one kg of leaf protein costs about Rs. 9.06, 8.52 and 4.12 at the village, at KV.K and at Vidyalaya respectively. Cost of red gram dhal a locally available, popular legume is Rs. 8.00. The cost of protein …

Factors Influencing The Design Of Plant Juice Presses, H D. Bruhn, R J. Straub, R G. Koegel

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Much of the suffering in the world today from protein-deficient diets could be alleviated by establishing small village-size green plant juice protein extraction system. One step in providing this protein involves pressing juice from plants. From fundamental research there is now extensive information available to the developers of juice pressing equipment. The primary objective of this paper is to bring available information together and indicate its application to the design of small presses of 100 to 500 kg/hr capacity. Satisfactory juice extraction can be accomplished in the following manner: (l)Maceration. (2) Applying a pressure of 700 to 2000 KPa. (3) …

Social Trends Emerging In A Mexican Village Community Involved In A Leaf Nutrient Supplementation Project Offered As Nutritional Intervention Scheme, T M. Ostrowski-Meissner, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Social analysis of the leaf nutrient supplementation (LNS) project using protein concentrate from alfalfa in a Mexican village (Saltillo) has been made in an attempt to identify the social trends associated with the community's involvement with protein extraction from green vegetation as a nutritional intervention scheme. Through preliminary on site observation and review of available scheme records, emergent social trends were identified in:

1. the voluntary diversification of nutritional habits,

2. an extension of health services for the community, and

3. subtle change within the village social milieu. The suitability of the LNS project is discussed, and areas for further …

Use Of Leaf Protein As Human Food, R P. Devadas, P Vijayalaks

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Leaf protein obtained from lucerne was fed to pre-school children, for a period of three years. These children who were on leaf protein were compared against those who received milk in the place of leaf protein, leaf protein + 300 calories, 300 calories alone and control group who did not get any supplement. The results indicated that 100 grams of leaf protein provides 397 calories, 60 g of protein, 800 mg of calcium, 50 mg of iron and 1.4 µg of B carotene. Leaf protein is acceptable for pre-school children from poor socio-economic groups. Adults need more persuasion. Leaf Protein …

Effects Of The Leaf Protein On Serum Cholesterol Levels In Rats, T Horigome, Y S. Cho, S Uchida, E Sakaguchi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The cholesterol-lowering effect of the leaf protein was compared with those of casein and soya bean protein in rats. Unfractionated leaf proteins were prepared from Italian ryegrass and alfalfa by heating the green juice at 85°C. Wet leaf proteins were extracted repeatedly with acetone at room temperature. Rats were given a cholesterol-free, low-fat diet containing each protein source at a protein level of 20% for a period of 3 weeks. There were no differences in the weight gain among rats given casein, soya bean protein and Italian ryegrass leaf protein, while the weight gain of rats given alfalfa leaf protein …

Deproteinized Juice Utilization From Mechanically Dewatered Alfalfa, M Collins

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Mechanical dewatering of alfalfa produces a pressed forage product, a protein concentrate and deproteinized juice. The latter component contains approximately 12% of whole crop DM and can be utilized as a fertilizer material. Several alternatives exist for coagulation of protein from alfalfa juice. An experiment was conducted to evaluate alfalfa yield response to application of whole juice or juice deproteinized by heat, H2SO4 or fermentation. One-half cm surface depth of juice increased shoot yield by 41 % over untreated plants. Alfalfa responded similarly to whole juice or juice deproteinized by either method although maximum yield occurred at a higher rate …

Production Of Fodder Yeast From Brown Juices Of Graminaceous And Leguminous Plants, H Horitsu, H Wakazono, K Imai, K Kawai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Fractionation of grass (herbage) into leaf protein concentrate (LPC) and crude fiber causes agricultural pollution because brown juice which remained after fractionation contains much minerals and spoilage materials such as sugar and so on. In order to dissolve this problem, for graminaceous plants, green juice was acidified with mineral acid to coagulate LPC. After then, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated using the brown juice and fodder yeast was obtained in good yield. Next, leguminous plants, green juice was directly fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum to decompose saponin and to coagulate LPC with lactic acid produced by Lact. plantarum. After then, the brown …

Feeding Values Of Alfalfa And Its Dried Press Cake, R Kayama, H Tano, T Nagatomo, I Tasaki

