Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
- Keyword
-
- California (50)
- Phylogeny (41)
- Taxonomy (36)
- Wood anatomy (35)
- Conservation (32)
-
- Ecological wood anatomy (28)
- Collections (23)
- Morphology (23)
- Poaceae (22)
- Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (22)
- Botanic garden (21)
- Education (21)
- Golden Aliso (21)
- Herbaria (21)
- History (21)
- Living collection (21)
- Seed bank (21)
- Flora (18)
- Systematics (17)
- Rare plants (16)
- Mexico (15)
- Evolution (14)
- Susanna Bixby Bryant (13)
- Biogeography (12)
- Classification (12)
- Cyperaceae (12)
- Asteraceae (11)
- Floristics (11)
- ITS (11)
- Laboulbeniales (11)
- Publication Year
Articles 301 - 330 of 692
Full-Text Articles in Botany
Laboulbeniales On Semiaquatic Heteroptera. Vi. The Genus Tavaresiella, Richard K. Benjamin
Laboulbeniales On Semiaquatic Heteroptera. Vi. The Genus Tavaresiella, Richard K. Benjamin
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Majewski's original circumscriptions of Tavaresiella (Laboulbeniales; Laboulbeniaceae; Stigmatomycetinae) and its type species, T. hebri, were emended in this study of the genus. In addition, three new species were described, T. majewskii, T. polhemi, and T. santamariae. These, like the type species, occurred on true bugs of the family Hebridae (Heteroptera). A key to the species was provided, and ali were described and illustrated with line drawings and photographs. Aspects of ascomatic structure and development were summarized, and the genus was compared with other genera of the subtribe having similar characteristics.
A Phytochemical Study Of Selected Podostemaceae, Virginia Romo Contreras, Ron Scogin, C. Thomas Philbrick, Alejandro Novelo R.
A Phytochemical Study Of Selected Podostemaceae, Virginia Romo Contreras, Ron Scogin, C. Thomas Philbrick, Alejandro Novelo R.
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Podostemum ceratophyllum contains γ-mangostin and its 6-glucoside. The aglycone is also present in Marathrum, Oserya, and Vanroyenella, but is absent from Tristicha. Anthocyanins were identified from all genera, but no additional fiavonoids were detected. Condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, iridoids, cyanogenic glycosides, and alkaloids were lacking in all Podostemaceae examined. Phytochemical constituents do not clarify the uncertain systematic affinity ofPodostemaceae, but emphasize the generally accepted taxonomic isolation of this family.
Nonglandular Trichomes Of Californian And Hawaiian Tarweeds, Andrew A. Maclachlan, Sherwin Carlquist
Nonglandular Trichomes Of Californian And Hawaiian Tarweeds, Andrew A. Maclachlan, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the diversity in nonglandular trichome morphology of tarweeds at the ultrastructural level, and to propose categories for the morphologies reported for such trichomes. Using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the authors surveyed 31 species of II genera of tarweeds from California and three genera of tarweeds from Hawaii. Trichome cell wall thickness in the Californian species ranged from 1 to 6 ~μm, whereas in the Hawaiian species trichome cell wall thickness ranged from 1 to 14 ~μm. Based on their surface appearance using SEM, trichomes were grouped into four categories: grooved; …
Wood Anatomy Of Lamiaceae. A Survey, With Comments On Vascular And Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Lamiaceae. A Survey, With Comments On Vascular And Vasicentric Tracheids, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for 44 collections representing 42 species in 27 genera. Lamiaceae basically have: vessels with simple perforation plates; vessel-to-vessel pitting alternate; imperforate tracheary elements all libriform fibers, fibers commonly septate; axial parenchyma scanty vasicentric; rays Heterogeneous Type IIB. These features ally Lamiaceae closely with Verbenaceae. In addition to the Mesomorphy ratio (based on vessel element dimensions), features that indicate wood xeromorphy in Lamiaceae, in probable increasing order of importance are: presence of indistinct to marked growth rings; presence of helical thickenings in vessels; presence of vasicentric or vascular tracheids; presence of vessel groups averaging three …
Cupulomyces, A New Genus Of Laboulbeniales (Asomycetes) Based On Stigmatomyces Lasiochili, Richard K. Benjamin
Cupulomyces, A New Genus Of Laboulbeniales (Asomycetes) Based On Stigmatomyces Lasiochili, Richard K. Benjamin
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
A new genus of Laboulbeniales, Cupulomyces, is described. Its type species, C. lasiochili, is based on Stigmatomyces lasiochili, originally described by Roland Thaxter in I 917. This taxon subsequently has been classified in two other genera, Hesperomyces and Acompsomyces. Structure and development of the thallus of C. lasiochili are described and illustrated with photographs and line drawings. Distinctive features of the receptacle, appendage, and perithecium warrant recognition of a new genus.
