Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Do Synergistic Relationships Between Nitrogen And Water Influence The Ability Of Corn To Use Nitrogen Derived From Fertilizer And Soil?, Ki-In Kim, David E. Clay, C. G. Carlson, S. A. Clay, T Trooien

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

To improve site-specific N recommendations a more complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for synergistic relationships between N and water is needed. Th e objective of this research was to determine the influence of soil water regime on the ability of corn (Zea mays L.) to use N derived from fertilizer and soil. A randomized split-block experiment was conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Soil at the site was a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Calcic Hapludoll). Blocks were split into moderate (natural rainfall) and high (natural + supplemental irrigation) water regimes. Nitrogen rates were 0, 56, …

Tillage Erosion Coefficients For Selected Tillage Tools, Javier Mollinendo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Soil loss as a result of differential translocation of soil by tillage is widespread in regions with irregular topography. Tillage erosion models are based on field derived transport coefficients that are specific to the tillage tool being used. Variables like speed and depth of tillage can modify tillage erosion transport coefficients. Four treatments were established for this research: moldboard plow, chisel plow, tandem disk, and no-till drill. The primary research site was located in Rock County MN, 43° 39 '40.24 "N, and 96° 24' 17.25" W, with a fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls (USDA, 2006). The objectives of this …

Common Waterhemp Growth And Fecundity As Influenced By Emergence Date And Competing Crop, E. Uscanga-Mortera, S. Clay, F. Forcella, J. Gunsolus

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Common waterhemp (Amarathus rudis Sauer) is a frequent weed in glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops in the midwestern USA due, in part, to the delayed emergence of its seedlings. Variable waterhemp emergence was simulated by transplanting seedlings into both corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and bare plot areas at differing crop growth stages during two growing seasons in western Minnesota. Growth and fecundity were measured. As expected, late planted weeds produced little dry matter and few seeds, and competition from corn or soybean reduced waterhemp dry weight and fecundity by 90% compared with isolated plants. Interestingly, common …

Sorption-Desorption Of Imidacloprid And Its Metabolites In Soil And Vadose Zone Materials, Sharon V. Papiernik, William C. Koskinen, Lucia Cox, Pamela J. Rice, Sharon A. Clay, Nancy R. Werdin-Pfisterer, Kristen A. Norberg

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Sorption-desorption is one of the most important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil because it controls the amount of pesticide available for transport. Subsurface soil properties can significantly affect pesticide transport and the potential for groundwater contamination. This research characterized the sorption-desorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-Nnitro-2-imidazolidinimine) and three of its metabolites, 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-2-imidazolidinone (imidacloprid-urea), 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine (imidaclopridguanidine), and 1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1H-imidazol-2-amine (imidacloprid-guanidine-olefin), as a function of changing soil properties with depth in two profiles extending from the surface to a depth of 1.8 or 8 m. Sorption of each compound was highly variable and hysteretic in all cases. Normalizing the sorption coefficients (Kf) …

The Fate If 2, 4-D In Intact Soybean (Glycine Mix), Laura Hummel, Anthony Mayer

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

About 479,000 pounds of 2,4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was applied to South Dakota's crops in 2000. 2,4-D can injure or reduce yield of soybean (Glycine max) if deposited on growing plants. This study determined uptake, translocation, and metabolism of ring-labeled-2,4-D in soybean at the third trifoliate (V3) stage of growth. Plants were harvested and partitioned into four parts from 1 hr (HAT)to 10 d (DAT) after treatment. Thin layer chromatography techniques were used to determine if remaining in the tissue was parent chemical or metabolite. 2,4-D uptake ranged from 39% at 1 HAT to 74% 6 DAT.By 10 DAT, translocated …

Engineering For Expression Of The Cold Regulated Barley Protein Hvcr21 In E. Coli, Kathleen Graupman

