Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons^™

Interdisciplinary Team Addresses Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus In Alabama, Kassie N. Conner, Edward Sikora, Jenny Koebernick, Marcio Zaccaron

Journal of Extension

A multi-state and interdisciplinary team was formed to address the Extension and research needs of CLRDV, an emerging cotton disease with high potential impact for U.S. cotton production. In 2017, CLRDV was identified in AL and Auburn University immediately formed an interdisciplinary working group composed of plant breeders, plant pathologists, entomologists, and agronomists. Since then, scientists from ten other states have joined the CLRDV group. Thus, allowing research to be coordinated efficiently and best deploy limited resources to attend the stakeholder’s needs. The CLRDV group produces and shares new and relevant information with the scientific community and cotton producers alike.

Determination Of Crop Coefficient Of Hybrid Wheat Under Arid Climate: A Pot Study, Saba Wajid, Muhammad Imran, Hafiz Shahzad Ahmad, Muhammad Zeeshan Gulzar, Tanveer Ul Haq, Abdul Ghaffar, Sarmad Frogh Arshad, Zulqurnain Khan, Kashif Bashir, Hasan Riaz

Journal of Bioresource Management

Climate change increases vulnerabilities for crop productivity in Pakistan. Water crises are increasing with an increase in temperature and change in precipitation patterns due to climate change which ultimately imposed a threat to the food security of the country. Water is indispensable for all plants to complete life cycle as the unavailability of water at critical growth stages drastically affects the development of the plant. The present pot study was conducted for the estimation of crop coefficient of hybrid wheat for irrigation scheduling at Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan during two growing seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20. In this …

The Pho1;2a'-M1.1 Allele Of Phosphate1 Conditions Misregulation Of The Phosphorus Starvation Response In Maize (Zea Mays Ssp. Mays L.), Ana Laura Alonso-Nieves, M. Nancy Salazar-Vidal, J. Vladimir Torres-Rodríguez, Leonardo M. Pérez-Vázquez, Julio A. Massange-Sánchez, C. Stewart Gillmor, Ruairidh J. H. Sawers

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Plant PHO1 proteins play a central role in the translocation and sensing of inorganic phosphate. The maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) genome encodes two co-orthologs of the Arabidopsis PHO1 gene, designated ZmPho1;2a and ZmPho1;2b. Here, we report the characterization of the transposon footprint allele Zmpho1;2a'-m1.1, which we refer to hereafter as pho1;2a. The pho1;2a allele is a stable derivative formed by excision of an Activator transposable element from the ZmPho1;2a gene. The pho1;2a allele contains an 8-bp insertion at the point of transposon excision that disrupts the reading frame and is predicted to …

Divergent Evolution Of Extreme Production Of Variant Plant Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Lu Gan, Kiyoul Park, Jin Chai, Evan M. Updike, Hyojin Kim, Adam Voshall, Sairam Behera, Xiao-Hong Yu, Yuanheng Cai, Chunyu Zhang, Mark A. Wilson, Jeffrey P. Mower, Etsuko Moriyama, Chi Zhang, Sireewan Kaewsuwan, Qun Liu, John Shanklin, Edgar B. Cahoon

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Metabolic extremes provide opportunities to understand enzymatic and metabolic plasticity and biotechnological tools for novel biomaterial production. We discovered that seed oils of many Thunbergia species contain up to 92% of the unusual monounsaturated petroselinic acid (18:1Δ6), one of the highest reported levels for a single fatty acid in plants. Supporting the biosynthetic origin of petroselinic acid, we identified a Δ6-stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (18:0-ACP) desaturase from Thunbergia laurifolia, closely related to a previously identified Δ6-palmitoyl-ACP desaturase that produces sapienic acid (16:1Δ6)- rich oils in Thunbergia alata seeds. Guided by a T. laurifolia desaturase crystal structure obtained in this study, …

Pre-Breeding Of Kale (Brassica Oleracea Var. Acephala) – Organic Adaptation And Shelf Life, Craig Reda

All Theses

Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a nutritionally rich leafy green that that contains vitamins, minerals, and prebiotic carbohydrates. As a popular organic crop, kale accounted for 1.3% of total US organic produce sales in 2020, a market valued at over 17 billion USD. However, organic production is limited by its inability to use synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and suffers from decreased yield when compared to conventional agriculture, partially due to the creation of a significantly different growing environment. Additionally, the absence of synthetic products can also negatively impact the shelf of leafy greens like kale. To determine …

Epistatic Interaction Between Rhg1‑A And Rhg2 In Pi 90763 Confers Resistance To Virulent Soybean Cyst Nematode Populations, Pawan Basnet, Clinton G. Meinhardt, Mariola Usovsky, Jason D. Gillman, Trupti Joshi, Qijian Song, Brian Diers, Melissa G. Mitchum, Andrew M. Scaboo

Biomedical Sciences

Key message

An epistatic interaction between SCN resistance loci rhg1-a and rhg2 in PI 90763 imparts resistance against virulent SCN populations which can be employed to diversify SCN resistance in soybean cultivars.