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In order to utilize forage crops effectively, extraction of leaf protein is quite useful, and its utilization has been extensively investigated. When leaf protein is extracted from plants, tremendous amounts of press cake are produced, however, only a few works on its utilization has been conducted. In the present experiment, the digestion trial with sheep was conducted and the feeding value of dried alfalfa press cake was compared with that of sun-cured alfalfa hay. In general, content of dry matter and organic matter was not so much.different between the press cake and the hay, however, the press cake was comparatively …

Immuno-Reactive Fraction-1 (18s) Leaf Protein During Wilting And Ensiling Of Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) And Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.), J L. Mangan, F A. Harrison

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Antiserum to purified Fraction 1 (18S) leaf protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) raised in N .Z. white rabbits was used to analyse herbage, silage and digesta from the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep by crossed immuno-electrophoresis. Silage trials were carried out with luceme and ryegrass ensiled separately in mini silos containing 1 kg herbage and in larger silos containing 100 kg herbage with replications at 4 levels of dry matter, viz: direct cut, 18.8-21.6%; low wilt, 23.0-32.0%; medium wilt, 31.1-43.5% and high wilt, 38.5-53.2%. Under favourable weather conditions, with long hours of sunshine and low relative humidities and where the high wilt stage …

Assessing The Nutritive Value Of Proteins Extracted From Leucaena Leucocephala: A Comparison Of In Vivo And In Vitro Assays, H T. Ostrowski-Meissner, W Supratman, I Komang

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A comparison was made of in vitro and in vivo methods for the evaluation of protein quality in protein concentrates from leaves (LPC) of tree legume leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) cultivars Cunningham and Peru grown in Indonesia and harvested during dry and wet seasons. Unfractionated protein concentrates were recovered by steam coagulation at either 85°C or 55°C (within 5 min of maceration and dejuicing). The leaves were evaluated using a number of in vitro and in vivo methods recommended for assessing food and feed grade proteins. In vitro methods used in this study tended to over-estimate the quality of leucaena …

Factors Affecting The Efficiency Of Protein Extraction From Fresh Hybrid Napier Grass, R N. Joshi

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The observations recorded from over four hundred protein extractions from hybrid Napier grass, cultivated under different field conditions, were subjected to statistical analysis to study the extractability of protein through simple mathematical equations. Of the nine parameters considered, the moisture content of the plant had major influence on the percent extractability of protein and yield of fibre feedstuff. The extractability of protein nitrogen was negatively correlated while the yield of fibre was positively correlated with the mean temperature of the day on which the processing was carried out. Using these regression equations it should be possible to predict the yield …

Crops And Conditions For Maximum Production Of Leaf Protein In West Bengal, S Matai

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The paper attempts to summarize the yield potential of a few promising leaf protein (LP) yielding crops grown in alluvial soil tract in the eastern parts of India. Of the different legume crops lucerne was noted to produce maximum LP yield whereas in non-legumes mustard pearl millet produced maximum LP yield. Short duration crops in general gave positive response to higher seed rate whereas in lucerne and berseem where multiple regrowth cut was made, higher seed rate had no effect on LP yield. Leaf protein concentrates obtained from these crops contained 50 to 60% protein. Excepting pearl millet, protein nitrogen …

Energy Flow And Distribution Through Green Crop Fractionation Of Italian Ryegrass, K Kogure, K Watanabe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The present experiment was carried out to obtain some informations about the energy flow and distribution through the soiling plants, every three fractions, and silage made from the fibrous residue (FR) of Italian ryegrass. The early maturing "Minamiwase" and late maturing "Hitachiaoba" were sown 5 Oct. 1983. The experiments were conducted under three times of first cutting (A; 29 Mar., B; 12 Apr., C; 25 Apr.) following regrowth frequencies of 3, 2, and 2, respectively. Dry matter production of both varieties at first cutting was increased accompanying with the growth progressed including spring flush of crop. The percentage of top …

The Value Of Pasture Height In The Measurement Of Dry Matter Yield, M O'Sullivan, W F. O'Keefee, M J. Flynn

