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2023

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Articles 811 - 840 of 1788

Full-Text Articles in Agronomy and Crop Sciences

Persistence Of Timothy In Mixture With Smooth Meadow Grass, H. Björnsson Jun 2023

Persistence Of Timothy In Mixture With Smooth Meadow Grass, H. Björnsson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the most common grass species in Iceland for the production of high quality herbage for dairy cows. For this purpose timothy is cut early, often around heading. The high quality, however, is at the cost of limited persistence of timothy. If cut late, three to four weeks after heading, timothy cultivars of northern origin can sometimes dominate for a long time, especially if the aftermath is not cut or grazed. Earlier experiments have shown that, relative to a late cutting treatment, the percentage timothy in the first harvest is reduced by one unit for …

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Improvement Of Lucerne Cutting Management: The Relative Impact Of Initial Organic Reserves, Cutting Height And Residual Leaf Area On Forage Yield, J. C. Avice, F. Meuriot, M. L. Decau, A. Morvan-Bertrand, M. P. Prud'homme, F. Gastal, J-C. Simon, J. J. Volenec, A. Ourry Jun 2023

Improvement Of Lucerne Cutting Management: The Relative Impact Of Initial Organic Reserves, Cutting Height And Residual Leaf Area On Forage Yield, J. C. Avice, F. Meuriot, M. L. Decau, A. Morvan-Bertrand, M. P. Prud'homme, F. Gastal, J-C. Simon, J. J. Volenec, A. Ourry

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Less lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is now grown because of difficulties arising from 2 interacting characteristics: productivity and stand persistence. Optimisation of these two parameters depends highly of the cutting management (cutting height and/or frequency) and of the taproot N reserves. For example, Avice et al. (1997) showed that lucerne shoot regrowth is relates closely to taproot soluble protein concentrations (especially vegetative storage protein: VSP). However, it is not known how stubble C-N reserves and/or residual leaf area (both depending of the cutting management) influence the contribution of taproot reserve-derived C-N supply to regrowing lucerne shoots after defoliation. …

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The Effect Of Sowing Date And Autumn Management On Sainfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia) Regrowth And Yield, Z. G. (Zhigang) Liu, G. P. F. Lane Jun 2023

The Effect Of Sowing Date And Autumn Management On Sainfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia) Regrowth And Yield, Z. G. (Zhigang) Liu, G. P. F. Lane

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Due to its characteristics (palatability, non-bloating, high protein, high voluntary intake etc.: Frame, 1998), sainfoin was a traditional forage legume in the UK, grown widely during the 17-19th century (Bland, 1971). It has almost disappeared in recent years. The rise of organic farming and the need for home-grown protein may encourage the return of sainfoin. This experiment aimed to explore the impact of sowing date and autumn management on the growth and yield of sainfoin in UK.

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Rangelands In The Mediterranean Zone Of Croatia, J. Rogosic Jun 2023

Rangelands In The Mediterranean Zone Of Croatia, J. Rogosic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Rangelands dominate the landscape of the Mediterranean part of Croatia along the Adriatic coastline, occupying 83% of the agricultural land (1.7 million ha) and 40% of the entire country. The proportion of rangelands is considerably higher in the Mediterranean littoral than in other ecological regions of Croatia. Sheep and goats are widespread in the region, comprising 76% of total sheep and goat numbers in Croatia. However, in comparison to other regions of Croatia, livestock production in the Mediterranean zone is not well developed. Continuous grazing begun too early in the growing season has caused substantial rangeland degradation and a decline …

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Plant Arrangement Effects On Dry Matter Production And Nitrogen Fixation Of Berseem Clover: Annual Ryegrass Mixture, C. Attardo, G. Di Miceli, A. S. Frenda, D. Giambalvo, C. Scarpello Jun 2023

Plant Arrangement Effects On Dry Matter Production And Nitrogen Fixation Of Berseem Clover: Annual Ryegrass Mixture, C. Attardo, G. Di Miceli, A. S. Frenda, D. Giambalvo, C. Scarpello

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Agronomic factors affect the productivity and efficiency of cereal-legume intercropping systems (Ofori & Stern, 1987). This research aimed to determine the effects of different plant arrangement on hay yield, nitrogen (N) content and N fixation of berseem clover-annual ryegrass mixture in a Mediterranean semi-arid environment.

