Agricultural Science Commons^™

From Pine Forest To A Silvopasture System, Terry Clason, James L. Robinson

Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)

Agroforestry systems hold the potential for land users to realize diverse income-generating possibilities from the same acreage, as well as meet environmental goals. Silvopasture systems are agroforestry systems that incorporate the production of forage and/or livestock with the growing of trees for a timber product. The silvopasture system can be developed from a pasture system with the trees incorporated into the open fields or it can be developed from a forest plantation with the forage incorporated into the plantation following a thinning to reduce tree canopy.

Waterbreaks: Managed Trees For The Floodplain, Douglas C. Wallace, Wayne A. Geyer, John P. Dwyer

Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)

Historically, many of the natural woody ecosystems that were once present in floodplains across the country have been highly altered or removed. Land clearing has resulted in the loss of woody vegetation, even in areas adjacent to streams and rivers. With these alterations, came extensive flood management commitments to compensate for the loss of naturally functioning floodplains and for the protection of towns, roads, and agricultural fields. However, even with the best available flood management techniques, when rivers decide to flood - they will, often with devastating consequences. Strictly from a social and an economic standpoint, allowing the floodplain to …

De Un Bosque De Pino Hacia Un Sistema Silvopastoril, Terry Clason, James L. Robinson

Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)

Los sistemas agroforestales ofrecen el potencial a los usuarios de tierras de analizar las posibilidades de generar ingresos por venta de diferentes bienes o artículos, producidos en un mismo predio de terreno, a la misma vez que se obtienen beneficios ambientales. Los sistemas silvopastoriles, son sistemas agroforestales. Éstos sitemas se componen de árboles, forrajes y ganado. Un sistema silvopastoril puede desarrollarse a partir de un predio en pastos o de un bosque al que se le incorporan forrajes. El bosque deberá ser manejado de manera que permita la entrada de luz solar para el crecimiento del forraje.

Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Causes More-Severe Systemic Disease In Suckling Piglets Than In Colostrum-Deprived Neonatal Piglets, Evelyn A. Dean-Nystrom, Joachim F. L. Pohlenz, Harley W. Moon, Alison D. O’Brien

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Our objective was to determine if suckling neonatal piglets are susceptible to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 disease. Surprisingly, EHEC O157:H7 caused more-rapid and more-severe neurological disease in suckling neonates than in those fed an artificial diet. Shiga toxin-negative O157:H7 did not cause neurological disease but colonized and caused attaching-and-effacing intestinal lesions.

Effects Of Acid Adaptation Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 On Efficacy Of Acetic Acid Spray Washes To Decontaminate Beef Carcass Tissue, Elaine Berry, Catherine N. Cutter

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Exposure to low pH and organic acids in the bovine gastrointestinal tract may result in the induced acid resistance of E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogens that may subsequently contaminate beef carcasses. The effect of acid adaptation of E. coliO157:H7 on the ability of acetic acid spray washing to reduce populations of this organism on beef carcass tissue was examined. Stationary-phase acid resistance and the ability to induce acid tolerance were determined for a collection of E. coliO157:H7 strains by testing the survival of acid-adapted and unadapted cells in HCl-acidified tryptic soy broth (pH 2.5). ThreeE. coli …

Bulletin 4406a - Fungal Diseases Of Canola In Western Australia, Martin Barbetti, Ravjit Khangura

Bulletins 4000 -

GRDC - Grains Research & Development Corporation.

There has been dramatic growth in the canola industry in Western Australia, from 35,000 hectares in 1993 to 920,000 hectares in 1999. Along with this expansion in the area sown the incidence and severity of various fungal diseases have also increased, especially blackleg. This Bulletin describes the most important and most prevalent fungal diseases of canola in Western Australia.

Bulletin 4394 - Exotic Diseases - Sheep And Goats, Agriculture Western Australia

Bulletins 4000 -

An exotic disease is a disease which does not occur in Australia.

