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Articles 1111 - 1140 of 9503
Full-Text Articles in Agricultural Science
Variation With Season And Node Position In Carbohydrate Content Of White Clover Stolons, M.J M. Hay, A.C P. Chu, M V. Knighton, S Wewala
Variation With Season And Node Position In Carbohydrate Content Of White Clover Stolons, M.J M. Hay, A.C P. Chu, M V. Knighton, S Wewala
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Storage of carbohydrate in stolon of field-grown white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is important as up to 60 % of dry matter is in stolons and their carbohydrate content is high relative to roots (Harris et al., 1983). Previously no account has been taken of node position when the carbohydrate status of stolons has been assessed. Most field-grown white clover is clonal, with older nodes continually dying as new nodes are formed, hence the pattern of carbohydrate storage of individual nodes may differ. The objectives of this study were to determine the carbohydrate status of individual nodes at different …
Simulation Of The Effect Of Stolon Death Rates On Branching Structure Of White Clover Plants, V J. Thomas, M.J M. Hay, P.C D. Newton
Simulation Of The Effect Of Stolon Death Rates On Branching Structure Of White Clover Plants, V J. Thomas, M.J M. Hay, P.C D. Newton
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Simulation is a technique whose value is greatest in two areas. The first of these involves the discipline of examining the system being modelled, and, as a result, being forced to obtain accurate information on the parameters which significantly influence the system. The second area involves estimating the effect of changes in system parameters, and from this establishing which factors have substantial effects on the output variables considered. In the model of white clover growth considered here a considerable number of input parameters were used. These parameters were derived from data of variable reliability. In particular, the death rate data …
Grazing Management Effects On Perennial Ryegrass And White Clover Triller Populations, W F. Hunt
Grazing Management Effects On Perennial Ryegrass And White Clover Triller Populations, W F. Hunt
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Pasture grazing managements have clearly identifiable effects on plant morphology, density and species composition. Typically, swards grazed continuously by sheep have relatively high populations of relatively small perennial ryegrass tillers while rotationally grazed swards contain rather fewer large/ tillers (Chapman and Clark 1984, Suckling 1959, Mitchelle and Glenday 1958, Collet et al., 1981). Generally, more severe defoliations are associated with greater tiller densities (Davies 1977). Management induced increases in tiller populations of perennial pastures are possible because plants tiller freely when competition for light is reduced by herbage removal (Hunt and Field 1978). If left undisturbed, tiller density is finally …
Manipulating The Plastic Response Of White Clover Through Grazing, In A Cool, Temperate Climate In New Zealand, R.J M. Hay, G S. Baxter
Manipulating The Plastic Response Of White Clover Through Grazing, In A Cool, Temperate Climate In New Zealand, R.J M. Hay, G S. Baxter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In Southland, New Zealand, a wide range of grazing systems are practised, from continuous set-stocking to year round rotational grazing. A problem is the apparent decline in contribution of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to total sward production in older pastures. Cereal and brassica crops, which depleted soil N, were traditionally sown each year and used to ensure that about 20 % of any farm consisted of clover-dominant two and three year old pastures. Carran (pers. comm.) suggests that all-grass-farming has removed the N-deficit incentive for clover growth. Farmlet trials at the Gore Regional Station, DSIR, have shown that …
Characteristics Of Individual White Clover Plants In Grazed Swards, M J.M Hay, J L. Brock, V J. Thomas
Characteristics Of Individual White Clover Plants In Grazed Swards, M J.M Hay, J L. Brock, V J. Thomas
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Compared to the large volume of agronomic research on white clover (Trifolium repens L.), studies on the growth and morphology of individual plants constituting the population under grazing are few (Brock et al., 1988). Increased knowledge of the clonal growth and seasonal behaviour of individual white clover plants is seen as essential (Snaydon, 1985) if the mechanisms governing persistence and productivity in mixed grazed swards are to be understood. Seasonal growth patterns of white clover vary with environment (Jones, 1982) and this paper describes seasonal variation in some characteristics of individual white clover plants in grazed swards in a temperate …
The Influence Of Physical And Biochemical Characteristics Upon The Selection Of White Clover By Grazing Sheep, J Hodgson, D A. Clark, S Wewala
The Influence Of Physical And Biochemical Characteristics Upon The Selection Of White Clover By Grazing Sheep, J Hodgson, D A. Clark, S Wewala
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Observations have been made on the reactions of sheep to variations in leaf mark (Cahn and Harper, 1976) and cyanogenic glucoside concentration (Corkill, 1952) in white clover (Trifolium repens L.), but little is known about the relative importance of alternative visual and biochemical cues in selective behaviour under grazing conditions. This paper reports the results of two studies at DSIR Grasslands Division, Palmerston North, New Zealand on the reactions of grazing sheep to white clover plants exhibiting substantial genotypic variation in leaf size and colour, leaf mark, and cyanogenic glucoside potency.
