Agricultural Science Commons^™

Australian Grasslands Research At The Crossroads, Alan Robson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasslands research in Australia is at a crossroad. There are several difficulties. First, the decline of sheep production and dairying within Australia and increased cropping has focused attention on crop research rather than pasture research. Second, enrolments in agricultural and related education have declined, and graduate numbers are insufficient to meet demand for expertise. Third, there has been a move towards specialisation in research and there are relatively few generalist agricultural scientists able to integrate research results into agricultural ecosystems. There remain very many challenges. Adapting grassland production to minimize the emission of carbon dioxide and methane is a major …

International R D & E Investment: Revitalising The Skill Base In Grassland Research And Practice, Ralph Von Kaufmann

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grasslands make up about 40.5% of the world’s land surface, and almost everywhere they make vital contributions to food supplies, livelihoods, watersheds, conservation of biodiversity and to ameliorating climate change through carbon sequestration. However, grasslands are under-represented in discussions on food security and livelihoods. Despite large investments in building human capacity, improving production systems and in research, grasslands are continuing to degrade and there is no let-up in sight for the consequent strife, famines and conflicts among the pastoral and other communities that depend on them. This review of grassland issues identified many critical skills that are lacking but it …

Drivers Of Change For Grassland And Forage Systems: A Case Study Of China, Yingjun Zhang, L. Z. Zhang, M. L. Wang, X. L. Li, Q. C. Yang, J. Hanson, M. A. Jorge

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassland and forage systems have changed dramatically across the world. This paper describes some of the key drivers of change of grassland and forage systems using examples from China as a case study. The key drivers of change for grassland and forage systems include political, economic, social, technical and environmental factors and their impact on changes in grasslands ecosystems in China is discussed. There are interactions among the drivers and their impact is similar in many developing countries.

Legumes, Livestock And Livelihoods In The Australian Mixed Farming System, E. C. Wolfe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

This Howard Oration describes the pathway that I have taken towards my specialisation in ‘big picture’ agriculture. A simple protocol is presented for the analysis of agricultural systems by using descriptive or quantitative indicators of five system properties: productivity, sustainability, profitability, social wellbeing and political acceptability. These properties are further illustrated by considering four important issues in the Australian sheep-wheat belt, a distinctive world food production system. The issues are the supply of and demand for legume nitrogen for crops, reconciling agricultural and natural resource objectives, the low profitability of farms in relation to production and marketing risks, and the …

Does Intensification Of Grassland And Forage Use Lead To Efficient, Profitable And Sustainable Ecosystems?, Oene Oenema, Cecile De Klein, Marta Alfaro

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The increasing demand for safe and nutritional dairy and beef products in our globalizing world, together with the needs to increase resource use efficiency and to protect biodiversity, provide strong incentives for intensification of grassland and forage use. This paper addresses the question in the title. Firstly, we present some notions about ‘intensification of agricultural production’. Secondly, we discuss the intensification of grassland-based dairy production in The Netherlands (NL), Chile and New Zealand (NZ). Finally, we arrive at some conclusions. External driving forces and ‘the law of the optimum’ provide strong incentives for intensification, i.e., for increasing the output per …

New Frontiers And Perspectives In Grassland Technology, Jürgen Schellberg, E. Verbruggen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassland scientists and farmers are increasingly faced with emerging new technologies and in-formation systems that have been primarily developed by engineering sciences in particular: precision agriculture, remote sensing, geographic localization and biotechnology. Whether the implementation of any of these technologies may be beneficial in economic and ecological respect is a challenging judgment call, especially for those who have to carry over that decision on their farm. Compared to arable land, new technologies have been applied on grassland only partially and with some delay. However, as we will demonstrate, there is place for a successful implementation of new technologies in various …

Diversity, Trends, Opportunities And Challenges In Australian Grasslands–Meeting The Sustainability And Productivity Imperatives Of The Future?, Lindsay W. Bell, Richard C. Hayes, Keith G. Pembleton, Cathy M. Waters