If an exotic disease did occur in Australia it would cause production losses, stock deaths and stop exports of primary production. When export markets are lost they can only be re-established once it is proven the disease is eradicated. Some exotic diseases may be transmitted to humans

Intsormil 2000 Annual Report, John M. Yohe, Thomas Crawford, Jr., Joan Frederick, Dorothy Stoner

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

Presently, worldwide, more than 800 million people are hungry and over I billion are desperately poor, and food demand is increasing rapidly. The majority of poor live in rural areas in developing countries and agricultural and food systems development is vital to economic growth; improving environmental quality; strengthening nutrition, health and child survival; improving the status of women; and promoting democratization. It is estimated that by 2000, the number of people living in developing countries will grow from 4.9 billion to 6.8 billion people. More than 1.3 billion people today live on less than one dollar per day. It is …

The Wheat Book : Principles And Practice, W K. Anderson, J R. Garlinge

Bulletins 4000 -

Contents : Environment / revised by J. Cramb, J. Courtney and P. Tille - The structure and development of the cereal plant / revised by T.L. Setter and G. Carlton - Germination, vegetative and reproductive growth / revised by T.L. Setter and G. Carlton - Crop water use / D. Tennant - Nutrition / revised by M.D.A. Bolland, R.F. Brennan, J.W. Bowden, M.G. Mason, N.K. Edwards, M.M. Riley and S.W. Gartrell - Wheat in farming systems / revised by B. Bowden, P. Blackwell, P. Carmody, M. Ewing, R. Kingwell, R. L ghman, I. McFarlane, P. Michael, P. Nelson, I. Pritchard, …

Bulletin 4426 - Carrots From Western Australia - At A Glance, Allan Mckay, Geraldine Pasqual

Bulletins 4000 -

Western Australia produces a wide range of horticultural commodities including fruit, vegetables, flowers, nursery products and wine as part of its fast growing $400 million horticultural industry. Natural advantages such as the mild climate and clean environment, suitable soils and water make Western Australia an ideal place to produce a variety of high quality produce for domestic and international markets.

Western Australia has a strong carrot industry with production from well established farms supplying domestic and export markets. Industry members aim for a high level of customer satisfaction by offering popular varieties, premium quality and the ability to consistently supply …

Mango Growing In Western Australia, P R. Johnson, D C. Parr

Bulletins 4000 -

This bulletin covers mango growing in Western Australia in Kununurra, Carnarvon, Kimberly, Gingin, Perth regions. Details include climate requirements, soils, propagation, planting, spacing, weed control, nutrition, pests, diseases and disorders, pruning, harvesting and packing, ripening and storage, and processing.

Basic Biotechnology, Jennifer Flak, Julie Albrecht

Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary

An introduction to traditional cross-breeding and genetic engineering of plants, and to biotechnology.

Objectives - Basic Biotechnology

After completing Nutrition Basic Biotechnology, participants should be able to:

• Describe one similarity between traditional cross-breeding and genetic engineering of plants.
• Give two limitations that are encountered with traditional cross-breeding of plants.
• Explain why genetic engineering is not limited in the same way as traditional cross-breeding.
• Define biotechnology in broad terms.
• List three plant applications of biotechnology.
• List the three areas of nutritional profiles that have been improved with biotechnology.

Modules:

• Lesson home
• Objectives - Basic Biotechnology
• Historical Uses of Biotechnology
• Basic Understanding …

Evaporation Reduction Potential In An Undisturbed Soil Irrigated With Surface Drip And Sand Tube Irrigation, Masoud Meshkat, Richard C. Warner, Stephen R. Workman

Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Faculty Publications

The efficiency of drip irrigation is highly dependent on evaporation losses occurring from the constantly saturated soil beneath emitters. Advent of subsurface drip irrigation is in part an approach to curb this inefficiency. An irrigation method, Sand Tube Irrigation (STI), is proposed to increase the efficiency of “Normal” surface applied drip Irrigation (NI method) on permanent tree crops without the need for burying the irrigation tubing. The sand tube consists of removing a soil core beneath the emitter and filling the void with coarse sand. A weighing lysimeter was constructed in the laboratory and instrumented to directly measure temporal evaporation …

