Agricultural Science Commons^™

Case Study: Effects Of Delaying Implant And Programmed Rate Of Gain On Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Yearling Beef Steers, G. Scaglia, L. W. Greene, F. T. Mccollum, N. A. Cole, T. H. Montgomery

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Ninety-six steers (average BW = 335 ± 36 kg) were allotted in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were 1) implant on d 1 or no implant and 2) ad libitum access to feed on d 1 or programmed-fed for a target BW gain of 1.4 kg/d during the first 62 d of the feeding period. On d 63, all steers were implanted with Revalor-S^® (Hoechst Roussel Vet, Overland Park, KS) and provided ad libitum access to feed until harvest. From d 63 to 116, ADG and gain efficiency (g gain/kg …

Performance And Carcass Characteristics Of Feedlot Steers: Effects Of Delayed Implanting And Programmed Feeding During The Growing Period, G. Scaglia, L. W. Greene, F. T. Mccollum Iii, N. A. Cole, T. H. Montgomery

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of programming the rate of gain and delaying the first implant in feedlot steers on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Ninety-six growing steers (269 ± 16.2 kg) were assigned to 12 pens in a completely randomized design. Treatments were implant (Synovex-S^®; 20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Overland Park, KS) on d 1 or no implant and programmed feeding to gain at a slow (0.68 kg/d) or fast (1.14 kg/d) rate during the growing period; these treatments were randomly assigned (n = 8) to …

Somatic Mutation-Mediated Evolution Of Herbicide Resistance In The Nonindigenous Invasive Plant Hydrilla (Hydrilla Verticillata) And Franck E. Dayan, Albrecht Michel, R. S. Arias, Brian E. Scheffler, Stephen O. Duke, Michael Netherland, Franck E. Dayan

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle) was introduced to the surface water of Florida in the 1950s and is today one of the most serious aquatic weed problems in the USA. As a result of concerns associated with the applications of pesticides to aquatic systems, fluridone is the only USEPA-approved chemical that provides systemic control of hydrilla. After a decrease in fluridone’s efficacy at controlling hydrilla, 200 Florida water bodies were sampled to determine the extent of the problem and the biological basis for the reduced efficacy. Our studies revealed that hydrilla phenotypes with two- to six-fold higher fluridone resistance …

Registration Of Three Partial Waxy Winter Wheats, Robert A. Graybosch, P. Stephen Baenziger

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

96MD7413-58 (Reg. no. GP-773, PI 617069), 96MD7413-36 (Reg. no. GP-774, PI 617070), and 96MD7110-71 (Reg. no. GP-775, PI 617071) partial waxy (reduced amylose) hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm lines were released by the ARS, USDA, and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station in November 2002.

These partial waxy wheats carry non-functional (null) alleles (Wx-A1b and Wx-B1b) at two of the three hexaploid wheat Wx loci. These loci encode isoforms of the enzyme granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC 2.4.1.21), also known as the “waxy” protein. Wheats with nonfunctional alleles at two loci are known as “double-nulls.” Double-null …

Putting Genes Into Genetic Coefficients, P. Stephen Baenziger, Gregory S. Mcmaster, Wallace Wilhelm, Albert Weiss

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Plant parameters are critical inputs in crop simulation models and allow a general set of algorithms to represent features of specific cultivars. A subset of plant parameters is often referred to as "genetic coefficients". However, these genetic coefficients are developed from phenotypic observations, usually have a weak genetic basis, and are at best "genotypic" coefficients because they consider the genotype from a very integrative perspective and likely include some impact of environment on the trait or characteristic described. With increased understanding of crop genomes, we believe models can be improved by incorporating genetic coefficients that accurately describe the action of …

Structural Attributes Of Schizachyrium Scoparium In Restored Texas Blackland Prairies, Justin D. Derner, H. Wayne Polley, Hyrum B. Johnson, Charles R. Tischler

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Structural attributes of the C₄, perennial bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium in restored prairies may be affected by the time since restoration. One hundred plants each in 8-, 17-, and 23-year-old restored prairies and a native Texas Blackland prairie were assessed for the presence/absence and diameter of a hollow crown (i.e., dead center portion), degree of fragmentation, plant height, and tiller density.