The Journal of Undergraduate Research

HVCR21 is a barley protein known to be cold regulated at the mRNA level. However, its function as well as the affect of low temperature on its translation are unknown. The purpose of this project was to engineer E. coli to express recombinant HVCR21. PGR primers were designed for the 5' and 3' ends of the HVCR21 coding region. The primers were also designed with a 5' SacI restriction site and a 3' Pst I restriction site. After ligation of the PCR product into the pCR4-TOPO vector, bacteria were transformed and plated and the successful transformant verified by PCR. The …

Breaking Seed Dormancy In Three Poaceae Species, Heidi Jo Larson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Seed dormancy is a major impediment to germination testing in seed testing laboratories. Dormant seeds are alive but do not germinate under conditions favorable for germination of non-dormant seeds of the same species. Dormancy in many p􀊆ant species can be broken using a single ·treatment or a combination of treatments. Treatments commonly used are light or dark, various temperature regimes, prolonged exposure to cold treatments (pre-chilling), and the use of growth hormones or other chemicals. Three Poaceae species, winter wheat (Triticum aestiivum), prairie drop seed V (Sporobolus heterolepis), and prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), were the subject …

Comparison Of Prices For 'Organic' And 'Conventional' Grains And Soybeans In The Northern Great Plains And Upper Midwest: 1995-2000, Sherry K. Bertamsen, Thomas L. Dobbs

Economics Pamphlet Series (1985-2016)

Price premiums for organic crops drew the attention of increasing numbers of farmers in the Northern Great Plains and Upper Midwest during the 1990s. Continuing low prices for crops grown with 'conventional' farming methods during the late 1990s caused a growing number of farmers to explore the possibilities of switching to organic methods and obtaining organic certification. As part of the sustainable agriculture research program in the Economics Department at South Dakota State University (SDSU), we have been comparing 'organic' and 'conventional' crop prices over the past six years. This pamphlet contains an update of the price comparisons through 2000. …

Central Crops And Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota: Annual Progress Report, 2000, Agricultural

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This document highlights 14 crop and soils research projects conducted at the Central Crops and Soils Research Station at Highmore in 2000. It is published by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University. Information in this document includes: weather and climate data, field evaluation of woody plant materials, Switchgrass Biofuels project report, weed control evaluation test, fertilizer and soil test effects on wheat yields, small grain performance tests, alfalfa production, influence of planting dates on winter wheat, oat research, and sunflower hybrid performance trials.

Precision Farming Protocols. Part 2. Comparison Of Sampling Approaches For Precision Phosphorus Management, David E. Clay, Jiyul Chang, C. Gregg Carlson, Doug Malo, Sharon A. Clay, Mike Ellsbury

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Research is needed to compare the different techniques for developing site‐specific phosphorus (P) recommendations on a field‐wide basis. The objective of this study was to determine the impact different techniques for developing site‐specific P recommendation maps on yield and profitability. Enterprise analysis combined with a crop simulation model and detailed field characterization was used to estimate the value of spatial P information in a system where N was not limiting. The systems evaluated were continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn and soybean (Gfycine max) rotations where sampling and fertilizer applications were applied annually and semi‐annually, respectively. The sampling techniques tested …

Farm And Home Research: 50-2, Larry Tennyson, Jerry Leslie, Jaimi Reimer, Stephanie Misar

Farm and Home Research: 1999 - 2007

In this Issue:

[Page] 2- Director’s comments

[Page] 3- President’s comments

[Page] 4- ‘Hope’: Edgar McFadden’s legacy: a bountiful harvest and bread for the world

[Page] 8- Break the sell-cheap, buy-high syndrome: State yearly loses millions in wages and other incomes by shipping out raw commodities

[Page] 10- Lessons and labs: Students jump-start their careers by working in SDSU labs

[Page] 12- Our ‘helping hands’ : A salute to technicians, students, secretaries—the research work crew

[Page] 14- Forewarned to forearmed: In climatology, knowing the past is key to predicting the future

[Page] 17- Wheat streak mosaic virus: In normal year, …

Central Crops And Soils Research Station Highmore, South Dakota: Annual Progress Report, 1998, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This report of the Central Crops and Soils Research Station at Highmore, South Dakota is a progress report and, therefore, the results presented are not necessarily complete nor conclusive. Any interpretation given is tentative because additional data from continuation of these experiments may produce conclusions different from those of any one year. The data presented in this report reflect the 1998 growing season.