Effect Of Vacuum On The Performance Of The Flame Ionization Detector Used For Vacuum-Outlet Gas Chromatography, Ulrich R. Bernier, Christopher L. Bray, Richard A. Yost

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Vacuum-outlet operation of short fused-silica open tubular columns for gas chromatography provides benefits to analysis speed by increasing the optimum velocity while minimizing the loss in resolution. Vacuum-outlet operation of a column with a gas chromatographic detector necessitates that the detector also be under vacuum. Simple modifications were made to a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for vacuum-inlet and vacuum-outlet operation. The vacuum-inlet system was operated in the splitless mode to allow for efficient sample loading prior to operation at reduced pressures. The goal of FID operation at 100 torr or less was achieved by using oxygen in place of …

Behavioral Response Of Stomoxys Calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) To Conspecific Feces And Feces Extracts, David Carlson, Raul Alzogaray, Jerome Hogsette

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The attraction response of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) to its own feces was evaluated in a triple cage olfactometer. Both time- and concentration-response relationships were obtained for female S. calcitrans exposed to cellulose sponges impregnated with fresh fly feces or filter papers treated with chloroform: methanol extracts of fresh fly feces in 6-min tests. Attraction to feces collected on cellulose sponges decreased as the air flow increased. Feces collected on cellulose sponges and held for 28-31 d retained attractive activity. More female flies were attracted than males to feces on sponges or to polar solvent extracts of feces-contaminated cages. The activity …

Physiology And Reproduction: Plasma 17Β-Estradiol Levels And Ovarian Interstitial Cell Structure In Embryonic Japanese Quail, M. A. Abdelnabi, M. R. Bakst, J. E. Woods, M. A. Ottinger

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Plasma concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E₂) and left ovarian histology were investigated by light and electron microscopy in female Japanese quail from Day 10 of embryonic development through Day 7, posthatch. Plasma E₂ levels remained relatively constant (102 to 140 pg/mL) in the embryo followed by a sharp decrease posthatch (47 to 70 pg/mL).

Beginning on Day 10 of incubation, cells in the medullary portion (medullary cell; MC) of the left ovaries exhibited ultrastructural evidence of steroidogenic capability. The MC had numerous lipid droplets in close proximity to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Mitochondria were also …

Yields And Nitrogen Dynamics In A Rice–Wheat System Using Green Manure And Inorganic Fertilizer, Milkha S. Aulakh, Tejinder S. Khera, John W. Doran, Kuldip Singh, Bijay Singh

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Integrating fertilizer N (FN) with legume green manures (GM) can foster sustainable and environmentally sound agricultural systems in subtropical, semiarid soils low in organic matter. A 4-yr replicated field experiment with irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations was conducted on a sandy loam soil in the Punjab of India to evaluate the effects of incorporating cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or sesbania (Sesbania aculeata L.) GM on crop productivity, N-use efficiency, and NO₃ leaching. Rice grain yields with pretransplant incorporation of 20 and 40 Mg GM ha^-1 (GM₂₀ and …

Scavenging Of H2O2 And Production Of Oxygen By Horseradish Peroxidas, C. Jacyn Baker, Kenneth Deahl, John Domek, Elizabeth W. Orlandi

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Peroxidases catalyze many reactions, the most common being the utilization of H₂O₂ to oxidize numerous substrates (peroxidative mode). Peroxidases have also been proposed to produce H₂O₂ via utilization of NAD(P)H, thus providing oxidant either for the first step of lignification or for the "oxidative burst" associated with plant-pathogen interactions. The current study with horseradish peroxidase characterizes a third type of peroxidase activity that mimics the action of catalase; molecular oxygen is produced at the expense of H₂O₂ in the absence of other reactants. The oxygen production and H₂O_{2 …}

Design And Application Of A Polyclonal Peptide Antiserum For The Universal Detection Of Leptin Protein, Mark P. Richards, Thomas J. Caperna, Theodore H. Elasser, Christopher M. Ashwell, John P. Mcmurtry