Potential For Transport Of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) To The Cotton Gin Within Cotton Modules, Thomas W. Sappington, Alan D. Brashears, Megha N. Parajulee, Stanley C. Carroll, Mark D. Arnold, John W. Norman Jr., Allen E. Knutson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

There is concern that cotton gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones serving customers in adjacent infested zones may serve as a site for boll weevil reintroductions if weevils are transported alive inside cotton modules. We surveyed fields in three distinct areas of Texas and found that weevils can be present in large numbers in cotton fields that have been defoliated and desiccated in preparation for harvest, both as free adults and as immatures inside unopened bolls. Harvested cotton taken from module builders indicated that ∞100-3,700 adult boll weevils were packed inside modules constructed at the …

Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In The Gallbladders Of Experimentally Infected Calves, William C. Stoffregen, Joachim F. L. Pohlenz, Evelyn A. Dean-Nystrom

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Fifteen weaned calves (age 89–141 days) were treated with dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg, IV) for 3 days before, the day of, and the day after inoculation with 10 colony-forming units of either Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strain 86-24, which produces Shiga toxin 2 and intimin; n=13) or nonpathogenic E. coli (strain 123, which does not produce Shiga toxin or intimin; n=2). All calves were necropsied 4 days after inoculation. Histologic lesions of attaching and effacing bacteria were observed in the large intestine (12/13) and in the gallbladder mucosa (5/13) of calves inoculated with E. coli 86-24. Cholecystitis was present in 12 of …

Cytokinin-Induced Metabolic Redirection, Uyen Bao, Gautam Sarath

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Cytokinins are key triggers for the growth and differentiation of plant cells. We have generated a transgenic line of Arabidopsis that carries a rice hemoglobin promoter fused to GUS. Earlier research has indicated that this promoter is very responsive to cytokinins. We are utilizing this line to understand the global and local responses of gene-expression to exogenously applied cytokinins. In addition, we have cloned and have started to characterize two gene products of as yet unknown functions that are dramatically up-regulated or down-regulated in response to cytokinins. Data from microarray analyses will be discussed in relation to potential metabolic redirection …

Determination Of Dimethylselenide And Dimethyldiselenide By Gas Chromatography–Photoionization Detection, William J. Hunter, L. David Kuykendall

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A simple method for the determination of volatile selenium compounds employing a gas chromatograph equipped with a photoionization detector is described. The method involves the direct injection of dimethylselenide (DMS) or dimethyldiselenide (DMDS) into the gas chromatograph; no derivatization of the sample was required. The photoionization detector was capable of detecting 60 pg (0.55 pmol) of DMS and 150 pg (0.80 pmol) DMDS. Sensitivity was 10–50 times greater with DMS and 4–20 times greater with DMDS when the photoionization detector was employed than when the flame ionization detector was employed.

Detection And Characterization Of Amitraz Resistance In The Southern Cattle Tick, Boophilus Microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), Andrew Y. Li, Ronald B. Davey, Robert J. Miller, John E. George

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Amitraz, a formamidine acaricide, plays an important role in the control of the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), and other tick species that infest cattle, dogs, and wild animals. Although resistance to amitraz in B. microplus was previously reported in several countries, the actual measurement of the level of amitraz resistance in ticks has been difficult to determine due to the lack of a proper bioassay technique. We conducted a survey, by using a newly reported technique that was a modification of the standard Food and Agriculture Organization larval packet test, to measure the levels of resistance to amitraz …

Predicting Phenological Development In Winter Wheat, Qingwu Xue, Albert Weiss, P. Stephen Baenziger

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Accurate prediction of phenological development is important in the winter wheat Triticum aestivum agroecosystem. From a practical perspective, applications of pesticides and fertilizers are carried out at specific phenological stages. In crop-simulation modeling, the prediction of yield components (kernel number and kernel weight) and wheat-grain yield relies on accurate prediction of phenology. In this study, a nonlinear multiplicative model by Wang & Engel (WE) for predicting phenological development in differing winter wheat cultivars was evaluated using data from a 3 yr field experiment. In the vegetative phase (emergence to anthesis) the daily development rate (r) was simulated based on the …

Phenological Responses Of Wheat And Barley To Water And Temperature: Improving Simulation Models, G. S. Mcmaster, Wally Wilhelm