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A double sampling method to measure herbage mass is described. The relationship between herbage mass and pasture height was shown to be curvilinear with a coefficient of determination of 81 % . It was possible with the double sampling technique using both measurements to increase the precision of estimating dry matter (DM). When taking 3 quadrats and 10 extra height measurements the standard deviation of the mean was reduced by 4.5%. The double sampling technique also decreased the workload of estimating herbage mass. It was therefore possible to maintain the same precision of estimation by reducing the number of quadrats …

Prediction Of The Nutritive Value Of Fresh Herbage In The Uk, A H. Adamson, D I. Givens, W P. Barber

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The prediction of the nutritive value of fresh herbage in the UK is currently based on the measurement of modified acid detergent fibre (MADF). The prediction equations used are derived from in vivo measurements made up to 1969. Subsequently Barber et al. (1984) published data on the suitability of a range of predictors indicating the superiority of the neutral detergent fibre cellulase (NCD) technique over MADF. However, this information was based on experiments carried out in one laboratory and variability between laboratories in the measurement of the predictor is an important factor when deciding which predictor is most suitable for …

Predicting In Vitro Digestibility With A Simple Potent Cellulase Procedure, S S. Bughrara, D A. Sleper, O H. Calvert, G C. Marten

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Reliable, inexpensive and rapid methods of determing in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) are necessary to evalute animal production potential of a given herbage. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between DMD measured by a procedure using a potent cellulase solution (from Trichoderma reese1) and by a procedure using rumen liquor. Herbage from 22 species was assayed. Correlations between in vitro DMD determined by the cellulase procedure and rumen liquor procedure ranged from 0.24 to 0.99. Most correlations were highly significant and greater than 0.95. Regression coefficients ranged from 0.26 to 1.43. The cellulase procedure was …

Determination Of Lignin Concentration And Digestibility In Stem Tissue Of Alfalfa By Means Of Quantitative Image Analysis, W Kuhbauch, J Bestajovsky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Digestibility of important legume forages is determined mainly by the quality of stem. Lignin is a major constituent of the legume cell wall and close relation between digestibility and lignin concentration in legume stem tissue have been found. Cross sections of alfalfa stems have been stained by Phloroglucine/HCl. Lignified tissue, mainly within the xylem and in the sclerenchyma tissue beyond the vascular bundle, appears sharply separated from surrounding stem tissue. This allows to record the respective areas quantitatively. The image analysis data of selected cross sections of alfalfa stems were correlated with chemically analyzed (MnO4-Oxidation) lignin concentration of the total …

Development Of A Conductivity Transducing Cannula For Measuring Forage Intake Of Grazing Livestock, J R. Forwood

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The quantity of forage consumed over a given time by livestock is an extremely important measurement of the quality of that forage. Intake differences may reflect differences in palatability, digestibility, forage chemical composition, rate of passage and overall animal performance. Although forage intake is a critical measurement, much more emphasis has been placed on improving parameters such as forage yield, persistence, and winter hardiness. One reason for this is that the above parameters can be measured with accuracy and relative ease while forage intake measurement of grazing livestock is difficult, expensive and often-times inaccurate. In an attempt to directly and …

The Evaluation Of Fresh Herbage In The Uk, D I. Givens, A H. Adamson, W P. Barber

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A large programme of work has been undertaken by the Nutrition Chemistry Feed Evaluation Unit between 1980 and 1984 to examine temporary grasses and permanent pasture from sites covering England and Wales. The aims of the work reported here have been to provide new digestibility and energy metabolism data and to compare it with that which would have been predicted by the equations in current use in the UK based on modified acid detergent fibre. A total of 131 samples of temporary grass and 40 samples of permanent pasture have been examined in metabolism trials with wether sheep. All trials …

A Study On The Control Of Suaeda Corniculata Bunge In The Fields Of Puccinellia Distans Parl. By Chemicals, Yu Kangfu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the Suaeda corniculata Bunge) in the fields of weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans Par!.) by chemical, 5 herbicides of glyphosate, bentazon, dicamba, fosamine and 2,4-D butyl were tested with an efficiency of 80-90% obtained except for fosamine (10%), and among them, 2,4-D butyl was of low cost, low phytotoxicity and good efficiency and was further tested at 0.375, 0.750, 1.500 and 2.250 kg/ha by foliar sprays at seedling, branching and budding stages of the seepweed, and gave 80-90% control of the weed while it had no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. distans Par!. Therefore, it was …