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

An epitope-specific polyclonal antiserum was produced in rabbits immunized against a synthetic 15 amino acid peptide (QRVTGLDFIPGLHPV) derived from the coding sequence reported for the porcine leptin gene (GenBank Accession No. U59894). This peptide contains a core sequence comprised of eight amino acids (GLDFIPGL) that is totally conserved in all leptin proteins studied to date. Purified recombinant human, mouse, rat, pig, and chicken leptin proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and electro-blotted onto PVDF membranes. Western blots were developed employing the leptin-specific peptide antiserum with an alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG second antibody chromogenic system. The peptide antiserum was found …

Dalyup Catchment 2000, Esperance Catchment Support Team

Natural resources published reports

This 'State of the Dalyup Catchment' document is a snapshot of the condition of the Catchment in the year 2000. It records the current level of knowledge of the natural resources in the Catchment and discusses some of the management issues and options. This document is a benchmark and through ongoing monitoring, trends in the condition of the Catchment can be identified.

Its primary purpose is as a tool for resource planning such as a surface water management plan, river action plan or revegetation plan. It can also be used in the preparation of funding applications.

Precision Farming Protocols. Part 2. Comparison Of Sampling Approaches For Precision Phosphorus Management, David E. Clay, Jiyul Chang, C. Gregg Carlson, Doug Malo, Sharon A. Clay, Mike Ellsbury

Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications

Research is needed to compare the different techniques for developing site‐specific phosphorus (P) recommendations on a field‐wide basis. The objective of this study was to determine the impact different techniques for developing site‐specific P recommendation maps on yield and profitability. Enterprise analysis combined with a crop simulation model and detailed field characterization was used to estimate the value of spatial P information in a system where N was not limiting. The systems evaluated were continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn and soybean (Gfycine max) rotations where sampling and fertilizer applications were applied annually and semi‐annually, respectively. The sampling techniques tested …

Feeding Fitness And Quality Of Domesticated And Feral Predators: Effects Of Long-Term Rearing On Artificial Diet, Allen Carson Cohen

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Predatory geocorids, Geocoris punctipes Say (Geocoridae: Hemiptera), that had been reared (domesticated) for over 6 years (60 continuous generations) on an artificial diet were compared with feral (F1) counterparts to determine possible domestication-associated losses in predatory capabilities. Using adult female predators provided with either tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis uirescens F., or pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, as prey, I measured predator weights, handling time with a single prey, amount extracted, consumption rate, and feeding (gut) capacity. Domesticated females were significantly smaller than ferals, weighing 4.53 mg versus 5.09 mg, respectively. Domestication did not significantly influence handling times, which averaged 131 …

Kernel Morphology Variation In A Population Derived From A Soft By Hard Wheat Cross And Associations With End-Use Quality Traits, Christine J. Bergman, Daisy G. Gualberto, Kimberly A. Garland-Campbell, Mark E. Sorrells, Patrick L. Finney

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Physical attributes, including kernel morphology, are used to grade wheat, and indicate wheat milling and baking quality (MBQ). Using a recombinant inbred population derived from a soft by hard wheat cross, this study quantified kernel traits' sources of variation, studied their heritability, and relationships between morphological and MBQ traits. Transgressive segregation occurred for all traits. Thousand-kernel weight (TKW) and kernel texture (NIR-T) were primarily influenced by genotype and test weight (TW) mainly by year. NIR-T had the highest heritability. Low genetic correlation (GCOR) between kernel length (LEN) and width WID) suggest independent inheritance. NIR-T and LEN, or WID, showed low …

Elongated Chambers For Field Studies Across Atmospheric Co2 Gradients, H. B. Johnson, H. W. Polley, R. P. Whitis