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Grassland production systems contribute 40% to Australia’s gross agricultural production value and utilise over 50% of its land area. Across this area a broad diversity of systems exist, but these can be broadly classified into four main production systems: 1. Pastoral grazing of mainly cattle at low intensity (i.e. < 0.4 DSE/ha) on relatively unimproved native rangelands in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern and central Australia; 2. Crop-livestock systems in the semi-arid zone where livestock graze a mixture of pastures and crops which are often integrated; 3. High rainfall permanent pasture zone in the coastal hinterland and highlands and; 4. Dairy systems covering a broad range of environments and production intensities. A notable trend across these systems has been the replacement of wool sheep with beef cattle or meat sheep breeds, which has been driven by low wool prices. Although there is evidence that most of these systems have lifted production efficiencies over the past 30 years, total factor productivity growth has failed to match the decline in terms of trade. This has renewed attention on how research and development can help increase productivity. In addition, these industries are facing increasing scrutiny to improve their environmental performance and develop sustainable production practices. We propose several areas in which grasslands research and development might help provide gains in system productivity and sustainability. In particular, pasture productivity might be improved by filling gaps in the array of pastures available either through exploring new species or improving the adaptation and agronomic characteristics of species currently sown. Meanwhile there is a need to maintain efforts to overcome persistent and emerging constraints to pasture productivity. Improving livestock forage feed systems and more precise and lower cost management of grasslands would translate into improved utilisation and conversion of forage produced into livestock products. There is significant scope to capture value from the ecological services grasslands provide and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from livestock production. Multi-purpose grasslands provide not only grazing for livestock but produce other food products such as grain which may also have potential to integrate livestock with cropping. However, reduced human research capacity in pasture science will challenge our ability to realise these potential opportunities unless efforts are made to attract and support a new generation of pasture scientists.

Managing Grassland Systems In A Changing Climate: The Search For Practical Solutions, Jean-François Soussana, Luis Gustavo Barioni, Tamara Ben Ari, Rich Conant, Pierre Gerber, Petr Havlik, Alexandre Ickowicz, Mark Howden

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

By the end of the XXI^st century, a global temperature rise between 1.5 and 4°C compared to 1980-1999 and CO₂ concentrations in the range 550-900 ppm are expected, together with an increased frequency of extreme climatic events (heat waves, droughts, and heavy rain) that is likely to negatively affect grassland production and livestock systems in a number of world regions. Grassland management has a large potential to mitigate livestock greenhouse gas emissions at a low (or even negative) cost, by combining a moderate intensification, the restoration of degraded pastures and the development of silvo-pastoral systems. Climate change vulnerability …

Feeding The World In 2050: Trade-Offs, Synergies And Tough Choices For The Livestock Sector, Jimmy Smith, Shirley Tarawali, Delia Grace, Keith Sones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Feeding the World in 2050 is a major challenge at the forefront of the global development agenda. The importance of agriculture in addressing this challenge has re-emerged in recent years as food security issues are considered in a more holistic manner. The role of livestock as part of the solution is, however, often not considered. This article presents a brief overview of the global food security challenge, and considers the increased focus on holistic food systems. It contends that animal agriculture is relevant to this complex, multifaceted and dynamic global challenge. However, if livestock-based solutions are to become a reality …

Front Matter [22nd International Grassland Congress Proceedings], Organizing Committee, International Grassland Congress

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

No abstract provided.

