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Articles 1381 - 1410 of 1488
Full-Text Articles in Plant Pathology
Breeding For Rust Resistance In Marcoptilium Atropurpureum, R A. Bray
Breeding For Rust Resistance In Marcoptilium Atropurpureum, R A. Bray
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Rust in Macroptilium atropurpurewn cv. Siratro is an important disease, reducing both yield and quality, Resistance to the disease is conditioned by several genetic mechanisms, including single dominant. genes, multiple dominant genes, single major genes together with genes of lesser effect, and single recessive genes. Near-isogenic lines have been developed by backcrossing dominant genes into Slratro background, and these lines used to demonstrate pathogenic specialisation in Mexican collections of the rust organism. No variation In virulence is apparent in S Australian isolates of the fungus, Pour of the backcross populations, with resistance genes from geographically diverse origins, have been mixed …
Phenological Development Of Line 8400 Stylo And Alyeclover Planted At Two Dates In Subtropical Florida, M J. Williams, C G. Chambliss, J B. Brolmann
Phenological Development Of Line 8400 Stylo And Alyeclover Planted At Two Dates In Subtropical Florida, M J. Williams, C G. Chambliss, J B. Brolmann
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Line 8400 slylo (Stylosathes guianensis) remains vegetative later in the autumn than many tropical annual legumes. The objective of our study was lo determine the effect of planting dale (April or June) on the phenological development of Line 8400 stylo compared with alyceclover (Alysicarpus vaginalis). Root/shoot ratio of Line 8400 stylo (0.16) was not affected by planting date and was similar to April-planted alyceclover (0.15), but was lower (P<0.05) than Juneplanted alyceclover (0,21). Legume leaf/stem ratio was not affected by planting date, declined (P=0.0001) from an average of 2.79 at 4 weeks to 0.55 by 16 weeks post-planting, and was higher (P=0.03) for Line 8400 stylo (1.76) than alyceclover (1.29). Maximum dry mailer yield was 10.1 and 5.0 Mg/ha for April- and 7.2 and 5.6 Mg/ ha for June-planted Line 8400 stylo and alyceclover, respectively.
Selection Of Sylosanthes Spp. For The Cerrados Of Brazil, B Grof, A.T F. Fernandes, C D. Fernandez
Selection Of Sylosanthes Spp. For The Cerrados Of Brazil, B Grof, A.T F. Fernandes, C D. Fernandez
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Improved seed yield and leaf retention during the dry season coupled with anthracnose resistance were recorded among mid-season flowering progenies of intervarietal hybrids of Stylosantheses guianensis var. vulgaris x var. panciflora. Mineirao, a late-flowering accession of S. g11ia11e11sis var. vulgaris, displayed similar agronomic traits, but produced lower seed yields. Venezuelan accessions of S. capitata, and a binary mixture of S. capitata-S. ,nacrocepllala showed field resistance to anthracnose. Inter- and intraspecific variation for resistance to anthracnose disease was demonstrated by inoculation with virulent local and introduced pathotypes of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The development from these heterogeneous populations of cultivars …
Meeting The Challenge Of Adapting Leucaena Leucocephala To The Acid Oxisols And Utisolds Of South America And South-East Asia, E M. Hutton, Chin Peng Chen
Meeting The Challenge Of Adapting Leucaena Leucocephala To The Acid Oxisols And Utisolds Of South America And South-East Asia, E M. Hutton, Chin Peng Chen
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Shtteen lines from 2 families of Leucaena leucocephala-L. diversifolia hybrids selected for acid-soil tolerance in Brazil were reselected in the Kuala Linggi acid-sulphate soil and Serdang oxisol in Malaysia. In the K. Linggi soil with 81 % Al saturation, highly acid-tolerant hybrids were selected with 35-79% more growth than the intolerant cv. Cunningham. At Serdang the oxisol had ·a mean 68% Al saturation and hybrids were selected with 19-49% more growth than Cunningham which lacked intolerance symptoms due to annual dolomite application. In a severe psyllid infestation at K. Linggi, 5 of the 14 hybrids from one family had …
Evaluation Of Wild Nut-Producing Arachis Species For Forage, A E. Kretschmer Jr, C E. Simpson, T C. Wilson, W D. Pitman