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

We describe a field facility that controls CO₂ along continuous gradients from superambient to subambient concentrations. The facility consists of two transparent, tunnel-shaped chambers, each 1-m wide and tall and 60-m long. Pure CO₂ is injected into one chamber during daylight to initiate a superambient CO₂ gradient (550–350 µmol mol^–1). Ambient air is introduced to the second chamber to initiate a subambient CO₂ gradient (350–200 µmol mol^–1). CO₂ concentrations at night are regulated at 150 µmol mol^–1 above daytime values along each gradient. The CO₂ gradients are maintained by …

Bulletin 4430 - Growing Bulb Onions In Western Australia, John Burt

Bulletins 4000 -

The bulb onion (Allium cepa var. cepa), together with chives, garlic, leeks, shallots and spring onions are members of the Amaryllidaceae family. The origins of the plant are from the Middle East, where it grew in an arid climate and on shallow, stony soils. Onions were grown as a food crop 5000 years ago in Egypt.

The edible part is a bulb that consists of swollen leaf bases. It contains 90 to 95 per cent water and provides soluble carbohydrates and vitamin C. The onion is the most common flavouring and aromatic vegetable in the world. The flavour is characterised …

Bulletin 4446 - Ord Land And Water Management Plan 2000, Agriculture Western Australia, Community Of Kununurra

Bulletins 4000 -

The wise use of the land and water of the Ord has become an imperative driven by increasing awareness of the impacts of current uses on ground water and the on the quality of the Ord River itself.

We have been lucky as a community that these resources are still in reasonable order and that we have the time to address the resource management challenges associated with our use of them. There is a wide range of land and water management issues to be addressed and all those involved have responsibilities to address some of those issues.

Bulletin No 4315 - Western Australia's Agricultural, Food & Fisheries Industries 1999 - 2000, Besko Trhuij, Francis D'Emden

Bulletins 4000 -

Fifth Edition (revised and updated) December 2000.

Western Australia’s agriculture and fisheries industries have an international reputation for providing premium quality food and fibre produce to customers around the world.

The State of Western Australia is setting the international quality standard in the production of a vast array of food, fibre and fisheries products.

Agriculture Western Australia has developed the Safe Quality Food System (SQF2000), which not only meets stringent world food standards, but is being adopted in many countries as a unique trademark of quality.

Free of many pests, diseases and pollution found elsewhere, the State offers produce sourced …

Western Australian Agriculture - Key Achievements 1999 - 2000, Agriculture Western Australia

Farm Systems and Economics published reports

Agricultural continue to underpinning employment opportunities and the financial viability of the agricultural sector. While the traditional industries such as cereals, wool exports grow and meat remain the most valuable, the growth in oilseeds, pulses, viticulture and horticulture is significant. The resurgence in the live animal trade has been an important milestone for Western Australia and it is essential that we continue to build on this.

To maintain competitiveness, WA farmers need to be at the cutting edge of new technology, responsive to changing customer needs and actively developing new trade opportunities.

Progress Rural Western Australia and Better Business programs …

Rising Above The Herd - An Analysis Of The Western Australian Beef & Cattle Industry (Executive Summary Document), Andrew Quinn, Ashley Manners

Animal production and livestock published reports

This report has been produced at the request of the Agriculture Western Australia, Meat Program Partnership Group. The intention of the report is to set out a number of priority areas for concentrated Agency and industry attention to assist with the development of the Western Australian beef and cattle industry.

• Global per capita consumption of beef is currently flat to slowly reducing, with total consumption volumes rising in line with population and wealth increases.

• Global trade in live cattle is experiencing a slow, steady increase in volumes influenced by trade factors encouraging in-country processing and finishing of cattle, and a …

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Crop Quality And Utilization: A Twelve-Hour In Vitro Procedure For Sorghum Grain Feed Quality Assessment, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, Todd Milton, R. A. Mass

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Improvedmethods for assessing cereal crop feed value are a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] feed value. Rate of starch digestion is now commonly believed to be the limiting factor in sorghum utilization by cattle (Bos taurus). However, techniques to assess this trait are not useful to sorghum breeders because of high labor inputs, lab error associated with starch measurement, and need for high numbers of replications. The objective of this study was to develop a simple technique capable of identifying differences in digestion between sorghum and corn (Zea mays L.) …