Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Effects Of A Personalized Fitness Program Provided By Undergraduate Exercise Science Students On Attitudes Toward Exercise, Mental Health, And Quality Of Life, Kris M. Cleveland, Jacob Fike, Scott Peterson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(4): 1334-1343, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/IYNS6043 Personalized fitness training is designed to improve physical health and fitness, but may also promote mental health and well-being. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are positive psychological outcomes for clients participating in a community-based personalized fitness program led by undergraduate Exercise Science students. A total of 44 participants completed a battery of psychological scales both before and after participation in a 12-week university-sponsored personalized fitness training program. Psychological measures included the Exercise Attitudes Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale for Exercise, Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Health Status Questionnaire, …

The Effects Of Combined Fasting And Exercise On Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations In Healthy Adults: A Randomized Crossover Study, Landon S. Deru, Austin F. Duersch, Spencer C. Cleverly, Hunter D. Chamberlain, Elizabeth Z. Gipson, Parker G. Graves, Cameron G. Jacobsen, Larry A. Tucker, Bruce W. Bailey

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(6): 1252-1268, 2025. https://doi.org/10.70252/APHT9483 The object was to assess the effects of adding exercise to a 36-hour fast on the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1. The study was a randomized crossover design with counterbalanced conditions in community members living near a single academic institution. Participants included twenty healthy adults (11 male). The intervention consisted of two 36-h water-only fasts, one of which was initiated with a bout of treadmill exercise. Venous blood was taken at baseline, 12-h, 24-h, and 36-h of fasting. Area under the curve and timepoint analyses were computed. The area under …

Validity And Reliability Of The 'Feelfit®' Accelerometer In Evaluating Physical Activity And Sedentary Time In Children: A Comparative Study With Two Different Accelerometers, Songdhasn Chinapong, Korntawat Klinchan, Hanif Abdul Rahman, Michael Chia, Waris Wongpipit, Jetsada Arnin, Areekul Amornsriwatanakul

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(2): 794-810, 2025. Accurate physical activity (PA) measurement is crucial for public health surveillance. While self-report questionnaires are commonly used, they have limitations, especially in young children. An affordable and user-friendly device like Feelfit® offers a promising alternative particularly for countries with limited research resources. This study aimed to evaluate Feelfit®’s performance against the widely used ActiGraph® accelerometer in measuring PA among children. A quasi-experimental design was applied. Thirty-nine children (19 boys; 20 girls; aged 11.4 ± 0.5 years) wore both Feelfit® and ActiGraph® during sequentially specified activities of varying intensity ranging from sedentary to …

Sedentary Behavior Patterns After Acl Reconstruction, David M. Werner, Liubov Arbeeva, Yvonne M. Golightly, Balarinivasa R. Sajja, Michael D. Rosenthal, Matthew Tao, Elizabeth Wellsandt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(4): 636-658, 2025. Individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are less physically active than their uninjured peers, but little is known about their sedentary behavior (SB). This study aimed to identify patterns of SB in individuals six and 18 months after ACLR. Eighteen individuals after ACLR wore accelerometers for one week during six- and 18-month post-operative assessments (83.3% female, 19.7±5.6 years old, BMI 23.9±kg/m²). The percentage of awake time spent in SB was estimated. A multilevel (two time points – six and 18 months), multidimensional (13 hours) functional principal component analysis generated …

Treatment Related Exercise And Supportive Care Needs Of People Living With And Beyond Breast Cancer, Elise Legault, Dominique Matthys, Lise Gauvin, Isabelle Doré, Alain Steve Comtois Phd, François B. Tournoux Dr, Paula A. B. Ribeiro

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(5): 276-289, 2025. People living with and beyond breast cancer (LWBBC) experience different side effects relative to the type of medical treatments they received which may influence their needs for additional supportive care. Investigating people LWBBC’s needs according to treatment regimen may guide decision making about supportive care priorities. The study’s objectives were to identify individuals LWBBC’s needs for supportive care and to determine exercise program participation facilitators according to treatment type. A survey assessing the needs for supportive care and exercise facilitators was distributed on the Facebook pages of five non-profit Canadian cancer organizations …

Prevalence Of Exercise Dependence Among High-Intensity Functional Training Practitioners: A Cross-Sectional Analysis, Beatriz E O M R P Da Silva, Marcio Boniatti

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(4): 206-214, 2025. The objective was to explore the prevalence of exercise dependence (ED) risk among regular HIFT exercisers. Secondary objectives include exploring the prevalence of injuries within this population and examining the potential association between ED risk and injury prevalence. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a city in southern Brazil and included HIFT practitioners. ED was evaluated using the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R). The primary outcome was the prevalence of ED risk. The final analysis included 64 HIFT practitioners, of whom the majority were female (n = 35; 54.7%). The mean EDS-R …

A Comparison Of Brief Resistance And Aerobic Exercise Bouts On Cognitive Processing Speed In Young Adults, Jamie Ambriz, Amber M. Shipherd, Robert J. Kowalsky

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 18(4): 119-129, 2025. Research has found even a brief bout of exercise to be beneficial for improving processing speed. However, there is a lack of research directly comparing the effect of exercise modalities on processing speed. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a single brief bout of resistance exercise to aerobic exercise on cognitive processing speed in young adults. A total of 29 young adults ranging from 20-34 years of age (22.59±2.86 years) participated in a familiarization session followed by two randomized exercise conditions (aerobic, resistance). Each moderate-intensity exercise condition …