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Long-Term (9-Year) Response Of Two Semiarid Grasslands To Prescribed Fire In The Southwestern Usa, R. L. Pendleton, B. K. Pendleton, C. S. White Jun 2023

Long-Term (9-Year) Response Of Two Semiarid Grasslands To Prescribed Fire In The Southwestern Usa, R. L. Pendleton, B. K. Pendleton, C. S. White

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Historically, arid grasslands of SW USA experienced fire return intervals of 5-10 years. During the last 100 years, however, fire has been a rare event. Recent expansion of woody plants in arid grasslands has prompted managers to re-introduce fire as a tool to reduce abundance of woody plants and maintain perennial grass cover. The use of fire in desert grasslands poses unique challenges, however, due to extreme variability in rainfall patterns. Our research examines vegetation response to repeat fire in 2 desert grassland ecotones near Albuquerque, New Mexico (35.05o N 106.60o W).

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Studies On Rehabilitation And Recovery Of Degraded Shrub Rangeland In Central China, G. Xiao Jun 2023

Studies On Rehabilitation And Recovery Of Degraded Shrub Rangeland In Central China, G. Xiao

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Central China used to be the most important region for animal production, but over-grazing, over- cultivation and deforestation all resulted in a decline in shrub rangeland productivity as well as increasing soil degradation (JiZhou, 1989). Soil erosion, salinisation and desertification have become serious problems. The productivity of shrub rangeland decreased from 3,000~4,000kg/ha to 1,500~2,000kg/ha from the 1960s to the 1990s (Wei, 1991). Since 1990, measures have been taken to solve this problem with promising results.

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Reasons For The Premature Decline In Astragalus Adsurgens Stands In Kerqin Sandy Land, Qizhong Sun, Z. L. Wang, J. G. Han, Y. W. Wang, G. R. Liu Jun 2023

Reasons For The Premature Decline In Astragalus Adsurgens Stands In Kerqin Sandy Land, Qizhong Sun, Z. L. Wang, J. G. Han, Y. W. Wang, G. R. Liu

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Diseases partly account for reductions in Astragalus adsurgens stand longevity. The effect of some cultural practices on the control of pests and diseases have been reported (Hou, 1986; Nan, 1996), but few reports have detailed the relationship among soil fertiliser status, diseases and premature stand decline. This study was conducted to investigate these relationships in order to extend the longevity of Astragalus adsurgens stands.

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Improvement Of The Mediterranean Agro-Silvopastoral System Montado, J. Potes, H. Babo, D. Navas Jun 2023

Improvement Of The Mediterranean Agro-Silvopastoral System Montado, J. Potes, H. Babo, D. Navas

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

"Montado" is an old man-made agro-silvopastoral system, with three vegetation components (trees, shrubs and herbs) used for multiple species animal husbandry in extensive production systems (Potes & Babo, 2003). Several authors have reported on the improvement of Mediterranean annual self-reseeding pastures (Espejo-Diaz, 1996) and increased stocking rates.

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Tiller Dynamic Of Guineagrass (Panicum Maximum) Under Defoliation, T. Clavero, R. Razz Jun 2023

Tiller Dynamic Of Guineagrass (Panicum Maximum) Under Defoliation, T. Clavero, R. Razz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Guineagrass (Panicum maximum) is a perennial warm season bunchgrass native to Africa that has been introduced to many tropical areas. Its management is important because of its important role in animal production. Total production of herbage and the persistence of tufted grasses can be markedly reduced when the grass is defoliated too frequently and too intensively (Clavero, 1997). In order to determine the proper management for optimum production and long term persistence, it is important to study the effect of cutting practices on tiller dynamics of guineagrass.