Abstract

With more than 95% of the $46.1B soybean market dominated by a single type of genetic resistance, breeding for soybean cyst nematode (SCN)-resistant soybean that can effectively combat the widespread increase in virulent SCN populations presents a significant challenge. Rhg genes (for Resistance to Heterodera glycines) play a key role in resistance to SCN; however, their deployment beyond the use of the rhg1-b allele has been …

Association Mapping Across A Multitude Of Traits Collected In Diverse Environments In Maize, Ravi V. Mural, Guangchao Sun, Marcin Grzybowski, Michael C. Tross, Hongyu Jin, Christine Smith, Linsey Newton, Carson M. Andorf, Margaret R. Woodhouse, Addie M. Thompson, Brandi Sigmon, James C. Schnable

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Classical genetic studies have identified many cases of pleiotropy where mutations in individual genes alter many different phenotypes. Quantitative genetic studies of natural genetic variants frequently examine one or a few traits, limiting their potential to identify pleiotropic effects of natural genetic variants. Widely adopted community association panels have been employed by plant genetics communities to study the genetic basis of naturally occurring phenotypic variation in a wide range of traits. High-density genetic marker data—18M markers—from 2 partially overlapping maize association panels comprising 1,014 unique genotypes grown in field trials across at least 7 US states and scored for 162 …

Genetically Explicit Model May Explain Multigenerational Control Of Emergent Turing Patterns In Hybrid Mimulus, Emily Simmons

Biology and Medicine Through Mathematics Conference

No abstract provided.

Reassessment Of Species Boundaries And Phylogenetic Relationships In The Desmodium Ciliare Complex (Fabaceae) Using Morphological And Dna Data, Joshua Wilkinson

Master's Theses

Desmodium (Beggar's ticks) is a generally weedy genus of approximately 280 species in the angiosperm family Fabaceae (Subfamily Papilionoideae, Tribe Desmodieae) characterized by indehiscent loments constricted into segments. Within the Southeastern U.S., the Desmodium ciliare group is one of two Desmodium species complexes that have been historically difficult, with much argument about the limits of species and the role of hybridization. There are three commonly recognized species within the D. ciliare group, D. ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC., Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC., and D. obtusum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC., with two supposed hybrids in addition to the …

The Potential Role Of Phenotypic Plasticity In The Ability Of Hydrocotyle Bonariensis To Occupy Two Different Habitats, Harold Ralph Parsons Iii

Honors College Theses

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to change morphology and/or physiology in response to changes in the environment. Hydrocotyle bonariensis is a coastal perennial herb found in both coastal sand dunes and inland coastal plain habitats in Georgia. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were differences in leaf morphology for populations of H. bonariensis in coastal sand dune and inland coastal plain habitats. Leaf morphology and microenvironmental variables were compared between H. bonariensis populations at Tybee Island (TI), GA, representing the coastal sand dune habitat, and Georgia Southern University Armstrong Campus (GSU) in Savannah, …

An In Vitro Approach To Identify Sources Of Resistance To Fusarium Wilt Caused By Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Vasinfectum Race 4 In Domesticated Cotton, Stephen Parris

All Theses

Cotton lint produced by the plants Gossypium barbadense L. (pima cotton) and Gossypium hirsutum L. (upland cotton) is the world’s leading source of renewable textiles. The fibers of the cotton plant have been woven so intricately into our society that it would be hard to imagine life without their products. Cotton breeders must then not only continue to work to improve the quality of cotton fibers (fineness, strength, dyability, etc.) but also to improve the resilience of the plant against biotic and abiotic factors. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum race 4 (FOV4) is an aggressive fungal pathogen, which causes Fusarium …

Oestrogenic Subterranean Clover Guide. Identification And Remediation, Kevin J. Foster, Megan H. Ryan, Daniel R. Kidd

Bulletins 4000 -

Subterranean clover (subclover, Trifolium subterraneum L.) is an annual pasture legume that provides high quality feed for livestock. It is estimated to be sown over 30 million hectares across southern Australia, with cultivars developed for the low, medium and high rainfall zones. Unfortunately, some older cultivars contain high levels of phytoestrogen which can affect the reproductive system of sheep and cause other health issues. This became a significant issue for sheep producers from the 1940s as new land was cleared and sheep grazed subclover-dominant pastures. There was a collection of livestock issues observed and these were grouped together under the …

Enabling Breeding For Targeted Heat Requirement In Peach, Omer Atagul

All Theses

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] germplasm varies in heat requirement and bloom time. This variability can be utilized in breeding for targeted environment or overall climate resilience. Development of molecular tools to aid in targeted selection of dormancy related traits is needed to support breeding for these traits. This project furthers our understanding of heat requirement accumulation diversity and genetic control in peach.