Analysis Of Spatial Distribution Of Canada Thistle (Cirsium Arvense) In Notill Soybean (Glycine Max), B. L. Broulik, J. Lems, S. A. Clay, D. E. Clay, M. M. Ellsbury

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

The nonuniform spatial distribution of weeds across a field landscape complicates sampling and modeling, but allows site specific rather than broadcast management of weed populations. Where weeds are aggregated, densities measured at random locations are not independent, but rather spatially related or autocorrelated. Geostatistical methods were used to describe and map nonrandom distribution and variation of shoot density across ten well established patches of Canada thistle, a perennial weed, in a 65 hectare notillage soybean field in Moody county, South Dakota in 1996. Canada thistle densities were determined by counting the number of shoots present in a 20 by 50 …

Atrazine And Alachlor Adsorption Characteristics To Benchmark Soil Series In Eastern South Dakota, Z. Liu, S. A. Clay, J. Gaffney, D. Malo

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Corn, grain sorghum, and soybean are grown on about six million acres in eastern South Dakota each year. Two herbicides used routinely for weed control are atrazine(6-chloro-N-ethyl-N’-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in corn and grain sorghum and alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide) in all three crops. Six benchmark soil series that include a majority of the cropped acres treated with these herbicides are the Egan, Moody, Nora, and Brandt silty clay loams, and Clarno and Enet loams. Batch adsorption studies determined atrazine and alachlor binding characteristics to these soils and aids in assessing the amount of herbicide available for movement. These data also provide a basis for …

West River Agricultural Research And Extension Center Progress Report, 1992, Agricultural Experiment Station

Agricultural Experiment Station and Research Farm Annual Reports

This is the 1991 annual progress report of the West River Crops and Soils Research Projects, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. This document includes reports on: weather and climate, grain variety trials, management and tillage, and weed and pest control.

The Relationship Between Reciprocal Spring By Winter Wheat Crosses And The Contribution Of Their Parents To Hybrid Performance, George Warren Partelow

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Five diverse spring and five diverse winter wheat cultivars were crossed in all possible spring by winter combinations including their reciprocals to determine whether agronomic differences in reciprocal spring by winter crosses occur, and to determine the relative contribution of spring and winter parents to general and specific combining ability. Traits examined in the F1 generation in this greenhouse study included: 1) grain yield (g/plant) 2) number of spikelets per spike 3) total kernel weight (g) per spike 4) number of kernels per spike 5) number of tillers per plant 6) weight (g) of 100 kernels 7) length (mm) of …

Technology And Economics Of Commercial Scale Ethanol Production From Fodder Beets, William Ray Gibbons

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Fodder beets yield two to three times more fuel ethanol per hectare than corn. This increased productivity should reduce feedstock costs and, consequently, ethanol production costs. The major factor that has limited use of this crop is the lack of a proven technology to process fodder beets -- economically and energy efficiently -- to fuel ethanol on a commercial scale. Research reported herein rectifies this situation by examining the technical and economic feasibility of community scale fuel ethanol production from fodder beets using two novel, continuous fermentation systems solid-phase fermentation and diffusion fermentation. Laboratory scale, batch fermentation trials were first …

Genetics Of Flower Abortion And Pod Type In Soybean, Krishna P. Sharma

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Field studies were conducted in 1982, 1983 and 1984 in ten soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes of maturity group 00 to III, to evaluate the effects of genotype and year on flower abortion (FA), flowers/raceme (FPR), raceme length (RL), pod types (PT), seeds/raceme (SPR), seed weight (SW), and yield/raceme (YPR). Reproductive efficiency index (REI) was calculated for parental genotypes and their segregating populations. The effects of main stem node position and raceme flower position on FA and PT were also studied. Genetic studies were on F₂'s of 13 crosses plus F₃ and F₄ generations of …