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Effect Of Plant Population And Phosphorus Fertilizer Application On Dry Matter And Seed Yield Of Two Lablab (Lablab Purpureus) Varieties In Botswana, K. C. Kawonga, F. P. Wandera, S. Mangope, P. Mutshewa, B. M. Lefofe Jun 2023

Effect Of Plant Population And Phosphorus Fertilizer Application On Dry Matter And Seed Yield Of Two Lablab (Lablab Purpureus) Varieties In Botswana, K. C. Kawonga, F. P. Wandera, S. Mangope, P. Mutshewa, B. M. Lefofe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lablab has high potential as a protein source to grazing livestock especially during the dry season in arid Botswana. It produced 8.5t dry matter (DM)/ha and had 14% crude protein with 60% digestibility (APRU, 1988; Aganga, 2003). Lack of agronomic data on lablab production was probably the reason why some farmers in Botswana got yields as low as 300 kg/ha (APRU, 1987). Therefore, a trial of two lablab varieties was conducted to determine the effect of plant population and phosphorus (P) on DM yield.

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Forage Yield And Structural Traits Of Tanzaniagrass (Panicum Maximum) At Four Canopy Heights, Carlos A. M. Gomide, Ana C. Ruggieri, R. A. Reis, J. A. Gomide, J. H. De A. Rangel, E. O. Almeida Jun 2023

Forage Yield And Structural Traits Of Tanzaniagrass (Panicum Maximum) At Four Canopy Heights, Carlos A. M. Gomide, Ana C. Ruggieri, R. A. Reis, J. A. Gomide, J. H. De A. Rangel, E. O. Almeida

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Pasture forage production is based on the growth of tillers (Hodgson, 1990). Although the effect of canopy height and structural traits on productivity of temperate grasses are well known e.g. (Bircham & Hodgson,1983; Binnie & Chestnut, 1994) tiller studies on tropical pasture species are scarce.

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Forage Yield In Two Tropical Grasses At Different Cutting Intervals And N Levels, Enrique Cortés Díaz, H. Diaz-Solis, A. Saldívar-Fitzmaurice, W. Grant, A. Martínez-Garza, A. Martínez-Hernandez Jun 2023

Forage Yield In Two Tropical Grasses At Different Cutting Intervals And N Levels, Enrique Cortés Díaz, H. Diaz-Solis, A. Saldívar-Fitzmaurice, W. Grant, A. Martínez-Garza, A. Martínez-Hernandez

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Cutting interval and N level determine forage yield in grasses (Whitehead, 1995). Coastcross-1 (Cynodon dactylon and Tifton 68 (Cynodon spp) are tropical grasses of high forage yield potential (Burton, 1972; Burton et al., 1993).

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Root Systems In Tropical Pasture Restoration Treatments In Rondônia, Brazil, M. C. Piccolo, K. C. Augusti, C. Neill, L. Fante Junior, M. Bernoux, C. C. Cerri Jun 2023

Root Systems In Tropical Pasture Restoration Treatments In Rondônia, Brazil, M. C. Piccolo, K. C. Augusti, C. Neill, L. Fante Junior, M. Bernoux, C. C. Cerri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Soil management can influence physical and chemical soil properties, with fundamental differences in root system development. Our objectives were to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, dry mass and length of roots subjected to different restoration treatments of degraded pasture.

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Economic Methodology For Pasture Grass And Legume Seed Production, D. M. Cino, G. Febles, M. F. Díaz, F. Funes Jun 2023

Economic Methodology For Pasture Grass And Legume Seed Production, D. M. Cino, G. Febles, M. F. Díaz, F. Funes

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The importance and complexity of the industrial process of seed production is known. Thus, conditions should be established for achieving and efficiently controlling the activity in order to know production costs, selling prices and to guarantee economic efficiency. The objective of this paper was to evaluate from an economic point of view, seed production of species of tropical grasses and legumes based on a preliminary methodology facilitating the control of the whole activity.