An Updated Phylogenetic Classification Of The Flowering Plants, Robert F. Thorne
An Updated Phylogenetic Classification Of The Flowering Plants, Robert F. Thorne
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
This update of my classification of the flowering plants, or Angiospermae, is based upon about 800 pertinent books, monographs, and other botanical papers published since my last synopsis appeared in the Nordic Journal of Science in 1983. Also I have narrowed my family- and ordinal-gap concepts to bring acceptance of family and ordinal limits more in line with those of current taxonomists. This new information and the shift in my phylogenetic philosophy have caused significant changes in my interpretation of relationships and numbers and content of taxa. Also the ending "-anae" has been accepted for superorders in place in the …
Plant Species Disjunctions, Daniel J. Crawford, Nam Sook Lee, Tod F. Stuessy
Plant Species Disjunctions, Daniel J. Crawford, Nam Sook Lee, Tod F. Stuessy
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The use of molecular data in the study of plant species disjunctions is reviewed and evaluated. The major reason for employing molecular information is to estimate genetic divergence between morphologically similar disjunct species. Flavonoid chemistry offers few advantages over morphology because it is difficult, if not impossible, to infer genetic divergence from the arrays of flavonoid compounds sequestered by two species. Also, flavonoids can, like morphological characters, undergo stasis. Rather direct evidence for this comes from the fact that extant and fossil species may have identical or nearly identical flavonoids. Enzyme electrophoresis is useful for estimating divergence between disjunct species …
A Revision Of The Allium Fimbriatum (Alliaceae) Complex, Dale W. Mcneal
A Revision Of The Allium Fimbriatum (Alliaceae) Complex, Dale W. Mcneal
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Allium fimbriatum in California and northern Baja California causes frequent difficulty in identification. The species, as defined by Ownbey, comprises nine varieties and is characterized by great morphologic diversity. No single character or suite of characters separates this species from others in the A. sanbornii alliance. This investigation was undertaken to survey the large number of herbarium specimens that have accumulated since Ownbey's study and to observe all of the taxa in the field or garden, something not accomplished by Ownbey. Orientation of the perianth segments, visible only in living material, along with shape and presence or absence of denticulation, …
Phytochemical Profile Of Hydrostachys Insignis (Hydrostachyaceae), Ron Scogin
Phytochemical Profile Of Hydrostachys Insignis (Hydrostachyaceae), Ron Scogin
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Foliar material of Hydrostachys insignis contains kaempferol 3-glucoside and kaempferol 3-sophoroside. Iridoids, proanthocyanidins, acteoside, alkaloids, hydrolyzable tannins (ellagic acid), cyanogenic glycosides, and saponins could not be detected. This chemical profile does not support proposed relationships between Hydrostachyaceae and either Podostemaceae or members of the Scrophulariales. It is proposed that the chemical profile of Hydrostachyaceae reflects phylogeny, not convergence to an aquatic habitat; but the profile does not suggest any accurate systematic alignment of Hydrostachyaceae.
Wood Anatomy Of Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) And The Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood Anatomy Of Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) And The Tracheid-Vessel Element Transition, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Qualitative and quantitative data are presented for 22 collections of 14 species of Hedyosmum. Wood of the genus is primitive in its notably long scalariform perforation plates; scalariform lateral wall pitting of vessel elements; and the low ratio of length between imperforate tracheary elements and vessel elements. Pit membrane remnants are characteristically present to various degrees in perforations of vessel elements; this is considered a primitive feature that is related to other primitive vessel features. Specialized features of Hedyosmum wood include septate fiber-tracheids with much reduced borders on pits; vasicentric axial parenchyma; and absence of uniseriate rays (in wood …
Endemism In The Vascular Flora Of The Juan Fernandez Islands, Tod F. Stuessy, Clodomiro Marticorena, Roberto Rodriguez R., Daniel J. Crawford, Mario Silva O.
Endemism In The Vascular Flora Of The Juan Fernandez Islands, Tod F. Stuessy, Clodomiro Marticorena, Roberto Rodriguez R., Daniel J. Crawford, Mario Silva O.