Interactions Between Parent Stolons And Branches In Assimilate Partitioning In White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.), D F. Chapman, M J. Robson, R W. Snaydon
Interactions Between Parent Stolons And Branches In Assimilate Partitioning In White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.), D F. Chapman, M J. Robson, R W. Snaydon
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In temperate regions of the world, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) persists in permanent pastures by vegetative reproduction (Chapman 1987). Thus stolon branching is vital for the perennation of the species. There is, however, no information available on physiological relationships between branches and parent stolons, or on the degree of physiological integration of whole clover plants. Clover spreads laterally by stolon extension and in extremely heterogenous environments, like grazed pastures, parts of a single plant may encounter different levels of stress (defoliation, nutrient levels, shading). Physiological integration (eg. mutual exchange of carbohydrate between branches and parent stolon) may allow …
The Effect Of Accumulated Herbage Mass In Winter And Spring On White Clover Development, A S. Laidlaw, J A. Withers
The Effect Of Accumulated Herbage Mass In Winter And Spring On White Clover Development, A S. Laidlaw, J A. Withers
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Clover development in long term mixed swards is variable due to, among other factors, the complex interaction between grass and clover. A previous study has shown that grazing grass/clover swards with sheep for a short period during winter/spring may result in higher clover content and clover drymatter yield in summer than in swards ungrazed during winter/spring, while nitrogen fertilizer has the reverse effect (Laidlaw and Steward 1987). It was concluded that these treatments, by varying the amount of herbage accumulated in spring, controlled the amount of light passing to the base of the sward and so determined the rate of …
Towards Developing A Model Of Persistence And Production For White Clover, M J. Hill, K A. Archer, K J. Hutchinson
Towards Developing A Model Of Persistence And Production For White Clover, M J. Hill, K A. Archer, K J. Hutchinson
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The development of a model which successfully simulates the response of white clover Trifolium repens L. to environmental variables affecting persistance would be of great value for defining critical limiting processes. In Australia, persistence is determined by the impact of climate, competition and grazing on the processes of generation, from seed or by stolons (Jones, 1980; Archer and Robinson, 1988). Here we outline a model of white clover persistence and production in eastern Australia. In Australia the four critical phases in the lifecycle of white clover where the environment can threaten persistence are : late autumn and winter when germination …
Some Factors Causing Temporal And Spatial Variation In White Clover Performance In Grazed Swards, S A. Grant, C A. Marriott
Some Factors Causing Temporal And Spatial Variation In White Clover Performance In Grazed Swards, S A. Grant, C A. Marriott
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Stolon burial as a result of earthworm activity and poaching is common on many soil types in autumn and winter. The covering of soil is thought to protect against frost and thus benefit winter survival. On heavy soils in wet conditions treading can result in stolon burial during the growing season (Grant et al., 1988). The extent to which burial at this time adversely affects clover is unknown. Urination by grazing animals deposits the equivalent of 300-600 kg N/ha locally on the sward. Since the addition of fertiliser N to mixed grass-clover swards favours grass at the expense of clover, …
The Growth Of White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.) In Field Swards In Wales. A Review., D Wilman
The Growth Of White Clover (Trifolium Repens L.) In Field Swards In Wales. A Review., D Wilman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The purpose of the paper is to review some studies of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) growth in field swards in Wales, which were supervised by the author in the period 1976-88. White clover is a valuable species, from the point of view of both nitrogen fixation and animal nutrition, but it is used successfully on only a small proportion of farms in the United Kingdom. Studies such as those reviewed should contribute to greater success in white clover use.