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Integration Of Forage Production In Rice-Based Cropping Systems For Mitigating Forage Crisis Of Ruminant Livestock - Studies In Bangladesh, M. A. Akbar, M. S. U. Bhuiyan, M. S. Islam Jun 2023

Integration Of Forage Production In Rice-Based Cropping Systems For Mitigating Forage Crisis Of Ruminant Livestock - Studies In Bangladesh, M. A. Akbar, M. S. U. Bhuiyan, M. S. Islam

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Intensive rice cropping in Bangladesh is causing alarming shortages of forage and low ruminant productivity. This is also causing degeneration of soil fertility. Therefore it is imperative to identify some approach to integrate fodder production into rice cropping systems on rural farms. The integration of legume forage may improve soil fertility and soil structure, thus enhancing crop yield and may provide high quality feed for livestock (Haque 1992). Studies were done to investigate the effects of rice/forage integration on forage yield, soil fertility and also on milk yield of cows fed on the grown forages.

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Evaluating The Economic And Environmental Sustainability Of Integrated Farming Systems, C. A. Rotz, M. A. Sanderson, M. Wachendorf, F. Taube Jun 2023

Evaluating The Economic And Environmental Sustainability Of Integrated Farming Systems, C. A. Rotz, M. A. Sanderson, M. Wachendorf, F. Taube

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Economic and environmental sustainability has become a major concern for forage-based animal production in Europe, North America and other parts of the world. Development of more sustainable farming systems requires an assimilation of experimental and modelling research. Field research is critical for supporting the development and evaluation of models, and modelling is needed to integrate farm components for predicting the long-term effects and interactions resulting from farm management changes. Experimentally supported simulation provides a tool for evaluating and comparing farming strategies and predicting their effect on the watershed, region and beyond.

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Simulation Of Pasture Phase Options For Mixed Livestock And Cropping Enterprises, L. Salmon, A. D. Moore, J. F. Angus Jun 2023

Simulation Of Pasture Phase Options For Mixed Livestock And Cropping Enterprises, L. Salmon, A. D. Moore, J. F. Angus

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In southern Australia, 50% of grain-producing farms also run beef and/or sheep enterprises. Legume pasture leys are used to replace soil nitrogen and manage crop disease risks. Deep-rooted perennials, predominantly lucerne (Medicago sativa), are replacing annual Trifolium subterraneum-based leys to increase pasture production. They also have the environmental benefits of limiting soil acidity, rising water tables and dryland salinity. After recent droughts depletion of soil water by lucerne has penalised wheat yields. Decision support tools can help farmers evaluate the long-term effects of grazed annual and perennial leys on animal and crop production at the whole farm …

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Overseeding Cereal Rye And Annual Ryegrass Into Soyabean For Forage As Part Of A Multifunctional Cropping System, L. B. Smith, R. L. Kallenbach Jun 2023

Overseeding Cereal Rye And Annual Ryegrass Into Soyabean For Forage As Part Of A Multifunctional Cropping System, L. B. Smith, R. L. Kallenbach

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the lower Midwest, the longest period of inadequate forage supply from pasture is from mid- December through mid-March (Matches & Burns, 1995). Livestock producers in this region are looking for high quality forage for winter grazing (Kallenbach et al., 2003). Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) are two forages that Missouri's beef producers are interested in to extend the grazing season. The objective of this research was to determine how seeding date impacts the establishment, growth, and forage production of annual ryegrass and cereal rye when planted into soyabean fields …

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Previous Grass-Lucerne Mixtures Affect Barley Yield And Quality In A Semiarid Location Of The Canadian Prairie Region, P. G. Jefferson, F. Selles, R. P. Zentner, R. Lemke Jun 2023

Previous Grass-Lucerne Mixtures Affect Barley Yield And Quality In A Semiarid Location Of The Canadian Prairie Region, P. G. Jefferson, F. Selles, R. P. Zentner, R. Lemke

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the semiarid region of the Canadian prairies perennial forages are not rotated with annual crops because previous experiments reported negative impacts (Kilcher and Anderson 1963; Campbell et al. 1990). However, previous research used persistent species while short-lived species could have less adverse effect. Our objective was to compare three grass species in three lucerne mixtures terminated with tillage or herbicide for effects on barley grain, N concentration, and N uptake.