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The Juan Fernandez archipelago contains 361 vascular plant species including 53 ferns, 65 monocots, and 243 dicots. Represented are 73 families and 219 genera. There is one endemic family (Lactoridaceae), 12 endemic genera, and 126 endemic species. The native vascular flora has II% endemism at the generic level and 60% at the specific level. Among the endemic species, 23 are ferns, 15 are monocots, and 88 are dicots. Of the endemic dicots, 29 species are Compositae, making up 33% of the endemic dicot flora. Most (97%) of the endemic angiosperms are perennials, and 64% of the dicots are woody (shrubs, …
The Presence Of Taxol And Related Compounds In Taxus Baccata Native To The Ukraine (Crimea), Georgia, And Southern Russia, Thomas S. Elias, Vladislav V. Korzhenevsky
The Presence Of Taxol And Related Compounds In Taxus Baccata Native To The Ukraine (Crimea), Georgia, And Southern Russia, Thomas S. Elias, Vladislav V. Korzhenevsky
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Twenty-eight leaf and twig samples and one bark sample of Taxus baccata from the Ukraine (Crimea), Russia, and Georgia were analyzed for taxane compounds. Taxol and the related diterpenoid I 0-deacetylbaccatin III (baccatin III) were present in all samples and 20.7% of those samples exhibited a taxol content nearly equal to or greater than that obtained from the bark of the Pacific Yew, T. brevifolia. Taxus baccata is a potential significant source of taxol, the most promising new drug identified in the last twenty years for the treatment of selected forms of cancer.
Petiolar Anatomy Of North American Astragalus Species (Fabaceae) With Persistent Petioles, Thomas Engel
Petiolar Anatomy Of North American Astragalus Species (Fabaceae) With Persistent Petioles, Thomas Engel
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The petiole and rachis anatomy of 11 North American Astragalus species that show a tendency towards persistent petioles is described and illustrated by line drawings of representative transections. The results are compared with those of a spine anatomical survey of 200 Old World Astragalus and Astracantha species. Attention was given to the anatomical characters previously determined to be taxon-specific such as the amount and position of sclerenchyma and distribution patterns of vascular bundles. Character evolution and the classification of species into sections are discussed. A fundamental difference between New World and Old World Astragalus s.1. species was found. Most of …
Pogogyne Floribunda (Lamiaceae), A New Species From The Great Basin In Northeastern California, James D. Jokerst
Pogogyne Floribunda (Lamiaceae), A New Species From The Great Basin In Northeastern California, James D. Jokerst
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Pogogyne jloribunda is described as a new endemic species from Lassen and Modoc counties in northeastern California. Its occurrence on the eastern Modoc Plateau of the Great Basin Floristic Province is the first record for the genus outside the California Floristic Province. Pogogyne zizyphoroides also is reported from the Great Basin in Lassen County.
Abnormal Cones In Cupressus Sempervirens, Simcha Lev-Yadun
Abnormal Cones In Cupressus Sempervirens, Simcha Lev-Yadun
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Abnormal cones found in Cupressus sempervirens include bisexual cones and double female and male cones. They are very infrequent, but there are individual trees with a tendency to produce such cones. We suggest that these cones reflect changes in normal hormonal balance.
A New Genus Of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) On A Species Of Phalacrichus (Coleoptera: Dryopoidea: Limnichidae), With A Note On Mirror-Image Asymmetry In The Order, Richard K. Benjamin
A New Genus Of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) On A Species Of Phalacrichus (Coleoptera: Dryopoidea: Limnichidae), With A Note On Mirror-Image Asymmetry In The Order, Richard K. Benjamin
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
A new genus ofLaboulbeniales, with two species, Phalacrichomyces normalis (type) and P. anomalus, is described from Phalacrichus diligens (Coleoptera: Dryopoidea; Limnichidae). Phalacrichomyces is placed in the Stigmatomycetinae of the Laboulbeniaceae where it appears to be most nearly related to Stemmatomyces and Synandromyces among the other 39 genera of the subtribe. The new taxa are characterized and salient features of the structure and development of their ascomata are summarized and illustrated with photographs and line drawings. The ascomata of associated pairs of P. anomalus display a remarkable degree of mirror-image asymmetry. This phenomenon, which appears to be a characteristic, although …
Aggregated Cones In Pinus Halepensis, Simcha Lev-Yadun
Aggregated Cones In Pinus Halepensis, Simcha Lev-Yadun
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Aggregated female cones were found in 192 Pinus halepensis trees growing in 54 populations in Israel, in habitats of vastly differing ecological conditions. All of these trees also carried normal (1-5 in a whorl) female cones. The number of aggregates per tree varied from one to several dozen. Some of the trees formed aggregates every year, after the first year of aggregate formation, while others formed aggregates only once, or at long intervals. Not all cones in the aggregates reached maturity. The number of cones in an aggregate ranged from six to 62, and they were usually smaller than normal. …
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood, Bark, And Pith Anatomy Of Old World Species Of Ephedra And Summary For The Genus, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative data are presented for wood anatomy of 35 collections representing 22 Old World species of Ephedra; the survey of bark and pith anatomy is based on some of these species. Character-state ranges similar to those of the New World species are reported, although more numerous species show vessel absence in latewood. Little diminution in vessel diameter or density occurs in latewood of the eight species that are scandant or sprawling. Helical thickenings or sculpture occur in vessels of about a third of the Old World species, but these thickenings are clearly related to pits, often not …
Genetic Variation In Endemic And Widespread Plant Species, Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis
Genetic Variation In Endemic And Widespread Plant Species, Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Population genetic theory and methodology were applied to the study of endemic plant species. Levels of genetic variability were compared between endemic species and their more widespread relatives. Six of seven narrowly distributed taxa of Saxifragaceae had significantly reduced genetic diversity relative to species of Saxifragaceae with broader distributions. Two endemic species of the fern Polystichum maintained significantly lower levels of genetic variation than did their more widespread congeners. The implications of these data and those reported for other endemic plant species for designing management strategies are also discussed.