Peach bloom date (BD) is determined by the dynamic relationship of temperature requirements, from the sequential fulfillment of chill requirement (CR) and heat requirement (HR). Knowledge of HR and its influence on BD would provide deeper …

Genetic Control Of Prickles And Plant Height In Blackberry, Carmen Johns

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The fresh-market blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) industry has been expanding for the past two decades. Blackberry market growth can be attributed to many factors including expanded production regions, improved production systems, and release of superior cultivars. Blackberry breeding is a time- and labor-intensive process which would benefit from implementation of molecular markers for highly heritable, important traits. Next generation sequencing, a high-quality reference genome, and software capable of analyzing this complex genome were applied in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to reveal maker-trait associations related to prickles and plant height variation in fresh-market blackberry. In 2020 and 2021, …

Arkansas Fresh-Market Blackberries: Identifying Unique Attributes And Harvest Practices That Impact Marketability, Andrea Lea Myers

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Fresh-market blackberries (Rubus subgenus Rubus) are sold worldwide and have attributes that appeal to consumers. The delicate-nature of the fruit requires hand harvesting, and minimal handling of the fruit postharvest. Objectives of this research on Arkansas fresh-market blackberries was to 1) identify the unique attributes 2) determine the best handling practices to increase postharvest quality, and 3) evaluate the potential of soft robotic gripper for harvesting. For the first objective, blackberry genotypes were harvested from the University of Arkansas System (UA System) Division of Agriculture Fruit Research Station in Clarksville, AR. Nineteen genotypes were harvested in 2020, eight genotypes were …

Breeding Soybean [Glycine Max (L) Merr.] Under Reduced Irrigation, Francia Seconde Ravelombola

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.], a legume species native to East Asia in the Fabaceae family, ranks among the most important food crops in the world. It is widely grown and known for its high protein and oil concentration. Soybean is valuable because its seeds have multiple applications in food, feed, pharmaceutical, and industrial enterprises. Even though seed yield is the most important trait, breeders have recently given a significant attention to quality traits, such as high protein or modified oil concentration. Soybean seed protein inheritance has been extensively studied; however, genetics of high-protein ‘BARC-7’ soybean are still unknown.On the …

Managing Stress Tolerance On Warm-Season Putting Greens In The Transition Zone, Thomas Edward Walton

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The use of warm-season putting greens in the transition zone has increased in recent years. Ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) is the most prevalent warm-season putting green selection in the transition zone, however, newly developed greens-type zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars represent another potential selection for golf courses. The two major limitations of warm-season grasses in the transition zone are a general lack of cold- and shade-tolerance. Protective covers are essential to protect ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens in the winter months. Unfortunately, golf courses can still experience winterkill underneath protective covers. Two field trials were conducted …

Genetic Diversity In Helianthus Annuus: Selective Breeding And Induced Mutagenesis, Dillon Holton

Thinking Matters Symposium

H. annuus, more commonly known as the sunflower, is a single species that has many different variations. Traits have been selectively bred for hundreds of years in order to produce a beautiful flower as well as essential agricultural products. Recently interest in the sunflower as a food and fuel crop has led to selective breeding of seeds that produce high yields of sunflower oil. To further push the limits of this plant's genome, researchers have used mutagenesis to force mutations in hopes of developing novel modifications that could increase yield. With the entire genome mapped, the goal for many research …

Pengujian Karakter Hasil Dan Komponen Hasil Klon Ubi Jalar Berdaging Putih Berdasarkan Analisis Multivariat, Arif Affan Wicaksono, Debby Ustari, Saskia Pratiwi, Syariful Mubarok, Agung Karuniawan

Jurnal Kultivasi

Ubi jalar memiliki keragaman genetik yang luas sehingga potensi genetiknya dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Ubi jalar berdaging putih memiliki kandungan pati paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan warna yang lain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi karakter hasil dan komponen hasil klon ubi jalar berdaging putih. Percobaan dilakukan di tiga lokasi sentra produksi ubi jalar yakni Kabupaten Sumedang, Kabupaten Garut, dan Kabupaten Majalengka, Jawa Barat mulai bulan Desember 2019 hingga Desember 2020. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menguji 11 klon ubi jalar berdaging putih, yang terdiri atas 8 klon hasil persilangan dan 3 varietas cek menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. …