Evaluation Of Wild Nut-Producing Arachis Species For Forage, A E. Kretschmer Jr, C E. Simpson, T C. Wilson, W D. Pitman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Fourteen nut-producing wild peanut (Arachis spp,) accessions were evaluated in single-plant plots and in ranchers' fields under grazing. Transplants were used for initial and some secondary planting, Agronomic characteristics and persistence were measured. The cv. Amarillo (4222) and a selection previously evaluated (2273) were used as controls. Plant yield, leaf and stem weights, nut production and other attributes varied among the accessions. Accession 2273 was one of the earliest and most prolific flowering and nut producers, while 4222 was the most persistent under initial grazing evaluation,
Production And Growth Characteristics Of Sixteen Gliricidia Provenances Grown In A Dryland Farming Are In Bali, W Puger, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten
Production And Growth Characteristics Of Sixteen Gliricidia Provenances Grown In A Dryland Farming Are In Bali, W Puger, I M. Nitis, K Lana, M Suarna, W Sukanten
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
At evaluation of Gliricidia sepium provenances was conducted in Bali for 3 years on a calcareous-based red-brown Mediternn soil at a lowland site with 1000 mm annual rainfall. Fifteen provenances representing diverse geographical regions in Latin America were compared with an Indonesian provenance using a randomised block design. Plants were grown in alleys 4 m apart with plants spaced at 0.5 m apart within the alley. All the plants were cut at 150 cm height periodically, twice during the 4-month wet season and twice during the 8-month dry season. Significant differences were found between provenances for leaf and branch …
Advances In Forage Legumes: A Subsahara African Perspective, B H. Dzowela
Advances In Forage Legumes: A Subsahara African Perspective, B H. Dzowela
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the context of diverse agricultural production systems in subSaharan Africa, advances made with forage legume research are outlined. The direction of research has been geared to evaluating and incorporating the forage legume technology in crop farming and pastoral livestock feeding systems, In systems with minimal fertiliser inputs; legumes have contributed to the crop phase by reducing the rate. of soil fertility decline, In pastoral systems legumes have contributed to rehabilitating the range and in improving the quality of grazing. In agropastoral systems legumes have conferred better quality and improved utilisation of crop residues, natural pastures and fallow lands. Major …
Advances In Research And Development With Sylosanthes And Other Tropical Pasture Legumes, D F. Cameron, C P. Miller, L A. Edye, J W. Miles
Advances In Research And Development With Sylosanthes And Other Tropical Pasture Legumes, D F. Cameron, C P. Miller, L A. Edye, J W. Miles
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The last 20 years have seen major advances in research and development wilh tropical legumes. Research advances have been closely associated with substantial increases in the number and diversity of genetic resource collections, Release of a wide range of new cultivars has been based on selection for plant adaptation, persistence and productivity, screening for resistance to pest's and diseases, and the development of efficient seed production. Determination of fertiliser requirements and grazing management practices has resulted in sustainable animal production from legume-based pasture systems. Extensive pasture development has now occurred in both high and low input systems. Options vary from …
Integration Of Wildlife And Cattle On Communal Lands In Kangwane, South Africa, M Stalmans, A Van Wyk, M T. Mentis
Integration Of Wildlife And Cattle On Communal Lands In Kangwane, South Africa, M Stalmans, A Van Wyk, M T. Mentis
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The feasibility of integrating wildlife with the current livestock husbandry on communal lands in KaNgwane was investigated. Present stocking rates were 3 times the recommended figure for production farming. This fitted predictions based on the Jones-Sandland model for populations where the major consideration is maximum number of animals rather than high productivity. The integration of game was seen as a means to increase economic output, while spreading benefits from the use of natural resources to the community at large and establishing a form of ecologically sustainable land use. The active involvement of the community in the planning process and their …
Integrated Gamebird Farming As An Incentive To Promote Biodiversity And Conservation Of Rangelands, P J. Wiljoen, C R. Hurt
Integrated Gamebird Farming As An Incentive To Promote Biodiversity And Conservation Of Rangelands, P J. Wiljoen, C R. Hurt