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Convolvulaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, Michael A. Hanson
Wood And Stem Anatomy Of Convolvulaceae, Sherwin Carlquist, Michael A. Hanson
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Quantitative and qualitative features of wood and stem anatomy are presented for 44 collections of 16 genera and 35 species ofConvolvulaceae. Markedly furrowed xylem characterizes the genera of tribe Cresseae. Successive cambia occur in 11 of the genera studied. Large patches of axial parenchyma occur in many of these; only in one species was interxylary phloem (formed internally by the cambium) observed in the parenchyma patches. Intraxylary phloem at the periphery of the pith is universal in Convolvulaceae, but newly reported is the fact that in many species, cambial activity adds secondary phloem to the intraxylary phloem strands. These cambia …
The Flora Of The Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Mikio Ono
The Flora Of The Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands, Mikio Ono
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands are an oceanic island group more than 1000 km from the Japanese Archipelago. As in other isolated islands of the Pacific Ocean, their flora is rich in endemic taxa. These endemics are mostly either schizo- or aneuendemics and have chromosome numbers that are either identical to or slightly different from those of their adjacent relatives. Three genera, Callicarpa (Verbenaceae), Crepidiastrum (Compositae), and Pittosporum (Pittosporaceae), are discussed as examples of adaptive radiation within the Bonin Islands. These genera are dispersed by birds, which swallow the seeds and later deposit them in new areas. Like plants with similar …
Steps Toward A Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, Gertrud Dahlgren
Steps Toward A Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, Gertrud Dahlgren
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Embryological character states are mapped on the diagrams of dicotyledons (G. Dahlgren 1989). The often well-defined pattern of distribution forms a basis for discussing and clarifying phylogenetic relations. It is shown how numerous embryological characters, alone or in combinations, support certain systematic constellations, even if the character states may have arisen independently within a varying number of evolutionary lines. Characters presented are: anther wall formation; tapetum types; cells in pollen grains at dispersal; microsporogenesis; ovule morphology; ovule integuments; endothelium; obturator; parietal tissue; embryo sac formation; antipodal cells; hypostase, embryogeny; polyembryony; endosperm formation; persistence of endosperm; ruminate endosperm; endosperm haustoria; perisperm; …
Distribution And Evolution Of Forms And Types Of Sieve-Element Plastids In The Dicotyledons, Dietmar Behnke
Distribution And Evolution Of Forms And Types Of Sieve-Element Plastids In The Dicotyledons, Dietmar Behnke
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Sieve-element plastids may contain any combination of protein crystals (c), protein filaments (f), and starch grains (s), or none of these. All structurally distinct combinations (=forms) possible (s, cs, cfs, c, cf, fs, f, o) are recorded among the 2100 dicotyledons investigated so far with the transmission electron microscope (representing 381 of more than 460 families described). The six forms that include c and/or f define the P-type and are found in some 620 species, mainly confined to Magnolianae, Caryophyllanae, Vitanae, and Rutanae (Fabales, Linales, Rhizophorales). A detailed family-by-family analysis and quantitative form-by-form comparison suggests that form-Ss plastids give rise …
Steps Toward A Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, Uwe Jensen
Steps Toward A Natural System Of The Dicotyledons, Uwe Jensen
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Nucleic acids and proteins provide useful characters for the elucidation of evolutionary relationships. Those protein molecules, e.g., legumins, which are subject to less influence of selection processes, have proven to be most valuable as diagnostic characters in phylogenetic studies. Three systematic investigations conducted using comparative serological legumin analyses are discussed as contributions aiding botanists' understanding of a natural system of classification.