The Effect Of Soil Storage Methods And Soil Microbes On Carbofuran And Terbufos Degradation, Muriel Monteleone Runholt

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this research was to determine optimal soil storage methods for soils used in carbofuran and terbufos degradation studies. The effect of soil microbes on degradation was also observed. An LD₅₀ study, using 22 day old crickets (Acheta domestica), was undertaken to establish the appropriate LC dose for carbofuran in the soil storage studies. A carbofuran use history failure soil and a noninsecticide use history soil of the same type were collected from the SDSU experimental farm in Centerville, South Dakota. After initial degradation and microbial analysis, the soils were stored air-dried and with a moisture level …

Growth And Development Of Oat (Avena Sativa L.) Cultivars In Response To Water Stress, Abdel-Fattah H. Belal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Water stress occurs frequently in the North Central Plains and causes significant reductions in plant growth, development and grain yield. These effects of water stress apparently are dependent on the ability of plants to adapt to less than optimal environments. Plant water potential is dynamic, changing not only with the soil water content and atmospheric conditions, but also with the stage of growth. When plant water potentials become limiting, various physiological processes associated with plant growth, development and final yield are affected. The reduction in productivity in semi- arid environments is directly related to the inability of crop plants to …

Predicted Response To S1 Selection For Agronomic And Disease Resistance Traits In Two Sunflower Populations, Syed Sadaqat Mehdi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Variances, heritabilities, genetic and phenotypic correlations, and predicted gains were computed for quantitative disease resistance and agronomic traits from pooled S1 family data of Gene Pool II and ND 761 Helianthus annuus L. populations. Broad-sense heritability estimates for all traits were significant in both populations. Observed genotypic correlation coefficients were larger than their corresponding estimates of phenotypic correlation coefficients. Significant positive genetic correlations between resistance to Alternaria blight and Septoria leaf spot; and non-significant genetic correlations between Sclerotinia wilt disease reaction and agronomic traits were observed in both populations. Resistance to Phoma black stem was not significantly correlated with resistance …

Atrazine And Cyanazine Interception And Retention On Crop Residue, Mark A. Wrucke

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The effect of several variables on herbicide interception and retention by crop residue was investigated. Variables considered include residue type and amount, amount of rain, time of rainfall occurrence, and herbicide formulation. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse using corn (Zea mays), soybean (glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) residue. Simulated rainfall was applied using a modified potsprayer. Herbicide concentration in washoff water was determined using the pyridine-alkali colorimeteric technique for chloro-s-triazine herbicides. As the percent ground cover increased, the amount of herbicide reaching the soil surface at application decreased. With normal residue levels attained in South Dakota, 60% or …

Modeling Of Soil Water Flow And Root Uptake, V. Rasiah

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The soil water pressure head, h, versus soil water content, 9, and the hydraulic conductivity, K, versus θ, relationships appear as functional coefficients in the non-linear partial differential water flow model. Before the flow equation can be used to simulate the flow of water through soils, the h versus θ and K versus θ relationships must be established. This requires the estimation of the parameters that describe the h versus θ and K versus θ functional relationships. In-situ water retention and hydraulic conductivity measurements were determined from the knowledge of initial and boundary conditions and water content profiles during drainage. …

The Effects Of Nitrogen And Tillage On Denitrification Rates And The Yield Of Corn, Oats, And Soybeans In Eastern South Dakota, Brian Robert Hilton

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Two field experiments were established in 1983 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) on corn, oats and soybeans grown under various tillage sytems [sic] in east central South Dakota. A corn-oats rotation was grown under moldboard plow (MP), chisel plow (CH), and no-till (NT) tillage systems in a Poinsett silty clay loam soil (Udic Haplaboroll, fine-silty, mixed). In southeast South Dakota a corn-soybean rotation and a continous [sic] corn rotation were grown under MP NT and till plant (TP) and MP CH and NT systems, respectively on an Egan silty clay loam soil (Udic Haplustoll fine silty mixed). Nitrogen …