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Canavalia Brasiliensis: A Multipurpose Legume For The Sub-Humid Tropics, A. Schmidt, M. Peters, A. Franco, R. Schultze-Kraft Jun 2023

Canavalia Brasiliensis: A Multipurpose Legume For The Sub-Humid Tropics, A. Schmidt, M. Peters, A. Franco, R. Schultze-Kraft

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth. ("Brazilian jackbean") is a weakly perennial, prostrate to twining herbaceous legume with a wide natural distribution in the New World tropics and subtropics. In comparison with C. ensiformis ("jackbean"), research reports on C. brasiliensis are scattered and restricted to studies done in Latin America. The species develops a dense and extensive, deep-reaching root system and subsequently tolerates a 5-6 month dry period. Based on studies that generally were done with only one genotype, it is adapted to a wide range of soils, including very acid, low-fertility soils. Its main use is as green manure, for …

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Relative Forage Yield Of Intercropped Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) And Winter Forage Cereals, T. Pereyra, H. Pagliaricci, A. Ohanian Jun 2023

Relative Forage Yield Of Intercropped Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) And Winter Forage Cereals, T. Pereyra, H. Pagliaricci, A. Ohanian

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In tropical regions of the world intercropping is mainly associated with the production of maize for grain, while in temperate areas it is associated with the efficient production of forage. There is increasing interest in the development of cereal - legume intercropping in some temperate regions (reviewed by Mason & Pritchard, 1987). The aim of this study was to compare the relative forage yield of intercropped lucerne and cereal.

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The Effectiveness Of Nitrogen Rates On Winter Wheat And White Clover Bi-Cropping Grown For Silage, J. Sowiński Jun 2023

The Effectiveness Of Nitrogen Rates On Winter Wheat And White Clover Bi-Cropping Grown For Silage, J. Sowiński

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Whole-crop cereals harvested for silage cover c. 500,000 ha in Europe (Wilkins & Kirilov, 2003). Generally dry matter (DM) yield of small-grain cereals is lower than that of maize. In some investigations, DM yield (of high nutritional value) reached 15 t/ha (Balsdon et al. 1997; Clements et al. 1997). Whole-crop silage produced in a bi-cropping system offers more balanced forage compared to pure cereals and legumes. Nitrogen rates can be decreased with bi-cropping. The aim of this investigation was to compare nitrogen effectiveness using two methods of winter wheat cultivation: direct drilling into stubble and bi-cropping with …

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The Influence Of Winter Wheat And White Clover Bi-Cropping System On White Clover Sward Parameters, J. Sowiński Jun 2023

The Influence Of Winter Wheat And White Clover Bi-Cropping System On White Clover Sward Parameters, J. Sowiński

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Whole-crop silage produced in a bi-cropping system represents a low-input forage production system (Clements et al., 1997). Depressing competition of white clover (by mowing or spraying with herbicides) when winter wheat starts its growth is necessary in this system. Winter wheat also competes with white clover during crop growth. The number of growing points as well as the length and weight of stolon are the main parameters that characterise the persistence of white clover (Jorgensen & Ledgard, 1997; Marriott & Haystead 1990). The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of a bi-cropping system on some …

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Options For Improved Biomass Production In Feeding Systems For Dairying In High Rainfall Environments In New Zealand, John M. De Ruiter, D. R. Wilson, S. Maley, S. M. Henton Jun 2023

Options For Improved Biomass Production In Feeding Systems For Dairying In High Rainfall Environments In New Zealand, John M. De Ruiter, D. R. Wilson, S. Maley, S. M. Henton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

New Zealand dairy production has expanded into marginal climates and soil types on the premise of excellent profitability and efficient utilisation of forage. Annual pasture production in the cool West Coast of the South Island (rainfall 2042-2933 mm) is15,000 kg. Increased farm production and feeding of high quality biomass, from imported feed or supplementary feed crops grown on- farm, are needed to improve milk solid output. Small plot trials with spring and early summer-sown brassicas, cereals and maize were the focus for development of systems to maximise and manage the seasonal feed supply. The effect of sowing time, fertiliser timing …

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Implications Of The Use Of Grazing Sheep On Kiwi Fruit Orchard, C. H. E. C. Poli, R. C. Gomes, P. Cinel Filho, M. F. Gomes, A. Zborowki, G. Pires, J. L. Rigon Jun 2023