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The popularity of gamebird hunting as a sport in Southern Africa serves as an incentive to rangeland owners to increase biodiversity on their properties. Gamebird utilisation is compatible with virtually all forms of land use, be it crop, domestic stock or wildlife production or a combination thereof, The range in habitat requirements, behaviour patterns and feeding niches of indigenous gameblrds ensures that at least one species is compatible with a specific agricultural practice, climate or vegetation type. Marginal and wasteland areas such as marsl}es, gullies, road verges and rocky outcrops, are prime gamebird production areas. The prospects of sport and …
Game Production On Private Land In South Africa, J C. Pauw, M J.S Peel
Game Production On Private Land In South Africa, J C. Pauw, M J.S Peel
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The game industry on private land in South Africa has grown considerably in the last 30 years, resulting in a greatly increased biodiversity on private rangeland. However, animals are not domesticated and management is difficult. Management becomes even more complex because commercial game production normally involves a number of species, including domestic stock, in the same production system. Mixed livestock-game ranching holds certain advantages for management and is generally perceived to be more profitable than either alone. Because of human preferences, a lack of clearly defined management objectives and lack of practical management recommendations, veld is generally heavily utilised and …
Determinants Of Herbaceous Species Composition On Wildlife Utilization Areas In The Eastern Transvaal Lowveld Of South Africa- A Preliminary Investigation, M.J S. Peel, G C. Stuart-Hill
Determinants Of Herbaceous Species Composition On Wildlife Utilization Areas In The Eastern Transvaal Lowveld Of South Africa- A Preliminary Investigation, M.J S. Peel, G C. Stuart-Hill
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This study investigated the. effect of recent past annual rainfall and stocking rate on herbaceous plant species composition in the Lowveld of the eastern Transvaal, South Africa. Annual rainfall and grazing (stocking rate) act synergistically in determining herbaceous species composition, annual rainfall exerting the greatest influence and grazing having a modifying effect particularly under extreme conditions. In mesic areas (mean annual rainfall of around 600 mm) a relatively favourable herbaceous composition was found under relatively higher grazer stocking rates of around 10 grazer units/JOO ha (10 GU/100 ha) In semi-arid areas (mean annual rainfall of around 400 mm) a lighter …
Cattle And Wildlife Ranching In The Zimbabwe Midlands: Are They Economically Compatible?, Urs P. Kreuter, John P. Workman
Cattle And Wildlife Ranching In The Zimbabwe Midlands: Are They Economically Compatible?, Urs P. Kreuter, John P. Workman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Thirty-five Midlands ranches earning revenue from beef caltle, wildlife, or both during 1989-90 were surveyed to determine their financial and economic· profitability. Market prices were used to calculate financial profit, and opportunity costs were used to estimate economic profit of each operation. Under current market conditions, only mixed ranches produced positive financial profits, Economic profits were significantly higher than financial profits for all three types of operation. This implies that they all faced production disincentives due to government policy interventions. However, there were no significant differences between the economic profits of the three types of operations and none of them …
Overcoming Limitations On The Productivity Of Browsing Ungulates In Africa, Norman Owen-Smith
Overcoming Limitations On The Productivity Of Browsing Ungulates In Africa, Norman Owen-Smith
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In African savannas primary production by woody plants may match that by the grass layer. However, maximum population levels attained by browsing ruminants are only one tenth of those reached by similar sized grazers, The productivity of browsers is limited because (I) much foliage is out of reach, and dispersed by wind when shed; (2) most palatable trees are deciduous, leading to a food bottleneck during the late dry season; (3) leaves of many woody species are rendered unpalatable, indigestible or toxic by plant secondary metabolites. Management actions to overcome these limitations include (I) lopping trees to restrict their height; …
Southern United States Forest Range Management: History And Development, Henry A. Pearson