An Ecological Study Of The Vegetation Of The Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, And Ashland Districts Of The Custer National Forest, Paul Luther Hansen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A land-classification system based on potential natural vegetation is presented for the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest. The districts are located in northwestern South Dakota, southwestern North Dakota, and southeastern Montana. The vegetation was characterized according to habitat type based on concepts and methods developed by Daubenmire. A total of 169 stands were intensively sampled over a four-year period. Twenty-six habitat types were described including eight steppe, nine shrub-steppe, four woodland, and five forested habitat types. In addition, two shrub-steppe community types were identified. A diagnostic key is provided for field identification of …

Studies On Perennial Weed Control In South Dakota, Steven Robert Gylling

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Studies were conducted to measure efficacy and economics of selected herbicide treatments for leafy spurge control in pasture, and to characterize the interaction of ammonium sulfate and glyphosate for quackgrass control. Several treatments resulted in leafy spurge control exceeding 90% in the tested pasture. Mean herbage dry-weight yield in treated plots was 2340 kg/ha, a 67% increase over untreated plots. Forage yields did not significantly differ among treatments controlling 90% or more leafy spurge. Marginal net return over marginal cost from herbicide treatments ranged from $35 to loss of $63/ha. Treatments providing satisfactory leafy spurge control with minimum economic risk …

Response Of Five Spring Wheat Cultivars To Drought, Gregory Keith Hess

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Response of plants to water stress are numerous and interrelated. Morphological traits and growth patterns have been studied and reviewed extensively. Root growth patterns, leaf area and thickness, presence of cuticle hair and waxes, leaf movement, and wilting are only a few traits studied. Metabolic functions and how water stress affects these processes through stomatal behavior, transpiration rates and carbon dioxide exchange rates have also been reviewed. Plant breeders are continually searching for traits which aid in selecting for high yielding genotypes in any one environment. Moisture is often limiting in South Dakota's environment, leading to relatively low grain yields …

Comparison Of Two Phosphorus Tests On Calcareous Soils Of Eastern South Dakota, Mohamed Ali

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Phosphorus is an important nutrient in crop production, since many soils in their native state do not contain sufficient available phosphorus to maximize crop yield. Now, more than ever, the importance of an adequate supply of plant nutrients to insure [sic] sufficient crop production is being recognized. Soil scientists and agronomists are continually striving to overcome nutrient deficiencies as well as use improved management practices in order that yields may more nearly approach the genetic limit of crop plants. Phosphorous forms sparingly soluble compounds with divalent and trivalent cations in soils. Therefore, the amount of P in the soil solution …

Effects And Interactions Of Nitrogen And Soil Moisture Status Under A High Yield Irrigated Corn Environment, Dwayne L. Beck

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A two-part study was conducted during the 1979 and 1980 growing seasons on irrigated lands adjoining the Missouri River in central South Dakota. Empirical [sic] models were developed to describe the response of irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) to soil water status and nitrogen fertilization at a location recently developed for sprinkler irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg of N/ha were used under water treatments consisting of a 2.5 cm irrigation when soil water matric potential at a depth of 40 cm decreased to -35, -50, and -75 kPa. Yield differences due to soil water …

Soil Microfungal Relationships Associated With Grassland Reestablishment, Dennis C. Clarke

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The mixed prairie association has a characteristic soil microfungal flora associated with the cover vegetation (Clarke and Christensen, 1980). Rhizosphere organisms are correlated with the cover vegetation (Christensen, 1969) and a change in the cover vegetation should be accompanied by a change in the organisms in the rhizosphere. Some disturbances that may lead to change in the cover vegetation are tillage, grazing, interseeding, mowing and fires. Christensen's (1980) review of species diversity and dominance in fungal communities indicates that in general these disturbances tend to reduce soil microfungal diversity while increasing the frequency of the remaining species. Other studies have …