Exploitation Of Wastelands For Fodder Production And Agroforestry, Gurbachan Singh

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Natural resources degradation for agricultural production and environmental protection has been a matter of concern for future food, nutrition, environment and livelihood security. As per current estimates, 120.7 million hectare (mha) is under degraded or wastelands. These lands provide ample opportunity for growing fodder trees and grasses to bridge the gap between demand and supply of green and dry fodder.Several species of fodder trees and grasses have been identified and their agro-techniques standardized for raising in different categories of wastelands such as affected by soil and wind erosion, salinity, acidity and mining etc. A brief account of such plants is …

Stakeholders’ Perceptions Of Geographical Criteria For Loblolly Pine Management For Bioenergy Production In Virginia, Meghann Smith, Gia Nguyen, Taylor Wieczerak, Bernabas Wolde, Pankaj Lal, John Munsell

Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works

This study analyzed the perceptions of four stakeholder groups (forest landowners, private forest consultants, forest management researchers or educators, and federal or state agency foresters), regarding their management practices and preferred geographic growing conditions of loblolly pine in Virginia by combining AHP (analytical hierarchy process) and regression modeling. By ranking the importance of different geographical conditions for managing loblolly pine, we aimed to identify ways to support loblolly growth as a potential feedstock for biofuel generation. We achieved this through collecting survey responses from 43 stakeholders during the 2019 Virginia Forestry Summit. The results showed that the landowner, researcher/educator, and …

Respons Kedelai Akibat Jarak Tanam Dan Konsentrasi Giberelin Pada Tanah Inceptisol Jatinangor, Aep Wawan Irwan, Agus Wahyudin, Toto Sunarto

Jurnal Kultivasi

Teknik budidaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas kedelai antara lain penggunaan jarak tanam yang tepat dan penambahan input berupa giberelin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh jarak tanam dan konsentrasi yang tepat agar pertumbuhan dan hasil meningkat. Percobaan dilakukan pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2017 di Kebun Percobaan Ciparanje, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, dengan ketinggian tempat yaitu ± 780 meter di atas permukaan laut. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial, dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor I adalah jarak tanam, terdiri dari 3 taraf, yaitu: jarak tanam 25 cm X 25 cm, jarak tanam 15 cm X 15 cm X 40 cm …

Application Of Semi-Hydrophobic Layers To Decrease Bare Soil Evaporation, Jesse Lee Barnes

UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones

Evaporative water loss from bare agricultural soils is a primary area of water conservation research. Mulching is the commonly utilized method to decrease evaporative water loss. The most commonly utilized mulch is nonbiodegradable polyethylene sheeting because it tends to decrease evaporative water loss and increase crop yields more than environmentally friendly mulches. This study aimed to test the utility of sand coated with polymerized soybean oil (i.e., hydrophobic sand) as a treatment to reduce bare soil evaporation and an alternative to current practices. Evaporation rates were measured in laboratory soil columns containing both treated and untreated soils. Treatment parameters were …

Climate Change Impacts On Winter Wheat Yield In Northern China, Xiu Geng, Fang Wang, Wei Ren, Zhixin Hao

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Exploring the impacts of climate change on agriculture is one of important topics with respect to climate change. We quantitatively examined the impacts of climate change on winter wheat yield in Northern China using the Cobb–Douglas production function. Utilizing time-series data of agricultural production and meteorological observations from 1981 to 2016, the impacts of climatic factors on wheat production were assessed. It was found that the contribution of climatic factors to winter wheat yield per unit area (WYPA) was 0.762–1.921% in absolute terms. Growing season average temperature (GSAT) had a negative impact on WYPA for the period of 1981–2016. A …

Evaluating Soil Surface Properties In Two Contrasting Tillage Systems, Riley Mabe, Kaeden Mollett, Marcus Robertson

Scholars Week

Soil properties are affected by tillage practices. Tillage practices that provides an adequate growing environment for crops and maintains good soil structure is crucial. The objective of this study was to compare selected soil properties collected from no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. Three undisturbed and three disturbed soil samples were taken from the topsoil at the depth of 0 to 7.5 cm. The samples were analyzed for bulk density (BD), water holding capacity (WHC), field capacity (FC), soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and compaction. Bulk density, WHC, and FC of the soil …

Regenerative Grazing And The Benefits Of Livestock On Soils In Northern New South Wales, Raymond Mooney

Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection

Conventional cattle grazing has received criticism for environmental degradation in the past. Regenerative grazing and the principles of regenerative agriculture show encouraging signs that proper livestock management and planned grazing can reverse degradation and mitigate climate change. An emphasis on soil health and increasing soil carbon and organic matter levels reveals positive feedback for environmental health, the economic security of farmers, and nutritional health of consumers.