Evaluation Of Mixed Pastures Including Trifolium Pratense Under Grazing, L A. Romero
Evaluation Of Mixed Pastures Including Trifolium Pratense Under Grazing, L A. Romero
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The feeding system for milk and beef production in the Central Region of Santa Fe province (Argentine) is based on semipermanent and seasonal pastures along with conserved forage. Generally, legumes and grasses mixtures are used, the more usual species being lucerne (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pratense), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus), and also chicory (Cichorium intibus). These mixtures produce high amount of dry matter (DM) with a high nutritive value and an useful life span of three to five years. The objective of this research was to evaluate three mixed pastures with red clover …
Regrowth Of The Components Of Two Legume/Grass Associations Following Grazing On Acid Soils Of The Eastern Plains Of Colombia, J Fischer, D Thomas
Regrowth Of The Components Of Two Legume/Grass Associations Following Grazing On Acid Soils Of The Eastern Plains Of Colombia, J Fischer, D Thomas
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The low nutritive status of the neotropical savannas may be improved by using a forage legume, either to supplement the savanna, or as a component of a grass-legume pasture to replace it. The two stoloniferous legumes Arachis pintoi and Desmodium ovalifolium form promising associations with various species of Brachiaria (Grof, 1985; Thomas and Grof, 1986), but there are very few data on their reaction to grazing. The relation between growth rate and the amount of leaf material is central to understanding how systems of grazing management influence plant relations. Because the palatability of the two legumes above differ, under contrasting …
Effects Of Sheep Grazing On Dry Matter Production And Persistence Of A Lucerne Crop, I Delgado Enguita
Effects Of Sheep Grazing On Dry Matter Production And Persistence Of A Lucerne Crop, I Delgado Enguita
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In Spain, lucerne is mainly grown on irrigated areas for hay production and dehydration industry. The utilization of lucerne under grazing is very infrequent, due to the detrimental effects on both, animal health and plants persistence that have been attributed to it. However, lucerne dry matter (DM) production and quality in addition of being its cultivation more economical than grasses, offer interesting advantages to be used as a green forage (Delgado, 1984). New Zealand workers (Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 1982) have stressed that lucerne could be successfully managed under grazing when long resting periods were provided between short grazing …
The Survival Of Seed Of Subterranean Clover Following Ingestion By Sheep, C T. De Koning, E D. Carter
The Survival Of Seed Of Subterranean Clover Following Ingestion By Sheep, C T. De Koning, E D. Carter
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Shortage oflivestock feed is common in the summer-autumn period in the Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. There is a gradual decline of both quality and quantity of dry pasture residues and heavy grazing may severely deplete seed reserves. Carter (1981) showed how sheep progressively eliminated medic pods and seeds from hard-setting soil. Pastures based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), hereafter referred to as sub clover, can also be severely depleted of seed reserves even though some seed is buried in the soil. While the survival of ingested seed has long been recognized as a means of spreading legumes …
Effect Of Regrowth Interval Upon Canopy Structure And Utilization Of Aeschynomene-Limpograss Pastures, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, K A. Albrecht, P T. Beede, W F. Brown
Effect Of Regrowth Interval Upon Canopy Structure And Utilization Of Aeschynomene-Limpograss Pastures, J E. Moore, L E. Sollenberger, K A. Albrecht, P T. Beede, W F. Brown
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
During mid-summer through early autumn, limpograss ( Hemarthria altissima) herbage may have crude protein concentration below 7 %, and performance of growing cattle on limpograss pasture is often low (Sollenberger et al., 1988). Overseeding with Aeschynomene americana may improve for age intake and nutritive value. Deferred grazing of an aeschynomene-limpograss association has potential to provide high-quality forage into mid-autumn. Because grass and legume do not have similar growth rates, changes in canopy structure may occur during late season which influence forage utilization by grazing cattle. The objective was to compare plant canopy characteristics to diet composition and ingestive behavior of …
Effects Of Variation In Seasonal Grazing Pressure And Mechanisms Of Adaptation To Grazing In Lotononis Bainesii, H Fujita, L R. Humphreys
Effects Of Variation In Seasonal Grazing Pressure And Mechanisms Of Adaptation To Grazing In Lotononis Bainesii, H Fujita, L R. Humphreys
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Lotononis bainesii is valued for its ready acceptance by stock, high nutritive value and cold tolerance, but its utility has been limited by the inexplicably high year to year variation in its contribution to the farm feed supply. Pott et al. (1983) showed that lotononis is short-lived; the persistence of yield depends more upon seedling regeneration than upon vegetative replacement through nodal rooting. No continuous fixed stocking regime from 7 to 28 sheep ha-1 favoured lotononis (Poot and Humphreys, 1983), and this paper discusses the effects of variations in seasonal stocking rate and of factors influencing the development of a …