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Understanding and predicting small-grain cereal development is becoming increasingly important in enhancing management practices. Recent efforts to improve phenology submodels in crop simulations have focused on incorporating developmental responses to water stress and interpreting and understanding thermal time. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate data from three experiments to (a) determine the qualitative and quantitative response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to water stress and (b) ascertain where in space to measure temperature, to provide information required to improve phenological submodels. The first experiment tested the phenological responses of 12 …

Comparative Pathogenicity Of Escherichia Coli O157 And Intimin-Negative Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing E. Coli Strains In Neonatal Pigs, Evelyn A. Dean-Nystrom, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Joachim F. L. Pohlenz, Harley W. Moon, Alison D. O’Brien

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

We compared the pathogenicity of intimin-negative non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91:H21 and O104:H21 strains with the pathogenicity of intimin-positive O157:H7 and O157:H^- strains in neonatal pigs. We also examined the role of Stx2d-activatable genes and the large hemolysinencoding plasmid of O91:H21 strain B2F1 in the pathogenesis of STEC disease in pigs. We found that all E. coli strains that made wild-type levels of Stx caused systemic illness and histological lesions in the brain and intestinal crypts, whereas none of the control Stx-negative E. coli strains evoked comparable central nervous system signs or intestinal lesions. By contrast, …

Spring Wheat Leaf Appearance And Temperature: Extending The Paradigm?, Gregory S. Mcmaster, Wally Wilhelm, D. B. Palic, John R. Porter, P. D. Jamieson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Extensive research shows temperature to be the primary environmental factor controlling the phyllochron, or rate of leaf appearance, of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experimental results suggest that soil temperature at crown depth, rather than air temperature above the canopy, would better predict wheat leaf appearance rates. To test this hypothesis, leaf appearance in spring wheat ('Nordic') was measured in a 2-year field experiment (Nunn clay loam soil; fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic, Argiustoll) with three planting dates and two soil temperature treatments. One temperature treatment (denoted +3C) consisted of heating the soil at crown depth to 3 °C above the …

Functional Characterization And Expression Of A Cytosolic Iron-Superoxide Dismutase From Cowpea Root Nodules, Jose F. Moran, Euan K. James, Mario C. Rubio, Gautam Sarath, Robert V. Klucas, Manuel Becana

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

An iron-superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) with an unusual subcellular localization, VuFeSOD, has been purified from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nodules and leaves. The enzyme has two identical subunits of 27 kD that are not covalently bound. Comparison of its N-terminal sequence (NVAGINLL) with the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence showed that VuFeSOD is synthesized as a precursor with seven additional amino acids. The mature protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was used to generate a polyclonal monospecific antibody. Phylogenetic and immunological data demonstrate that there are at least two types of FeSODs in plants. An enzyme …

Tnt Biotransformation And Detoxification By A Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Strain, Byung-Taek Oh, Patrick J. Shea, Rhae A. Drijber, Galina K. Vasilyeva, Gautam Sarath

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Successful microbial-mediated remediation requires transformation pathways that maximize metabolism and minimize the accumulation of toxic products. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MX, isolated from munitionscontaminated soil, degraded 100 mg TNT L^-1 in culture medium within 10 h under aerobic conditions. The major TNT products were 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT, primarily in the supernatant) and 2,2′- azoxytoluene (2,2′AZT, primarily in the cell fraction), which accumulated as major products via the intermediate 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene(2HADNT). The 2HADNT and 2,2′AZT were relatively less toxic to the strain than TNT and 2ADNT. Aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) production increased when yeast extract was added to the medium. While TNT transformation rate was …

Direct Marketing Of Agroforestry Products, Stefanie Aschmann

Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)

Agroforestry can enhance cash flow on many farms through the production of high-value forest products. The greatest challenge, however, is often marketing rather than production. Unlike commodity crops that have a readily available, but relatively uncompromising, market; the market for some agroforestry products is not always apparent. Landowners may need to take an active role in marketing to reap the benefits of their production. Producer goals, resources, and products, as well as local customer needs and habits usually dictate marketing strategies. This Note describes several different direct marketing strategies that might be used to market agroforestry products. Many variations on …

Converting A Pasture To A Silvopasture In The Pacific Northwest, Steven H. Sharrow, Rick Fletcher

Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)