Marker-Trait Association Mapping Of Sorghum Mosaic Virus Resistance In Sugarcane, Chenie Zamora

LSU Master's Theses

Mosaic is a potentially devastating disease of sugarcane that had severe economic impact on Louisiana’s sugarcane industry in the 1920’s and has caused periodic problems ever since. The disease is vectored by migrating aphids that transmit Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) in a non-persistent manner. Mosaic in Louisiana is currently caused by strains of SrMV. Mosaic has been controlled primarily by developing resistant cultivars. Recently, mosaic was detected in some near-commercial clones in the cultivar selection program. This prompted extensive screening of breeding program parent populations that detected infiltration of susceptibility and revealed the need for …

Identification And Characterization Of Circular Rnas In Brassica Rapa In Response To Plasmodiophora Brassicae, Huishan Liu, Chinedu Charles Nwafor, Yinglan Piao, Xiaonan Li, Zongxiang Zhan, Zhongyun Piao

Center for Plant Science Innovation: Faculty Publications

Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen that attacks the roots of cruciferous plants and causes clubroot disease. CircRNAs are noncoding RNAs, widely existing in plant and animal species. Although knowledge of circRNAs has been updated continuously and rapidly, information about circRNAs in the regulation of clubroot disease resistance is extremely limited in Brassica rapa. Here, Chinese cabbage (BJN 222) containing clubroot resistance genes (CRa) against P. brassicae Pb4 was susceptible to PbE. To investigate the mechanism of cicRNAs responsible for clubroot disease resistance in B. rapa, circRNA-seq was performed with roots of ‘BJN 222’ at 0, 8, and 23 days …

Potensi Hasil Dan Uji Keseragaman Famili F7 Padi Gogo Tahan Rebah Hasil Persilangan Padi Lokal Bangka X Varietas Unggul, Eries Dyah Mustikarini, Gigih Ibnu Prayoga, Ratna Santi, Widodo Wisnu Murti

Jurnal Kultivasi

Perakitan tanaman padi gogo yang akan dilepaskan sebagai varietas harus memiliki keseragaman dan kestabilan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseragaman famili F7 pada tanaman padi gogo tahan rebah dan mendapatkan galur harapan dengan daya hasil tertinggi pada tanaman padi gogo F7. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2020 sampai Mei 2021, di Kebun Penelitian dan Percobaan (KP2), Fakultas Pertanian Perikanan dan Biologi, Universitas Bangka Belitung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan rancangan percobaan berupa rancangan acak kelompok yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Perlakuan terdiri dari 5 galur F7 padi gogo dan 5 varietas pembanding. Analisis data karakter kualitatif …

Potensi Hasil Dan Nutrisi Beberapa Genotipe Tanaman Sorgum Lokal Jawa Timur Sebagai Calon Tetua Persilangan, Maftuchah, Dian Puji Rahayu, Agus Zainudin, Sulistyawati, Hendry Sulistiyanto

Jurnal Kultivasi

Tanaman sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) merupakan tanaman sumber pangan, pakan ternak, dan bahan baku industri yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia. Permasalahan utama dalam komoditas ini adalah masih terbatasnya varietas lokal yang sesuai dengan lingkungan di Indonesia sehingga perlu diupayakan pencarian genotipe lokal sorgum sebagai calon tetua persilangan. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi potensi daya hasil dan kualitas produk berbagai genotipe sorgum lokal Jawa Timur sebagai calon tetua persilangan untuk menghasilkan varietas unggul. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di lahan percobaan Desa Purutrejo, Kecamatan Purworejo, Kota Pasuruan-Jawa Timur. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 9 genotipe tanaman …

Perbandingan Daya Hasil Dan Toleransi Naungan Berbagai Genotipe Jagung Padjadjaran Pada Naungan Eukaliptus, Adilah Nurul Fitrah, Nono Carsono, Dedi Ruswandi

Jurnal Kultivasi

Kebutuhan jagung sebagai bahan pangan, pakan dan industri selalu meningkat, namun terdapat kendala dalam produksi jagung domestik, yaitu konversi lahan pertanian. Sistem agroforestri eukaliptus-jagung dapat menjadi alternatif yang digunakan untuk pengembangan jagung. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi daya hasil, mengestimasi nilai indeks toleransi, dan menyeleksi galur jagung Padjadjaran yang toleran terhadap naungan Eucalyptus sp. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada April – November 2019 di Sanggar Penelitian Latihan dan Pengembangan Pertanian (SPLPP) Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan petak terbagi (Split plot) dengan dua faktor (naungan dan genotipe) dan tiga ulangan. Petak utama adalah faktor naungan yang terdiri dari …