Implications Of The Use Of Grazing Sheep On Kiwi Fruit Orchard, C. H. E. C. Poli, R. C. Gomes, P. Cinel Filho, M. F. Gomes, A. Zborowki, G. Pires, J. L. Rigon

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

In the southern part of Brazil there is an important area of kiwi fruit, mainly cultivated by small farmers. The use of sheep under trees of kiwi fruits could be an interesting alternative for small farmers to reduce their mowing costs, to improve their income and to provide meat for the farmers' family. However there is a lack of information about the damage that the animals could cause to kiwi fruit plants. The objective of this study was to monitor the effect of the use of sheep on a kiwi fruit orchard.

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The Effect Of Cutting Regime And Cultivar On Longevity Of Pure Lucerne Stands In Latvia, Z. Gaile Jun 2023

The Effect Of Cutting Regime And Cultivar On Longevity Of Pure Lucerne Stands In Latvia, Z. Gaile

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lucerne growing is important for high and excellent quality yields of hay or silage without application of N fertilisers, as well as for increasing crop diversity in crop rotation systems. It is comparatively expensive to establish lucerne stands in Latvia. Different aspects can affect longevity of lucerne stands: suitability of cultivar to specific conditions, soil characteristics, different stress conditions and cutting management, including frequency and height of cutting, and critical rest period in autumn (Sheaffer et al., 1988). The aim of our study was to evaluate the persistence of lucerne stands without renovation while obtaining reasonable yields.

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The Input Of Forage Legumes In Sustainable Grassland Systems, Žydrė Kadžiulienė, L. Sarunaite Jun 2023

The Input Of Forage Legumes In Sustainable Grassland Systems, Žydrė Kadžiulienė, L. Sarunaite

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is increased interest in sustainable grassland systems. One step towards sustainability is expansion of legume use, because of their potential to fix and transfer nitrogen (N) to subsequent crops. However, legumes can also have negative aspects, such as difficulties in establishment (Porqueddu et al., 2003), lack of persistence, N loss (Scholefield et al., 2002) and accumulation of soil borne disease agents (Kadziulis, 2001). The large variability within legume swards and between years in pastures and leys has encouraged us to search for possibilities to achieve stability of their inputs in sustainable grassland systems.

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The Interaction Of Management With Botanical Composition Of Irrigated Grass-Legume Pasture Mixtures In The Intermountain West Usa, J. W. Macadam, T. C. Griggs, G. J. Mileski Jun 2023

The Interaction Of Management With Botanical Composition Of Irrigated Grass-Legume Pasture Mixtures In The Intermountain West Usa, J. W. Macadam, T. C. Griggs, G. J. Mileski

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Beef produced on semi-arid range and milk produced in confinement are the main agricultural commodities in the semi-arid western USA. The studies reported here were undertaken to determine the suitability of irrigated pasture as an alternative to traditional beef and dairy production systems. The clipping and grazing studies were not run concurrently or within the same field, but were successive steps in selecting mixtures best-suited for rotational stocking of irrigated pastures in the Intermountain West. Summaries of productivity data have been reported elsewhere (MacAdam, 2002; MacAdam et al., 2004).

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Use Of Novel Spatial Presentations Of Plant Species To Improve Legume Abundance, J. M. Sharp, M. J. Jeger, R. W. Fraser, G. R. Edwards Jun 2023

Use Of Novel Spatial Presentations Of Plant Species To Improve Legume Abundance, J. M. Sharp, M. J. Jeger, R. W. Fraser, G. R. Edwards

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The benefits of using white clover (Trifolium repens) in pasture grazed by sheep have been widely recognised. However, clover is considered inadequate and risky as the main source of nitrogen input, since its abundance in the pasture is patchy, low (typically less than 20%) and shows great year-to-year variation. This is thought to be due to the costs of nitrogen fixation, competition with grass, the preference for clover by sheep and patchy dung and urine deposition (Schwinning & Parsons, 1996). One possible solution may be the spatial separation of clover from grass, which would remove inter-specific competition, allowing clover to …

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