Forestry and livestock production are mainstays of the natural resource-based economies of many rural communities in the western United States and Canada. Regenerating mixed conifer forests may produce considerable amounts of ground vegetation that is suitable as livestock feed, while open-canopied pine forests in more arid conditions produce forage throughout their lives. Not surprisingly, there is a strong tradition of livestock grazing within western forests. Silvopasture, the combination of forest management and improved forage species, is a more intensive, controlled application of this traditional use. It is most often implemented to increase profitability, reduce risk, and augment environmental benefits from …

Diagnostic Implications Of Antigen-Induced Gamma Interferon, Nitric Oxide, And Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production By Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Mycobacterium Bovis-Infected Cattle, W. R. Waters, M. V. Palmer, D. L. Whipple, M. P. Carlson, B. J. Nonnecke

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Bovine tuberculosis in the United States has proven costly to cattle producers as well as to government regulatory agencies. While in vivo responsiveness to mycobacterial antigens is the current standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, in vitro assays are gaining acceptance, especially as ancillary or complementary tests. To evaluate in vitro indices of cellular sensitization, antigen-induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) responses by blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle were quantified and compared. Using an aerosol model of infection, two doses of each of two strains of M. bovis (95-1315 and …

Chlorine Inactivation Of Adenovirus Type 40 And Feline Calicivirus, Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez, Charles N. Haas, Joseph Jacangelo, Charles P. Gerba

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Ct values, the concentration of free chlorine multiplied by time of contact with virus, were determined for free-chlorine inactivation experiments carried out with chloroform-extracted (dispersed) and non-chloroformextracted (aggregated) feline calicivirus (FCV), adenovirus type 40 (AD40), and polio virus type 1 (PV-1). Experiments were carried out with high and low pH and temperature conditions. Ct values were calculated directly from bench-scale free-chlorine inactivation experiments and from application of the efficiency factor Hom model. For each experimental condition, Ct values were higher at pH 8 than at pH 6, higher at 5°C than at 15°C, and higher for dispersed AD40 (dAD40) than …

Functional Properties Of Waxy Wheat Flours: Genotypic And Environmental Effects, Robert A. Graybosch, Edward Sousa, William Berzonsky, P. Stephen Baenziger, Okkyung Chung

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

A set of waxy (amylose-free) experimental spring wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) of diverse parentage were grown, along with two nonwaxy and two partial waxy check cultivars, at diverse North American cultural environments. Grain yield and functional attributes of derived flours were determined. Average grain yield of the waxy lines did not differ significantly from the average yield of the check cultivars, but significant differences were observed amongst the waxy lines. Grain hardness varied significantly amongst the waxy lines, and both hard and soft textured waxy lines were identified. Analysis of flour quality traits showed few differences between waxy lines …

Agroecosystems Analysis From The Grass Roots: A Multidimensional Experiential Learning Course, Mary Wiedenhoeft, Steve Simmons, Ricardo Salvador, Gina Mcandrews, Charles A. Francis, James W. King, David Hole

Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communication: Faculty Publications

An intensive, experiential travel course in Agroecosystems Analysis was conducted in Iowa, Minnesota, and Nebraska (United States) during summers of 1998 and 1999. The intended student audience was advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Pretravel readings and a week-long series of farm visits, which consisted of in-depth interviews with the farmers and their families, prepared student teams to analyze and evaluate the production, economic, environmental, and social sustainability of 10 farms. Students shared their analyses both orally and in written reports. Based on a multifaceted student evaluation process, we found that participants were highly motivated, strongly engaged with the course …

Proceedings Of The 30th Annual Meeting, Southern Soybean Disease Workers (March 3, 2003, Little Rock, Arkansas), Patrick Fenn, Kathy S. Mclean, Boyd Padgett, Jason Bond, Steve R. Koenning

Southern Soybean Disease Workers: Conference Proceedings

Contents

Southern Soybean Disease Workers 2002 treasury report. James Bond

United States Soybean Disease Loss Estimate for 2002. Compiled by Stephen R. Koenning

Evaluation of Reduced Rates and Timing of Azoxystrobin on Frogeye Leaf Spot Cliff M Coker

Effect of Fungicides on Soybean Disease, Yield and Seed Quality. RW Schneider, JD Siebert, CA Jones, and JL Griffin

