Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons^™

Towards Truly “Global” Near Infrared Calibrations For Protein And Neutral Detergent Fibre In Dried Ground Forages, D. Undersander, P. Berzaghi, P. Dardenne, P. Flinn, N. P. Martin, C. Paul, B. N. B. Büchmann, F. Mazeris, M. Lagerholm, I. A. Cowe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Over the past five years, Foss and DeLaval have sponsored the activities of a group of forage analysts with the aim of developing "global" Near Infrared (NIR) calibrations for parameters that are important in ruminant nutrition. The approach adopted has been based on the amalgamation of historical databases from centres worldwide and calibrations for protein and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in dried ground forages have been developed based on databases that currently comprise approximately 30,000 records. Protein and NDF, while not the most important parameters in ruminant nutrition, were chosen for the initial calibration development exercise because of the amount …

Forage Quality As Related To Mineral Concentrations In Tropical Regions, L. R. Mcdowell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Often tropical forages contain deficient or toxic concentrations of minerals for grazing livestock (McDowell, 2003). Tropical forages generally contain less of the more essential minerals than species grown in temperate regions (McDowell & Valle, 2000). Mineral elements in forages are dependent upon the interaction of a number of factors, including soil, plant species, stage of maturity, yield, pasture management and climate. The objective of this study was to determine the adequacy of minerals for ruminants in forages collected from seven tropical countries.

Mineral Status Of Some Permanent Range Plants For Grazing Sheep In Semi-Arid Areas Of The Chaharmahal And Bakhtiari Province In Iran. 2. Trace Minerals, G. H. R. Shadnoush

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The principal factors limiting the performance of grazing animals are low protein content of grasses, low energy intake due to high fibre content and mineral deficiencies or imbalances (McDowell, 1985). At least 26 mineral elements are required by at least one animal species (Church et al., 1988). These elements are generally required in small amounts. They have a great deal of importance for body tissue growth as well as for physiological functions. Mineral deficiencies and imbalances have been reported from almost all tropical regions of the world. This study was designed to measure the copper, iron, manganese and zinc …

Mineral Status Of Some Permanent Range Plants For Grazing Sheep In Semi-Arid Areas Of The Chaharmahal And Bakhtiari Province In Iran. 1. Some Macro Minerals, G. H. R. Shadnoush

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A deficiency of one or more of the essential minerals in animals can lead not only to a decrease in productivity but also to metabolic diseases in case of severe deficiencies (McDowell, 1985). In general, mineral, especially phosphorous, deficiencies and imbalances are reported from almost all tropical regions of the world (Matijovic & Durackova, 1994). This study was designed to measure the calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chlorine contents of some plant species in the semi-arid rangeland of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province in Iran, because little information is available at present.

The Effect Of Two Magnesium Fertilisers, Kieserite And Mgo, On Herbage Mg Content, M. B. O'Connor, A. H. C. Roberts, R. Haerdter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Supplementing Mg to dairy cows is widely practised in New Zealand. Various methods are used including drenching, pasture dusting, water trough treatment and adding to hay, silage and other feedstuffs (Young et al., 1979). Fertiliser Mg (calcined magnesite, MgO) is widely used to maintain soil Mg status but research has shown that using fertiliser Mg to achieve good soil, pasture and animal Mg status requires large inputs of Mg (120 kg/ha) and maintaining blood serum Mg status in dairy cows tends to be short-lived without further animal supplementation (O'Connor et al., 1987). The objective of these experiments was …

Potassium Content And The Balance Between Potassium And Other Minerals And Crude Protein In Forage Can Have A Big Impact On Dairy Cow Health, Hary Eriksson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Preliminary studies indicated that the mineral balance in forage may affect dairy cow health. A bigger study covering the four most northern counties in northern Sweden was conducted. The objective of this study was to compare data on harvested forage with farm data on milk yield and animal health.

Distribution Of Trace Elements In Plant Parts Of Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.), S. Ignjatovic, Z. Lugic, D. Sokolovic, J. Radovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is little information on the distribution of minerals in plant parts although factors affecting mineral content in forages have been well investigated (Fleming, 1973; Whitehead et al., 1985). The aim of this investigation was to determine the trace mineral content in plant parts of different cultivars of red clover (foreign and domestic) and to assess differences between cultivars. The existence of significant differences between cultivars would indicate the possibility of selecting cultivars to satisfy particular animal requirements for minerals.