Parallelism, It's Evolutionary Origin And Systematic Significance, K. Kubitzki, P. Von Sengbusch, H. Poppendieck
Parallelism, It's Evolutionary Origin And Systematic Significance, K. Kubitzki, P. Von Sengbusch, H. Poppendieck
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Parallelism as one of the forms of biological similarity is investigated in the light of recent findings from developmental and molecular biology. From the organismic point of view, functional constraints and evolutionary canalization are well established as causes of parallelism. To these may be added, from the molecular perspective, (a) erratic activations of repressed genes; (b) activations of alternative pathways under the influence ofhomoeotic genes; and (c) horizontal gene transfer, for which a simple mechanism is proposed. The control of gene expression through the action oftransposable elements, reversible to some degree, appears to be an evolutionarily important and frequent phenomenon, …
Germination Patterns In Dicotyledons, H. T. Clifford
Germination Patterns In Dicotyledons, H. T. Clifford
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Seedlings of about 3500 species of dicotyledons were classified as exhibiting either phanerocotylar or cryptocotylar germination. The percentages of cryptocotylar species in the orders as circumscribed by Dahlgren (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 80:91-124, 1980) were calculated and grouped into five classes whose distributions were plotted onto a bubble-diagram. The resulting pattern revealed a concentration of cryptocotyly in primitive families thereby supporting the view that within the dicotyledons, cryptocotyly is the primitive germination pattern.
An Essay: Geoedaphics And Island Biogeography For Vascular Plants, A. R. Kruckerberg
An Essay: Geoedaphics And Island Biogeography For Vascular Plants, A. R. Kruckerberg
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
"Islands" of discontinuity in the distribution of plants are common in mainland (continental) regions. Such discontinuities should be amenable to testing the tenets of MacArthur and Wilson's island biogeography theory. Mainland gaps are often the result of discontinuities in various geological attributes-the geoedaphic syndrome of topography, lithology and soils. To discover ifgeoedaphically caused patterns of isolation are congruent with island biogeography theory, the effects of topographic discontinuity on plant distributions are examined first. Then a similar inspection is made of discontinuities in parent materials and soils. Parallels as well as differences are detected, indicating that island biogeography theory may be …
Xchiranthofremontia, An Intergeneric Hybrid Of Chiranthodendron Pentadactylon And Fremontodendron 'Pacific Sunset', James Henrickson
Xchiranthofremontia, An Intergeneric Hybrid Of Chiranthodendron Pentadactylon And Fremontodendron 'Pacific Sunset', James Henrickson
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
x Chiranthofremontia lenzii, an intergeneric hybrid between Chiranthodendron pentadactylon and Fremontodendron 'Pacific Sunset' (Sterculiaceae: Fremontodendreae), was made artifically and is described as a hybrid genus. It shows distinctive intermediacy in floral (particularly androecial) characteristics between the parental taxa.
The Phytogeography And Ecology Of The Coastal Atacama And Peruvian Deserts, P. W. Rundel, M. O. Dillon, B. Palma, H. A. Mooney, S. L. Gulmon, J. R. Ehleringer
The Phytogeography And Ecology Of The Coastal Atacama And Peruvian Deserts, P. W. Rundel, M. O. Dillon, B. Palma, H. A. Mooney, S. L. Gulmon, J. R. Ehleringer
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
The Atacama and Peruvian Deserts form a continuous belt for more than 3500 km along the western escarpment of the Andes from northern Peru to northernmost Chile. These arid environments are due to a climatic regime dominated by the cool, north-flowing Humboldt (Peruvian) Current. Atmospheric conditions influenced by a stable, subtropical anticyclone result in a mild, uniform coastal climate nearly devoid of rain, but with the regular formation of thick stratus clouds below I 000 m during the winter months. Where coastal topography is low and flat, the clouds dissipate inward over broad areas with little biological impact. However, where …
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Wood And Bark Anatomy Of Empetraceae; Comments On Paedomorphosis In Woods Of Certain Small Shrubs, Sherwin Carlquist
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Floristic Botany
Wood and bark of 12 collections of Empetraceae representing three genera containing seven species (one with two subspecies) are analyzed with respect to quantitative and qualitative features. Empetraceae have vessels somewhat angular in transection, with scalariform perforation plates and scalariform to opposite vessel-ray pitting. Imperforate tracheary elements are all tracheids. Axial parenchyma is sparse and not subdivided. Rays are characteristically uniseriate and composed of upright cells (older stems have rays with both upright and procumbent cells). These features ally Empetraceae closely to Ericaceae and Epacridaceae. The narrow vessels, quite numerous per mm2 , denote a high degree of wood …