Southern United States Forest Range Management: History And Development, Henry A. Pearson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The history and development of forest range management in the southern USA are discussed, including influences of domestic livestock, wildlife, forestry, research, education and societies, Domestic cattle entered the USA in 1521; since then grazing the "piney woods" has been common. By the early 1930s, old growth timber was harvested from Texas to Florida and South Carolina. Fire control legislation helped reforestation to peak in 1959. This forced many cattlemen out of business owing to the fast-growing pines. Wildlife declined with colonisation but many populations were reestablished after World War II. Public agencies, universities, and the Society for Range Management …
Economic And Ecological Features Of Livestock And Wildlife Utilization In Africa, J I. Barnes
Economic And Ecological Features Of Livestock And Wildlife Utilization In Africa, J I. Barnes
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This paper looks at livestock and wildlife utilisation in Africa within the framework of total economic value (TEV), which includes both utilisation and biodiversity values. In Africa, traditional use of wildlife involves open access systems on public land, Here, free ranging, public wildlife resources are used to produce subsistence or marketed meat and skins at smaII scale. Traditional livestock systems involve open access use of rangelands. Here, livestock are kept at small ·scale to produce draft power, milk, meat and as a store of .value. Commercial use of wildlife involves restricted access systems on both public and private lands. Here, …
Conservation Of Biodiveristy In Managed Rangelands, With Special Emphasis On The Ecological Effects Of Large Grazing Ungulates, Domestic And Wild, Patrick Duncan, Peter J. Jarman
Conservation Of Biodiveristy In Managed Rangelands, With Special Emphasis On The Ecological Effects Of Large Grazing Ungulates, Domestic And Wild, Patrick Duncan, Peter J. Jarman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Biodiversily with its different components (genes, species and ecosystems) is defined in relation to rangelands, whose Importance in its conservation is described. At the fine scale grasslands are much more diverse than tropical rain forest, and are comparably diverse at a regional scale, at least in Africa. Rangelands are crucially important world wide for 1he conservation of plants, and also for birds and large mammalian herbivores. Large ungulates (and other large herbivores) ace "keystone" species in these·ecosystems, playing a crucial role in the maintenance of diverse communities of plants, birds and invertebrates associated with such grasslands. Modification of the natural …
Major Beef Production Gains From Commercial Rain-Fed Leucaena-Grass Pastures In Central Queensland, Australia, J H. Wildin
Major Beef Production Gains From Commercial Rain-Fed Leucaena-Grass Pastures In Central Queensland, Australia, J H. Wildin
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Commercial leucnena-grass pastures in central Queensland increased from 24 ha in 1979 to about 20 000 ha in 1992. Since 1986 the exotic leucaena psyllid devastated leucaena (Leucaena leucocepliala) production along the humid coastal areas but not in the subcoastal plantings where the hot dry atmosphere controls the psyllid populations. The introduced rumen bacteria to detoxify DHP has enhanced the performance of cattle grazing leucaena. Unfertilised rain-fed leucaena-grass pastutes with leucaena rows 5-10 m apart have given annual steer live-weight gains of more than 250 kg consistently at stocking rates around 1-1.5 ha/steer. One cattleman with about 500 …
Productivity Of Silvipastoral Areas And Management Needs In Arid Regions Of India, N C. Jain
Productivity Of Silvipastoral Areas And Management Needs In Arid Regions Of India, N C. Jain
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In an extremely arid state of India (Rajasthan) having high livestock concentration and vast degraded lands, the State Forest Department has developed community and forest lands into silvipastoral areas by sowing grass (mainly Cenchus ciliaris and C. setigerus) in association with trees. Surveys have revealed high variability in pasture establishment and productivity in different regions. Cenchrus established well in most regions, except the extreme south, if proper sowing methods with closer spacing were followed and soil conservation measures undertaken. Closure from animals helped in favourable grass succession. Establishment of Dichanthium annulatum and Stylosanthes hamata was relatively poor, Analysis of …
Sheep And Forage Productivity In Rubber Plantations, I Tajuddin, D T. Chong, K F. Ng, W W. Stur, H M. Shelton