Response Of Perennial Vigna Species To Grazing On A Subtropical Spodosol, W D. Pitman
Response Of Perennial Vigna Species To Grazing On A Subtropical Spodosol, W D. Pitman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Evaluations of persistence of tropical legume accessions in single-row plantings in bahiagrass ( Paspalum notatum) pastures at Ona, Florida (27° 26' N latitude) have identified the perennial Vigna species, V. adenantha and V. parkeri cv. Shaw creeping vigna, as adapted plants with potential for pasture use (Pitman and Kretschmer, 1984; Pitman et al., 1988). Both of these species flower indeterminately and in response to decreasing day length. Thus, only small quantities of seed have been obtained each year prior to defoliation of plants by frost. Evaluation of V. adenantha in small pastures has been facilitated by the …
Dynamics Of A Tropical Grass-Legume Sward In The Subtropics And Its Effect On Animal Performance, M J. Williams, A C. Hammond, W T. Butts, W E. Kunkle
Dynamics Of A Tropical Grass-Legume Sward In The Subtropics And Its Effect On Animal Performance, M J. Williams, A C. Hammond, W T. Butts, W E. Kunkle
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Rhizoma perennial peanut ( Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a forage legume species adapted to the well-drained soils of subtropical United States (Prine et al., 1981). Management studies with perennial peanut have concentrated on hay production and animal performance based on pure stands (Prine, 1981 ; Sollenberger et al., 1987). Mixtures of perennial peanuts and various tropical grasses have performed well in small plot studies, but the interrelationship of grass and perennial peanuts under grazing and the consequence this relationship has on stand productivity and animal performance has not been investigated. The summer grazing phase of a backgrounding systems trial, which …
Influence Of Winter Treading On Lucerne, R B. Wynn-Williams, M B. Rea, R G. Purves, B T. Hawthorne
Influence Of Winter Treading On Lucerne, R B. Wynn-Williams, M B. Rea, R G. Purves, B T. Hawthorne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Most lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in New Zealand is grazed at some time during the year. In the growing season it is recommended that the grazing duration be short, 2-4 days, although it can be extended to 14 days without much effect. However during the dormant season, normally mid June to late July in Canterbury, using lucerne stands as a run-off or for feeding hay for extended periods has been recommended. Lobb (1967) showed that feeding hay to sheep on dormant lucerne significantly reduced perennial weed invasion especially on irrigated stands. Throught and Kain (1977) showed that winter grazing …
Rates Of Destruction Of Growing Points Of Pasture Legumes By Grazing Cattle, R J. Clements
Rates Of Destruction Of Growing Points Of Pasture Legumes By Grazing Cattle, R J. Clements
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Twining tropical pasture legumes such as Siratro ( Macroptilium atropurpureum) are unable to persist under sustained heavy grazing, whereas prost��ate legumes such as white clover (Trifolium repens) persist well. The reasons for this are not fully understood. Survival of individual Siratro plants is reduced by heavy grazing (Jones and Bunch, 1988). The destruction of growing points of erect legumes during grazing may reduce growth and weaken the plants. The effects of grazing pressure on the demography of growing points and on turnover of plant tissue have been studied at this Laboratory since 1984. Some results are reviewed briefly …
Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer
Response Of Stargrass To Grazing Management, P Mislevy, F G. Martin, B J. Downs, K L. Singer
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Grazing management as it relates to stubble height (SH) and plant height above the stubble (PH) is important in maintaining herbage in a juvenile stage while producing high forage yield and maintaining good species persistence (Adjei et al., 1980, Crowder, 1985). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of grazing management treatments (SH and PH) on yield, quality and persistence of three stargrass cultivars. However, due to brevity, quality will not be presented in this paper.
Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui
Seasonal Variation Of Cattle Daily Gain, Plant Characteristics And Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency In Grazing Pastures Of Dactylis Glomerata And Of Festuca Arundinacea, T Okubo, Y Kurokawa, M Hirakawa, K Matsui
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Herbage intake, digestibility and leafiness or bulk density are well known as the main factors affecting the performance of grazing animals. But even in case where these factors are not so different, daily gain still varies among seasons or individuals (Blaser et al., 1981). In order to solve these problems by modeling approach (Okubo & Jacquard, 1985), seasonal changes in plant production, daily gain of cattle live-weight and seasonal variations in solar energy conversion into cattle gain were measured, and the importance (Okubo et al., 1985) of gross efficiency of digestible energy to net energy was discussed.
Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu
Effect Of Grazing Interval On Yield, Quality And Persistence Of Swazigrass (Digitaria Swazilandensis Stent) In Southern Ghana, A Larbi, M B. Adjei, F K. Fianu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Swazigrass ( D. swazilandensis Stent) is a little known perennial grass introduced to Ghana from South Africa. It spreads rapidly, forms a low dense sward and grows well on poor soils (White et al., 1959; Bogdan, 1977). Therefore, it has a high potential for pasture improvement in the grassland regions of Ghana, which are dominated by grass species of low productivity, growing on soils deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus (Nye and Bertheu.i-, 1957). Swazigrass compared favorably in yield and quality to most introduced and native species under cutting management (Nkrumah-Antiedu, 1981). Since cutting provides an imperfect guide to grazing, this …
Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray
Hay Quality And Marketing Improved With Wyoming Hay Evaluation And Listing Service, A M. Gray
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Hay production in the United States of America (US) is about 140 million metric tons/year. In 1987 most US hay producers had fewer marketing opportunities because of surplus production and lower demand due to a continuing national decline in livestock numbers. In Wyoming, marketing hay on the basis of forage quality is becoming critical for the economic survival of many haygrowers, particularly in years of low demand for hay. Demand for high quality hay by specialty markets (dairy and horse hay) is greater than supply throughout the US. However, buyers for such markets insist that quality hay is difficult to …
Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins
Conditioning Effects And Field Variation In Dry Matter Concentration Of Alfalfa Hay, M Collins
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Research indicates that precipitation causes losses of yield and quality during field curing of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay (Collins, 1983 ; 1985). Time requirement for field curing is positively associated with the probability that rain damage will occur during haymaking. Thus, desiccants that hasten field drying could reduce the probability of rain damage. Preservatives, such as propionic acid, could also reduce curing time by allowing baling at higher moisture levels (Knapp et al., 1976). Variable topography, yield and moisture levels in the standing crop may cause variation in hay DM and make determination of effective preservative rates difficult. …
Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia
Effects Of Ammoniation Of Rice Straw On Its Feeding Value For Lambs, J Q. Ferreira, R Garcia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Great quantities of crop residues are produced in Brazil at harvest time. The production of rice straw reachs approximately ten million of tons each year and very small quantity is used for animal feeding. The interest on utilization of rice straw increased in the last years mainly due to possibility of ammonia use for improvement of nutritive value of crop residues (Sundstol el al., 1978 ; Saenger el al., 1983 ; Herrera-Saldana el al., 1982; Streeter and Horn, 1984; Grotheer el al., 1986; Horton and Steacy, 1979). The objective of this study was to measure the effect to ammoniation on …
Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia
Effect Of Ammonia Level, Time Of Exposure To Ammonia And Period Of Storage On Chemical Composition And Digestibility Of Two Tropical Grasses Hay, R A. Reis, R Garcia
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The production of good quality hay in Central Brazil has been limited by the nature of cultivated species and constant presence of rainfalls. However, at the end of summer and part of fall seasons the environmental conditions are adequate for hay making but the forages show lower nutritive value. An alternative to improve the quality of tropical grasses hay would be the use of ammonia. Several studies (Buettner et al., 1982; Grotheer et al., 1986; Brown et al., 1987; Moore and Lechtenberg, 1987), showed decreases in NDF and hemicellulose on forages treated with ammonia. The influence of levels of ammonia …
Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard
Effect Of Windrow Inversion On Hay Drying And Losses, P Savoie, S Beauregard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Mowing-conditioning alone is not enough to adequately dry high quality hay windrows in Eastern Canada conditions. Young leafy forages tend to pack down in the windrow and dry very slowly (Savoie et al., 1984). Additional mechanical handling is necessary to fluff or turn the windrow. The hay tedder increases the drying rate by about 40 % on the day it is applied (Pattey et al., 1988). Tedding losses per application are about 0,5 % in grass but can be higher than 4 % in alfalfa (Savoie, 1988). In addition, close to 75 % of the alfalfa losses are composed of …
Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide
Haymaking From Tropical Grasses, J L. Costa, J A. Gomide
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Haymaking from pasture growth surplus is an alternative way to provide winter feeding to cattle. Some interest has recently been developed toward making hay from tropical grasses in their vegetative stage. The main hazard with this approach being the occurence of likely rains during field drying. This can be helped by shortening drying time through the use of appropriate harvester (Savoie et al., 1982) as well as selection fo species with higher drying rate (Morris, 1972; Person and Sorenson, 1970).