In this study I looked to investigate the benefits of regenerative agriculture, reasons why it is being practiced, and the extent it is practiced within the grazing in comparison to traditional methods within Northern …

Defining, Measuring, And Applying Soil Quality: An Unresolved Debate, Salvador Ramirez Ii

Doctor of Plant Health Program: Dissertations and Student Research

Paradigm shifts occur periodically in the sciences. Proposed paradigm shifts offer opportunities to reexamine extant paradigms and evaluate new ones. Soil science experienced a controversy resembling a proposed paradigm shift in the late 1990s and early 2000s when it grappled with the idea of soil quality (SQ). The most contentious points in the SQ debates were (1) the word “quality” itself and designing a functional definition, (2) identifying appropriate soil quality indicators, (3) the integration of soil quality indicators, and (4) the interpretation of soil quality indicators. The latter three disagreements were rooted in the established, fundamental, soil science paradigm. …

Learning From The Soil's Memory: Tailoring Of Fertilizer Application Based On Past Manure Applications Increases Fertilizer Use Efficiency And Crop Productivity On Kenyan Smallholder Farms, Samuel Njoroge, Antonius G.T. Schut, Ken E. Giller, Shamie Zingore

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The large uncertainty in yield response to fertilizer application within smallholder cropping systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) limits efforts aimed at intensifying crop production based on increased fertilizer application. We assessed the key field-scale cause of variability in maize (Zea mays) grain yield response to fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the Sidindi area of Western Kenya based on past manure application, distance from the homestead, and clay and silt contents. We used data from nutrient omission trials conducted on 23 farms over seven consecutive cropping seasons covering the period 2013–2016, without changing treatments or plot location. …

A New Direction For Salinity Management In Western Australia: A Consultative Review, Ghd

Natural resources commissioned reports

In May 2018, the Office of the Auditor General (OAG) published an audit into the management of salinity and recommended that the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD), in consultation with the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA) and the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER), set a strategic direction for salinity management for WA and improve monitoring, cooperation, coordination, promotion of soil conservation, and compliance of salinity impacts and its management.

The OAG’s audit focused on two questions:

1. Do agencies know the extent and impact of dryland salinity in the South West agricultural regions?
2. Are …

A Theoretical Model Of Underground Dipole Antennas For Communications In Internet Of Underground Things, Abdul Salam, Mehmet C. Vuran, Xin Dong, Christos Argyropoulos, Suat Irmak

Faculty Publications

The realization of Internet of Underground Things (IOUT) relies on the establishment of reliable communication links, where the antenna becomes a major design component due to the significant impacts of soil. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed to capture the impacts of change of soil moisture on the return loss, resonant frequency, and bandwidth of a buried dipole antenna. Experiments are conducted in silty clay loam, sandy, and silt loam soil, to characterize the effects of soil, in an indoor testbed and field testbeds. It is shown that at subsurface burial depths (0.1-0.4m), change in soil moisture impacts …

Island Invasion: The Silent Crisis In Hawaii, Sophia Janssen

Pomona Senior Theses

Keeping out invasive species may, upon first review, seem like a trivial environmental cry from ecologists and deep environmentalists; a belated wish to return to an undeveloped world where nature was pristine. However invasive species create problems that impact all of us and can have far more severe consequences than changing a stunning landscape. These problems are heightened in islands like Hawaii, where the fragile ecosystems have developed over centuries of evolution and adaptation. The introduction of a disease-carrying mosquito can put the people of Hawaii at risk to many vector-born illnesses and create an epidemic, taking human life. The …

Long-Term Land Management Practices And Their Effect On Soil Health And Crop Productivity, Thomas Joseph Muratore Jr.

Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences

Agricultural intensification reliant on monocrops could change soil health in a way that does not support maximum crop productivity. Twenty-nine-year-old no-till field plots at the University of Kentucky Spindletop research farm showed a significant reduction in corn yields from continuous corn plots compared to those from plots in various types of rotation. The objective of this study was to determine what role soil microbes might play in yield reduction and how management and time effects microbial community structure. Samples were collected from the following treatments: continuous corn (CC), continuous soybean (SS), a 2-year corn/soybean rotation (CCSS), Corn in rotation with …

Pengaruh Pupuk Hayati Majemuk Dan Pupuk Fosfor Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Kedelai Di Inceptisol Jatinangor, Aep Wawan Irwan, Tati Nurmala

Jurnal Kultivasi

Kedelai merupakan salah satu tanaman yang membutuhkan fosfor dalam jumlah besar. Ketersediaan P merupakan faktor pembatas utama pada pertumbuhan dan produksinya. Fosfor tidak banyak tersedia untuk tanaman, sehingga dibutuhkan pupuk hayati yang mengandung mikroorganisme untuk dapat melarutkan fosfor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh dosis pupuk hayati majemuk dan pupuk P yang efektif dan dapat memberikan pengaruh terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan, komponen hasil, dan hasil tanaman kedelai kultivar Anjasmoro. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai Juni 2017 di Kebun Percobaan Ciparanje, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, dengan ketinggian tempat yaitu ± 780 mdpl. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok terdiri dari 9 …

Analisis Kandungan Logam Berat Aluminium (Al), Dan Timbal (Pb) Pada Buah Jambu Biji Varietas Kristal (Psidium Guajava L.) Dan Tanah Di Desa Bumiaji, Kota Batu, Hidayati Karamina, Ariani Trisna Murti, Tri Mudjoko

Jurnal Kultivasi

Bumiaji merupakan kawasan wisata yang terletak di Kota Batu. Dengan suhu mencapai 20oC menyebabkan Bumiaji menjadi tempat pengembangan kawasan yang cocok untuk penanaman tanaman hortikultura contohnya jambu biji varietas kristal. Budidaya jambu biji varietas kristal tidak lepas dengan pemeliharaan tanaman dengan cara pengaplikasian pupuk organik maupun anorganik dan pestisida dalam jumlah banyak dan dalam jangka waktu yang panjang. Usaha-usaha peningkatan hasil produksi di atas ternyata dapat memberikan dampak kurang baik bagi lingkungan sekitar khususnya tanah. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui seberapa besar jumlah logam berat yang berada pada tanah dan buah jambu biji varietas kristal. Penelitian ini menggunakan …

Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Dengan Pemberian Kompos Blotong Disertai Dengan Frekuensi Penyiraman Yang Berbeda Di Pembibitan Utama, Mira Ariyanti, Santi Rosniawaty, Hana Alfianita Utami

Jurnal Kultivasi

Blotong merupakan salah satu bentuk limbah di pabrik gula yang memiliki nilai manfaat untuk diterapkan sebagai pupuk organik. Pada blotong terkandung beberapa unsur hara yang bermanfaat bagi tanaman yaitu unsur 1.51% N, 5.63% P2O5, 0.26% K2O dan 32.38% C-organik. Selain itu pemanfaatan blotong sebagai pupuk organik diharapkan mengurangi penggunaan pupuk anorganik dimana penggunaan yang berlebihan dalam jangka waktu yang lama secara terus menerus akan menyebabkan tanah tidak sehat karena mengerasnya lapisan tanah. Tujuan percobaan ini adalah mengkaji pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit dengan pemberian kompos blotong yang dikombinasikan dengan frekuensi penyiraman yang berbeda. Percobaan dilakukan mulai Desember 2017 sampai dengan April …