Sheep And Forage Productivity In Rubber Plantations, I Tajuddin, D T. Chong, K F. Ng, W W. Stur, H M. Shelton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The concept of integration of sheep with rubber plantations for weed control and meal production is rapidly gaining recognition in Malaysia. A series of experiments were set up with ACIAR support to determine the level of forage and animal production achievable in rubber plantations and to introduce and evaluate new forage germplasm for sheep grazing under rubber. These experiments showed that (i) the productivity of the currently used cover crops and naturally occurring further as rubber trees matured, (ii) the proportion of the unpalatable cover crop Caloponuim caeruleum increased rapidly with sheep grazing in immature rubber, (iii) reasonable sheep live-weight …
Potential Of Chamaecytisus Palmensis (Tagasaste) In The Summer Rainfall Areas Of South Africa, Norman F.G Rethman, Willem A. Van Niekerk
Potential Of Chamaecytisus Palmensis (Tagasaste) In The Summer Rainfall Areas Of South Africa, Norman F.G Rethman, Willem A. Van Niekerk
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Preliminary studies with Chamaecytisus palmensis (tagasaste) under summer rainfall conditions in Transvaal province (23-27°S; 26-32°8) have demonstrated that it is adapted to a mean annual rainfall of 500- 750 mm, concentrated in the period October to March. Evaluations at drier (350 mm/year) and colder sites (altitude of 1750 m asl) were unfortunately grazed out by game. The most important limitation on the distribution of this species would, however, appear to· be its susceptibility to Phytophthora root rot organisms. This will probably limit its use on infected soils and especially under waterlogged and subtropical conditions. The species does survive mild frosts …
A Himalayan Slivipastroral System: Will It Meet The People's Need?, K S. Rao
A Himalayan Slivipastroral System: Will It Meet The People's Need?, K S. Rao
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The effects of increased population and subsequent requirements for food, fuel and fodder in central Himalaya are apparent in the extent of degradation and failure of production systems. The pastoral systems of high altitude central Himalayan villages have come under severe stress owing to reduction in available fodder source's and changed social habits. With the objective of meeting both the needs of the sedentary population for fuel and fodder, and the nomadic pastoralists for grazing, a model silvipastoral system was established. The highlights of the model are the participation of local people, and planting of trees important for wood and …
Role Of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae In Leucaena Establishment, N J. Brandon
Role Of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae In Leucaena Establishment, N J. Brandon
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
No abstract provided.
Pasture Growth Around Broad-Leaved Trees Planted For Grassland Stability, A Neal Gilchrist, J R. Dez Hall, A G. Foote
Pasture Growth Around Broad-Leaved Trees Planted For Grassland Stability, A Neal Gilchrist, J R. Dez Hall, A G. Foote
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Concurrent trials were conducted to measure pasture production and botanical composition at I, 4, 7, 10, and 13 m from the trunks of poplars, willows and eucalypts planted at wide spacings to arrest soil erosion on hill country near Gisborne, Hunterville and Masterton, respectively, in the North Island of New Zealand. Results after 3 years indicated a depression in grass+legume dry matter (DM) yield as the tree is approached, averaging 98, 92, 93, and 79% of that at 13 m (assumed to be unaffected by the tree) for 10, 7, 4, and 1 m respectively. The depressed yield at I …
Shading Increases Yield Of Nitrogen-Limited Tropical Grasses, D.W M. Wild, J R. Wilson, W W. Stur, H M. Shelton
Shading Increases Yield Of Nitrogen-Limited Tropical Grasses, D.W M. Wild, J R. Wilson, W W. Stur, H M. Shelton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
This report summarises current research investigating the enhanced shoot growth and higher nitrogen (N) yield observed in N-deficient tropical grass pastures when moderately shaded. The "shade response" was consistently observed in a number of "run-down" tropical grass pastures, over a range of soil types. White there was evidence of translocation of N from roots of shaded grass, this source did not fully account for the additional N harvested in shoots. A more favourable microclimate at the soil surface-litter layer interface, particularly soil moisture, appeared to be responsible for improved litter breakdown and possibly soil mineralisation activity. The "shade response'' has …