Use Of Green Sulla Forage For Feeding. 2. Effects On Lamb Carcass And Meat Quality, A. Bonanno, M. L. Alicata, G. Tornambè, F. Mazza, G. Di Miceli, D. Giambalvo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Diets with 2.5% of condensed tannins (CT) from carob pulp have been showed to reduce lamb carcass weight, yield and fatness, as a consequence of lower digestibility due to strong protein-tannin bonds. Moreover the diets lightened meat colour and negatively affected meat sensory properties (Priolo et al., 2000). There is evidence that some tannin-rich legumes have weaker stability of the protein-tannin complex post-rumen (McSweeney et al., 2001). Since the CT-containing sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) demonstrated improved lamb growth performance in comparison with CT-lacking annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. subsp. wersterwoldicum) (Giambalvo et al., 2005), …

Use Of Green Sulla Forage For Feeding. 1. Effects On Lamb Growth And Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasite Infestation, D. Giambalvo, A. Di Grigoli, M. L. Alicata, B. Formoso, A. S. Frenda, P. Trapani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Recent studies have shown that some forage legumes containing condensed tannins (CT), such as sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.), can reduce the gastrointestinal nematode burden in sheep (Niezen et al., 1998) and increase post-ruminal protein availability (Waghorn et al., 1994). This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and nutritional properties of sulla forage in relation to its CT content. Thus, the growth performance and the level of nematode infestation of lambs fed sulla were compared with those of lambs fed ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. subsp. wersterwoldicum), lacking in CT.

Leaf, Pod And Whole Plant Tannin Contents In Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp), Rodolfo Godoy, P. M. Santos, Francisco H. D. Souza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tannin content is an important characteristic of leguminous crops and it has been used as a selection criterion in pigeon-pea improvement programmes (Godoy et al., 1994). In south-eastern Brazil, pigeon pea is often consumed by bovines in the dry season (from April though October), after flowering occurs, and is recommended in some cases, specifically for that time of the year (Lourenço et al., 1994). Since tannin content is being used as a selection criterion and the animals in the dry season preferentially eat pods and leaves, an experiment was conducted to compare whole plant, leaf and pod tannin …

Genome-Wide Association Analysis For Emergence Of Deeply Sown Rice (Oryza Sativa) Reveals Novel Aus-Specific Phytohormone Candidate Genes For Adaptation To Dry-Direct Seeding In The Field, Sandeep A. Sakhale, Shailesh Yadav, Lindsay V. Clark, Alexander E. Lipka, Arvind Kumar, Erik J. Sacks

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Dry direct-seeded rice (dry-DSR) is typically sown deeply to circumvent the need for irrigation, and thus seedling emergence is a crucial trait affecting plant stand and yield. To breed elite cultivars that use less water and are climate-resilient, an understanding of the genomic regions and underlying genes that confer emergence in deeply sown dry-DSR would be highly advantageous. A combined diversity panel of 470 rice accessions (RDP1 plus aus subset of 3K RGP) was evaluated with 2.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify associations with dry-DSR traits in the field and component traits in a controlled-environment experiment. Using genome-wide …

Genomic Approaches To Enhance Adaptive Plasticity To Cope With Soil Constraints Amidst Climate Change In Wheat, Roopali Bhoite, Yong Han, Alamuru Krishna Chaitanya, Rajeev K. Varshney, Darshan L. Sharma

Grain and Other Field Crops Research Articles

Climate change is varying the availability of resources, soil physicochemical properties, and rainfall events, which collectively determines soil physical and chemical properties. Soil constraints—acidity (pH < 6), salinity (pH ≤ 8.5), sodicity, and dispersion (pH > 8.5)—are major causes of wheat yield loss in arid and semiarid cropping systems. To cope with changing environments, plants employ adaptive strategies such as phenotypic plasticity, a key multifaceted trait, to promote shifts in phenotypes. Adaptive strategies for constrained soils are complex, determined by key functional traits and genotype × environment × management interactions. The understanding of the molecular basis of stress tolerance is particularly challenging for plasticity traits. Advances in sequencing and high-throughput genomics …

International Rice Outlook: International Rice Baseline Projections 2022-2032, A. Durand-Morat, S. Bairagi, W. Mulimbi

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

Rice prices in Asia increased since the Summer of 2022 mainly due to worries about a reduction in rice production in India caused by an abnormal monsoon season (Fig. 1). The upward trend in export prices solidified after India implemented a 20% export tariff on brown and milled long-grain rice, and a complete ban on exports of broken rice, in September 2022 to curve down exports and release the pressure on domestic rice prices. India’s rice export prices increased since then and proportionally to the value of the export tax. The latest estimates put rice production at 128 million metric …

Impact Of Nitrogen Availability On The Accumulation Of Vegetative Lipids In Sorghum, Leticia Felicio Pasqualino

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a versatile and prosperous feedstock crop for renewable energy production. With the increase in bioenergy demand, the production of higher oil content per biomass in a feedstock crop is a highly desirable trait for the biofuel conversion process yield. Especially if this outcome can be achieved using fewer inputs in the field, such as nitrogen. In microalgae species, nitrogen limitation has been associated with changes in the carbon storage metabolic pathway favoring triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. In this context, this study aimed to assess whether nitrogen starvation would result in a similar outcome in …

Arkansas Soybean Performance Tests 2022, J. F. Carlin, R. B. Mulloy, R. D. Bond

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Soybean variety and strain performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Crop Variety Improvement Program. The tests provide information to companies developing varieties and/ or marketing seed within the state, and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating variety recommendations for soybean producers.