Respon Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Hanjeli Pada Panen Awal Akibat Pemberian Dosis Pupuk Biosilika Dan Paklobutrazol Di Lahan Kering Jatinangor, Ruminta, Tati Nurmala, Yuyun Yuwariah, Nita Yuliani Pratiwi

Jurnal Kultivasi

Hanjeli (Coix lacryma-jobiL) merupakan salah satu tanaman pangan alternatif dan tanaman fungsional. Hanjeli belum sepenuhnya dimanfaatkan petani salah satunya karena tanaman yang cukup tinggi dan memiliki umur cukup lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dosis pupuk biosilika dan konsentrasi paklobutrazol yang dapat memberikan pengaruh terbaik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman hanjeli pulut dipanen awal (matang kuning). Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Agustus 2017-Januari 2018 di Ciparanje, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan petak terbagi yang terdiri dari petak utama pupuk biosilika dengan dosis 0 kg/ha; 100 kg/ha; 200 kg/ha dan anak petak paklobutrazol dengan konsentrasi 0 ppm; 1250 …

Peningkatan Produktivitas Tanaman Kedelai Kultivar Anjasmoro Asal Benih Terdeteriorasi Dengan Kompos Trichoderma Dan Bokashi, Sumadi, Denny Sobardini Sobarna, Pujawati Suryatmana, Meddy Rachmadi, Erni Suminar

Jurnal Kultivasi

Trichoderma spp merupakan golongan fungi yang bersifat antipatogen, khususnya layu kecambah, sedangkan bokashi merupakan kompos yang diperkaya dengan beberapa mikroba yang bermanfaat bagi pertumbuhan tanaman.Tulisan ini merupakan rangkuman penelitian pot menggunakan kompos Trichoderma spp sebagai pelapis benih terdeteriorasi disertai bokashi kotoran hewan yang dilakukan pada tanah lahan kering dan tanah sawah pada tahun 2014 dan 2017. Percobaan pertama membandingkan efektivitas beberapa agen hayati sebagai pelapis benih pengaruhnya terhadap vigor benih dan hasil tanaman. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan penggunaan kompos Trichoderma hasilnya lebih baik dibandingkan agen hayati lainnya. Hasil percobaan selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa pelapisan benih dengan 1 sampai 3 g kompos Trichoderma …

Quantitative Appraisal Of Non-Irrigated Cropland In South Dakota, Shelby Riggs

Honors Program: Senior Projects (Public)

This appraisal attempts to remove subjectivity from the appraisal process and replace it with quantitative analysis of known data to generate a fair market value of the subject property. Two methods of appraisal were used, the income approach and the comparable sales approach. For the income approach, I used the average cash rent for the region, the current property taxes for the subject property, and a capitalization rate based on Stokes' (2018) capitalization rate formula to arrive at my income-based valuation. For the comparable sales approach, I utilized Stokes' (2018) research in optimization modeling to estimate a market value for …

Pengaruh Pupuk Hayati Dan Pengapuran Terhadap Produktivitas Kedelai Di Tanah Inceptisol Jatinangor, Aep Wawan Irwan, Tati Nurmala

Jurnal Kultivasi

Kedelai merupakan tanaman pangan dengan kandungan protein tinggi sebagai bahan baku utama berbagai makanan, sehingga kebutuhan kedelai di Indonesia selalu tinggi. Hasil kedelai dapat ditingkatkan melalui aplikasi pupuk hayati dan pengapuran. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang pada ordo tanah Inseptisol. Penelitian dilakukan dari Maret 2017 sampai Juni 2017. Rancangan percobaannya adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok, terdiri dari sembilan perlakuan, yaitu tanpa pupuk hayati dan tanpa pengapuran (kontrol); pupuk hayati 5 liter/ha + tanpa pengapuran; pupuk hayati 8 liter/ha + tanpa pengapuran; tanpa pupuk hayati + pengapuran 140 kg/ha; pupuk hayati 5 liter/ha + pengapuran …