Persistence Of An Erect And A Prostrate Paspalum Species As Affected By Shade And Defoliation, C C. Wong, W W. Stur
Persistence Of An Erect And A Prostrate Paspalum Species As Affected By Shade And Defoliation, C C. Wong, W W. Stur
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The lack of persistence in sown posture under perennial plantation crops is poorly understood. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of defoliation severity on the growth and survival of an erect and a prostrate-type shade-tolerant grasses when grown at light levels of 100, 50 and 20% of full sunlight. I was hypothesised that a prostrate grass would be able to persist better under frequent defoliation than an erect grass at low light levels, The prostrate Paspaalum wettsteinii and the erect Paspalum malacophyhllum produced a similar total biomass. However, P. wettsteinii had a higher root yield, while P. …
Prelimiary Evaluation Of Albizia Julibrissin As A Woody Warm-Season Forage, David I. Bransby
Prelimiary Evaluation Of Albizia Julibrissin As A Woody Warm-Season Forage, David I. Bransby
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Evaluation of warm-season forage legumes for the south-eastern USA has been confined almost entirely to herbaceous plants, and woody plants have been largely overlooked. The objective of this study was to evaluate Albizia julibrissin as a woody forage legume. Dry matter yield of leaves was obtained from small plots harvested at 6-week intervals. Individual plants in a separate experiment were harvested every 4, 6, 8, lO and 12 weeks to determine yield response to harvest frequency, Leaf material was also fed to sheep for 3" weeks in a digestibility trial. Cumulative yield in the plot study was l0.1 I/ ha. …
Growth And Mineral Nutrition In Dichanthium Aristatum Sward Shaded By Tress, P Cruz, N M. Munier-Jolain, R Tournebize, H Sinoquet
Growth And Mineral Nutrition In Dichanthium Aristatum Sward Shaded By Tress, P Cruz, N M. Munier-Jolain, R Tournebize, H Sinoquet
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Gliricidia sepium is an important legume tree used in the silvopastoral systems of the Caribbean area and tropical America. In this work we analysed the effect of its alley cropping on the growth and mineral nutrition of a Dichanthium aristatum sward, Results show that nitrogen uptake and conversion efficiency of solar radiation were twice as high in the shaded grass. Phosphorus and potassium uptake of dichanthium were also improved by tree presence, Better mineral nutrition and growth of a shaded sward could be related to the better water status of the .. grass leaves throughout the day, This effect may …
Contribution Of Parkia Biglobosa To The Feeding Value Of Pasture Systems In West Africa, Elly N. Sabiiti, J Cobbina, J Lambourne
Contribution Of Parkia Biglobosa To The Feeding Value Of Pasture Systems In West Africa, Elly N. Sabiiti, J Cobbina, J Lambourne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Parkia (Parkia biglobosa) is an important traditional economic tree legume with several uses for the rural farmers in West Africa, although it has received only limited resenrch. Parkia is dominant in natural pastures or fallow fields that are used for livestock grazing. The tree provides shade to forage grasses and livestock, protects soil from heat and torrential tropical rains, resists fire damage and coppices very well after defoliation. Farmers grow several food crops under the canopy. The fruits, leaves and young seedlings, which are highly nutritious, form an important fodder for livestock in the dry season when natural …
Comparative Ruminal Nitrogen Degradability Of Tropical Browse And Alfalfa Hays, S Toure-Fall, B Michalet-Doreau
Comparative Ruminal Nitrogen Degradability Of Tropical Browse And Alfalfa Hays, S Toure-Fall, B Michalet-Doreau
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The nitrogen (N) distribution of 2 tropical browse leaves (Balanites aegypliaca and Guiera senegalensis) and of 2 temperate alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hays was determined and the ruminal degradation of total N and fibre N fractions (NDSN, AFN, ADFN) was measured with nylon bag method. The average N degradability of temperate forages was not different, 77.1%, but that of the browse forages varied from 27.5% (G11iera) to 85.1 % (Balanites), The neutraldetergent-soluble N degraded rapidly in the rumen, whereas the aciddetergent-fibre N remained undegraded for all samples. The available fibre N was not high, except …