Pestfacts Wa Issue 06 - June 2023, Benjamin S. Congdon, Rebecca Severtson

PestFacts WA

PestFacts WA Issue 6 - June 2023 contents:

• Green peach aphid alert
• 2023 winter spring insecticide guide is now available

Do Cover Crop Mixtures Improve Soil Physical Health More Than Monocultures?, Humberto Blanco-Canqui

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Rationale and Purpose — Adding multispecies cover crop (CC) mixtures could diversify the current simplified crop rotations and enhance soil health more than monoculture CCs. Further, CC mixtures with diverse plant species could adapt better to changing climatic and environmental conditions than monoculture CCs. However, our current understanding of the soil benefits of CC mixtures is still limited. This review discussed whether CC mixtures are better than monoculture CCs to improve soil physical health.

Methods — All studies published up to May 25, 2023, comparing soil physical properties between CC mixtures and their constituents grown as monocultures were searched in …

Effect Of Condensed Tannins In Sainfoin On In Vitro Protein Solubility Of Lucerne, J. Aufrère, M. Dudilieu, C. Poncet, R. Baumont

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Proteins of fresh legume forages such as lucerne are highly degraded in the rumen, resulting in their inefficient use by the animal. The condensed tannins (CT) present in some forages can improve the nutritional value of these forages and of associated feeds in the diet. Previous in vitro work (Waghorn & Shelton, 1997) showed that CT from Lotus corniculatus are able to bind with and precipitate protein from a ryegrass/clover pasture, but when these forages were fed to sheep, the CT effects on digestion and animal performance were weak. This revealed a need for a better understanding of the mechanism …

Herbage Production, Nitrogen Fixation And Condensed Tannin Concentrations In Lotus Glaber Mill. Germplasm, H. Acuña, M. Figueroa, P. Hellman, A. Concha

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lotus glaber (Lg) grows on clay, sandy and medium textured soils in central Chile (32º to 38º S). The diversity of environments where the species grows naturally supports the hypothesis that genetic variability would be found. The objectives of the experiment were to characterise accessions of Lg collected in the region for dry matter (DM) production, comparative capacity to fix atmospheric N and condensed tannins (CT) in Lg grown on clay soils used for cropping rice.

Condensed Tannins In Different Varieties Of Lotus Corniculatus, Christina L. Marley, Rhun Fychan, R. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research has shown that Lotus corniculatus may provide benefits as a grazing forage for ruminants, because of improved efficiency of protein utilisation in part due to the presence of condensed tannins (CT) in the forage. Lotus species have been found to contain different CT (Aerts et al., 1999). The aim of this experiment was to determine if differences exist in CT concentration among L. corniculatus varieties.

Ariation In Tannin Content And Morphological Traits In Lotus Corniculatus L. (Bird’S-Foot Trefoil), A. H. Marshall, F. Ribaimont, R. P. Collins, D. Bryant, M. T. Abberton

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lotus corniculatus L. (bird's-foot trefoil) is a potentially valuable species for UK grassland agriculture. The herbage contains proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins (CT's), which help to reduce bloat, have anthelmintic properties, can protect protein in the rumen, and thus potentially reduce N losses to the environment. It is currently a relatively minor species within UK grassland, as available varieties lack persistence in mixed swards (Hopkins et al., 1996). The seed used is of foreign bred varieties with no varieties bred specifically for the UK environment. To explore the feasibility of breeding L. corniculatus for the UK, variation in morphological traits, …

Light Intensity Is Positively Correlated With The Synthesis Of Condensed Tannins In Lotus Corniculatus, Sergio Arcioni, T. Bovone, F. Damiani, F. Paolocci

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The importance of Condensed Tannins (CT) in forage legumes has been well documented in several studies. The role of plant genetics in this field is the acquisition of competences in order to be able to modulate CT synthesis in leaves of these species. The role of light has been investigated in this work on the increase of condensed tannin levels in leaves of two contrasting genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus).

Condensed Tannin Concentration And Herbage Accumulation Of A White Clover Bred For Increased Floral Condensed Tannin, V. T. Burggraaf, S. L. Woodward, D. R. Woodfield, E. R. Thom, G. C. Waghorn, P. D. Kemp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

White clover is a high quality feed for ruminants, however, its high protein content results in excessive urea excretion in urine and can cause bloat, reducing its potential value for animal production. The condensed tannins (CT) in some forages can reduce these problems, but plants may have poor agronomic performance. White clover produces CT in its flower heads, but herbage CT concentrations are normally too low to benefit animals. This paper reports CT concentrations and herbage accumulation over 2 years of an experimental line of white clover (HT) selected for increased flowering and floral CT concentrations.