Genetic Characterization Of Resistance To Bacterial Panicle Blight And Sheath Blight In Rice Using Qtl Linkage Analysis And Qtl-Seq, John Christian E. Ontoy

LSU Master's Theses

Bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and sheath blight (SB) are major diseases of rice causing significant yield reduction in conducive conditions. Few cultivars have shown reliable resistance to these diseases. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the U.S. cultivars Jupiter (moderately resistant) and Trenasse (susceptible) was investigated to identify genomic regions associated with BPB and SB resistance. Phenotypes in BPB and SB, as well as days to heading (DH), of the RIL population were evaluated in the field. DH was found to be correlated to BPB and SB diseases. BPB was also positively correlated to SB. …

Molecular Evidence Of Cryptic Hybridization In The Japanese Nezasa Bamboos (Pleioblastus Section Nezasa), Ryan Long

Theses

The genus Pleioblastus is a complex group of Southeast Asian temperate bamboos with 7-21 species, depending on taxonomic authority. This study tests the hypothesis that taxonomic complexity in this group is due in part to hybridization and subsequent backcrossing in natural populations, resulting in a reticulate evolutionary history and a contemporary species assemblage that includes cryptic hybrids. This hypothesis is supported by recent research on the temperate bamboos that revealed intergeneric hybrids involving Pleioblastus and other genera of temperate bamboos (Triplett and Clark, 2021). The objective of the current study was to use data from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) …

Spectral Signature Description Of Some Wheat Genotypes And Study Their Relationship With Yield Prediction Spectraly In The Semi Arid Zones, توصيف البصمة الطيفية لبعض طرز القمح ودراسة علاقتها بتنبؤ الإنتاجية طيفياً في المناطق شبه الجافة, Nasser Ibrahem, Husam Farag

Arab Journal of Arid Environments المجلة العربية للبيئات الجافة

In this research, the spectral signature was determined within the wavelength range 350-2500 nm at every 1 nm during all growth stages of some wheat genotypes cultivated in the Arab Center for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry lands (Sabboura, Damascus countryside, Syria) under the semi arid zones conditions in season 2018. This is to demonstrate the possibility of using them in preeding programs for productivity, as well as finding the relationship between the values of spectral reflectance during the different stages of growth with grain productivity according to mathematical equations based on the values of spectral indices recorded …

Effect Of Some Thermal Treatments In The Growth And Development Of Seedlings Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua L.), تأثير بعض المعاملات الحرارية في نمو وتطور بادرات الخرنوب Ceratonia Siliqua L., Samer Nasser, Talal Ameen, Hafez Mahfoud

Arab Journal of Arid Environments المجلة العربية للبيئات الجافة

This research was conducted at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center (Lattakia/Syria), during the first half of 2015 In order to increase knowledge about the impact of several thermal treatments on some qualitative and quantitative indicators for the growth of shoot and root system of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seedlings. three places were selected with different temperatures degree. The first (Lab, 25±0.5°C ) the second ( Room growth, 20.66±0.5°C ) the third (Open Field, 17.3±0.5°C ). And a private agricultural vessels (Minirhizotron) were used to follow the growth of seedlings roots. The results showed a superiority of Laboratory treatment at …

Estimating Effects Of Radiation Frost On Wheat Using A Field-Based Frost Control Treatment To Stop Freezing Damage, Brenton A. Leske, Ben Biddulph

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Crop phenotyping experiments have long struggled to have a reliable control treatment that excludes frost and associated freezing damage to plants. Previous attempts used a barrier, such as a removable shelter or cloth to exclude frost. However, these methods were labour intensive and varied in their effectiveness. An automated diesel heater was used to protect field plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from frost damage. In 2018 and 2019 there were 22 and 33 radiation frost events from July to October at the field site. The heater maintained canopy air temperature above freezing (>0 °C) for the duration of …

Multi-Year Data Analysis And Genomic Selection To Improve The Efficiency Of A Rice Breeding Program, Tommaso Cerioli

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Plant breeding dramatically improved crops performances during human history and will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture. However, this activity requires large amount of time and resources. The availability of multi-year datasets and abundant DNA information enables new analyses and breeding approaches that can increase the productivity and efficiency of a breeding program. In recent years, the LSU Rice Breeding Program has implemented marker assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) to predict performance of rice genotypes before field testing. The goal of this project was to conduct analyses and test molecular approaches to increase the …