Effect of Fungicide Seed Treatment on Soybean Establishment. ML Rosso, C Boger, G Bates, C Rothrock, T Kirkpatrick, and J Rupe

Influence of Soybean Cyst Nematode on Sudden Death Syndrome Development in Field Microplots in Arkansas. SL Giammaria, CB Boger, and JC Rupe …

Aepat: Software For Assessing Agronomic And Environmental Performance Of Management Practices In Long-Term Agroecosystem Experiments, Mark A. Liebig, Martin E. Miller, Gary E. Varvel, John W. Doran, Jon D. Hanson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Approaches to assess the effects of management practices on agro-ecosystem functions are needed. This paper describes a computer program designed to assess the relative sustainability of management practices using agronomic and environmental data. The program, entitled AgroEcosystem Performance Assessment Tool (AEPAT), utilizes performance-based index methodology to derive a relative ranking of agroecosystem performance among management practices for functions and indicators included in the procedure. The program is organized into eight major steps: Introduction, Input Files, Assign Indicators to Functions, Describe Indicators, Assign Weights, Select Output File, Calculate Agroecosystem Performance Scores, and Save Agro-ecosystem Project. Help windows as well as a …

Mapping The Fas Locus Controlling Stearic Acid Content In Soybean, M. M. Spencer, V. R. Pantalone, E. J. Meyer, D. Landau-Ellis, D. L. Hyten Jr.

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Increasing the stearic acid content to improve soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr] oil quality is a desirable breeding objective for food-processing applications. Although a saturated fatty acid, stearic acid has been shown to reduce total levels of blood cholesterol and offers the potential for the production of solid fat products (such as margarine) without hydrogenation. This would result in the reduction of the level of trans fat in food products and alleviate some current health concerns. A segregating F₂ population was developed from the cross between Dare, a normal stearic acid content cultivar, and FAM94-41, a high stearic …

Intsormil 2003 Annual Report, John M. Yohe, Thomas Crawford Jr., Kimberly Christiansen, Joan Frederick

INTSORMIL Impacts and Bulletins

From 1980 to 1999, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the number of food-insecure people in developing countries fell from 920 million to about 800 million, yet in 2003, the International Food Policy Research Institute declared that "without significant changes in policies, public investments, and institutions, we simply will not achieve the 1996 World Food Summit goal-reaffirmed at the 2000 Millennium Summit and again last year at the World Food Summit: five years later of reducing the number of our fellow human beings who are food insecure by at least half by no later …

Forage Yield And Economic Losses Associated With The Brown-Midrib Trait In Sudangrass, M. D. Casler, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, D. J. Undersander

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Brown-midrib genes increase digestibility due to reduced lignification in sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan. Brown-midrib lines are known to be low in forage yield potential, but this reduction in forage yield has not been previously quantified. The objectives of this study were to quantify the increase in forage quality and decrease in forage yield and to provide an economic assessment of this dichotomy. Piper and Greenleaf (normal leaves) were compared with their brown-midrib counterparts and four highly selected brown-midrib (FG) lines at two locations for 2 yr. Brown-midrib lines averaged 9.0% lower in …

Registration Of Rn582 Sorghum Germplasm Line, J. F. Pedersen, J. J. Toy

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

RN582 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench] germplasm line (Reg. no. GP-591, PI 628277) was developed jointly by the USDA-ARS and the Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, and was released in September 2001.

RN582 is an S₆ selection from the cross (RTx430 ms₃ms₃X E 35-1) X E 35-1. RTx430 was developed and released by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (Miller, 1984) and was provided to this project containing the nuclear male sterility gene ms₃ by A.B. Maunder in 1988. E 35-1 is an Ethiopian land race with white …

The Black Dump Fly: A Larval Predator Of House Flies, J.A. Hogsette, R.D. Jacobs

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The black dump fly ( Figure 1 ) is a shiny, black fly similar in size and appearance to the house fly. It is currently regaining popularity as a biological control agent for controlling house flies on poultry farms without the use of pesticides. The fly is native to the U.S., and Central and South America. The current scientific name of the fly is Hydrotaea aenescens, however it is sometimes referred to by its former name, Ophyra aenescens. The purpose of this document is to provide some general information about this fly, its biology and behavior, and how …