Effects Of Simulated High-Sugar Forages On Grazing Behaviour Of Sheep, Gerald P. Cosgrove, A. J. Parsons

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Sustaining an optimum composition in mixed-species pasture and in the diet of grazing animals is constrained by many factors. Altering the concentration of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of one species to improve its nutritional value for animals may not deliver the benefits in the assumed manner if it also affects preference and the balance of species in the pasture. Furthermore, associated changes in other constituents (e.g. fibre, protein) make it difficult to attribute animal responses solely to the manipulated trait (e.g. Lee et al. 2000). The objective of this study was to simulate changes in the concentration of water soluble …

High Floral Tannin White Clover Reduces Rumen Ammonia Concentrations In Dairy Cows, V. T. Burggraaf, G. C. Waghorn, S. L. Woodward, D. R. Woodfield, E. R. Thom, P. D. Kemp

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

White clover produces high quality forage for ruminant production, but it results in high rumen ammonia concentrations, indicating extensive protein degradation. The excess ammonia is absorbed through the rumen and excreted as urea in urine, at a cost to the animal and the environment. Condensed tannins (CT) contained in some forages reduce proteolysis in the rumen, which can lead to increased amino acid absorption and therefore improved animal performance. White clover produces CT in its flower heads, but concentrations are normally too low to benefit animals. This paper reports on comparisons of rumen ammonia concentrations in dairy cows grazing HT …

Substrate-Dependent Activation Of Polyphenol Oxidase In Red Clover, Ana L. Winters, F. R. Minchin, P. Morris

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Polyphenol oxidases (PPO) are copper metaloproteins that catalyse the oxidation of o-diphenols to quinones, highly reactive molecules which readily bind to nucleophilic sites on cellular components and proteins. Red clover protein, due to this enzyme is resistant to protease degradation during. Theses enzymes (circa. 60-65 kDa) are located in the thylakoid lumen and can be converted to a 40-45 kDa form by proteolysis both in vitro and in vivo (Gelder et al., 1997). Conversion to the smaller form has been demonstrated to confer activity at neutral pH. Other treatments, such as the presence of lipids or detergents …

Variation In Protein Quality Of Forage Legumes During Spring Growth, M. Gierus, J. Kleen, F. Taube

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The utilisation of forage legumes in combination with reduced N inputs as fertilisers is an alternative for the production of high quality forage. Although white clover (WC) is widely used in grassland and has a high content of crude protein (CP), a combination of this high CP content with a high proportion of rapidly-available proteins and fast degradation rate in the rumen may reduce the efficiency of N use by ruminants in comparison with other forage legumes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the variation in content of CP fractions A, B and C in different forage …

Effects Of Particle Size In Forage Samples For Protein Breakdown Studies, G. Pichard, C. Tapia

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Coupling ruminal processes of hydrolysis and synthesis continues to be a research issue where more progress is needed. This requires the development of good protein assessment methods, particularly when representing the breakdown processes that occur in fresh pastures eaten by herbivores. Laboratory analyses need to deal with small and homogeneous samples, but the mechanical reduction of particle size may not reflect the actual digestion kinetics occurring when the original fresh forage is consumed. Such physical traits may alter the release of non-structural compounds and the penetration of microbial enzymes (Boudon et al., 2002). The objective of this work was …

Ruminal Disappearance And Passage Rates In Fresh Nezasa Dwarf Bamboo Growing In Japanese Native Pasture, Masato Yayota, J. Karashima, T. Kokestu, M. Nakano, Shigeru Ohtani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Nezasa dwarf bamboo (Pleioblastus chino makino) is one of major native forages for grazing in Japan. However its nutritional utilisation in the rumen has been little studied. The object of this research was to measure ruminal disappearance and passage rates in fresh Nezasa dwarf bamboo compared with improved grass.

Ruminal Dry Matter, Neutral Detergent Fibre And Acid Detergent Fiber Degradation Kinetics Of Dominant Pasture Forages In Kurdestan Province Of Iran, A. A. Sadeghi, P. Shawrang, A. Nikkhah

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is a major chemical component of forages and its degradability (dNDF) is an essential parameter in predicting their energetic value. Moreover, dNDF has been used in models to estimate the physical fill of fibrous feeds in the rumen and, therefore, the intake capacity of animals. As the available information on the nutritive value of pastoral forages is limited a study was undertaken to measure chemical composition and cell wall degradation kinetics of eight pasture forages in the rumen.