Effects Of Exercise Or Metformin On Myokine Concentrations In Patients With Breast And Colorectal Cancer: A Phase Ii Multi-Centre Factorial Randomized Trial, Justin C. Brown, Guillaume Spielmann, Shengping Yang, Stephanie L.E. Compton, Lee W. Jones, Melinda L. Irwin, Jennifer A. Ligibel, Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt

School of Medicine Faculty Publications

Background: Physical activity and metformin pharmacotherapy are associated with improved clinical outcomes in breast and colorectal cancer survivors. Myokines are cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle that may mediate these associations. Methods: This hypothesis-generating analysis used biospecimens collected from a multi-centre 2 × 2 factorial randomized design of 116 patients with stage I–III breast and colorectal cancer who were randomized to 12 weeks of (1) aerobic exercise (moderate intensity titrated to 220 min/week); (2) metformin (850 mg daily for 2 weeks and then titrated to 850 mg twice per day); (3) aerobic exercise and metformin; or (4) control. Fourteen myokines were …

Probing The Paradox: Investigating The Impact Of Affect, Exercise Type, And Cannabis Use On The Alcohol-Exercise Relationship In College Students, Vanessa Stallsmith, Cianna Piercey, Maggie Mataczynski, Hollis Karoly, Noah Emery

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(3): 623-632, 2024. Alcohol has previously shown a paradoxical positive relationship with exercise behaviors. However, the relationship has not been explored according to type of exercise (aerobic vs. anaerobic), nor has the research considered other contextual variables that commonly co-occur with alcohol use, such as cannabis and mood. This study sought to expand upon previous research to understand how the alcohol-exercise relationship may vary based on exercise type. Additionally, this study included cannabis use and mood as moderators of the alcohol-exercise association. Cross-sectional survey data was collected from college students (N = 335). Negative …

Comparison Of Self-Reported Physical Activity And Wearable Device-Xiaomi Mi2 Band In Preadolescent School Children-A Pilot Crossesctional Study, Aysha Almas, Shiraz Hashmi, Adil Elahi, Om Parkash, Sania Sabir, Romaina Iqbal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(7): 565-575, 2024. The purpose of this study is to compare physical activity measured by the wearable device Xiaomi Mi2 Band and self-reported physical activity by YPAQ in preadolescent school children. A pilot cross-sectional study was performed on a subsample (5%=n=60) of preadolescent children within a parallel-group feasibility intervention trial (n=1000). All children aged 9-11 years enrolled in the schools were included in the study and children with any physical disability were excluded. Self-reported physical activity was recorded through the modified version of the Youth Physical Activity Questionnaire (YPAQ) and automatic physical activity was measured …

The Impact Of The Covid-19 Pandemic And A Physical Therapy Program On Students’ Health Outcomes, Kristin S. Moreno, Caitlyn P. Ferguson, Vanessa A. Garcia, Manuel Gomez, Alvaro N. Gurovich

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(3): 199-211, 2024. The COVID-19 pandemic affected many aspects of everyday life including school, fitness regimens, and social interactions. The purpose of this study is to understand how COVID-19 restrictions affect the cardiovascular and mental health of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students as they progressed through the program. Data collection occurred in 16 DPT students (8F:8M, 24±3 years) over a total of 3 visits from 2020 to 2022, during high, moderate, and low COVID-19 restrictions. Outcome measures included VO2max, Venous Occlusion Plethysmography (VOP), %fat mass measured via DEXA, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and International …

The Effect Of Outdoor And Indoor Group Exercise Classes On Psychological Stress In College Students: A Pilot Study With Randomization, Raeann C. Bramwell, Aspen E. Streetman, Gina Besenyi

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(5): 1012-1024, 2023. Emerging evidence suggests that outdoor group exercise may reduce stress more than indoor group exercise because the outdoor environment provides unique mental health benefits. Stress leads to illnesses and diseases, but exercise mitigates harmful impacts. This study explored differences in perceived stress and outdoor physical activity participation among college students in an indoor or outdoor group exercise class. Data were collected pre-, mid- (after four sessions), and post-intervention (after eight sessions). Seventeen participants indicated an interest in the study, but 13 signed up. Participants completed a four-week group exercise intervention that met …

Use Of Electronic Ecological Momentary Assessment Methodologies In Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, And Sleep Research In Young Adults: Systematic Review, Kimberly R. Hartson, Luz Huntington-Moskos, Clara G. Sears, Gina Genova, Cara Mathis, Wessly Ford, Ryan E. Rhodes

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Background: Recent technological advances allow for the repeated sampling of real-time data in natural settings using electronic ecological momentary assessment (eEMA). These advances are particularly meaningful for investigating physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in young adults who are in a critical life stage for the development of healthy lifestyle behaviors.

Objective: This study aims to describe the use of eEMA methodologies in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep research in young adults.

Methods: The PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched through August 2022. Inclusion criteria were use of eEMA; sample of young adults …

Energy Costs Of Chair Sitting And Standing Video Exercises In Chinese Older Adults, Ages 60 To 89 Years, Zhenghua Cai, Minghui Quan, Muyang Huan, Guangli Sun, Stephen D. Herrmann, Barbara E. Ainsworth, Peijie Chen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 814-827, 2023. Home-based video exercise interventions improve older adults’ physiological performance and functional capacity. Little is known about the energy costs of video exercises in older adults. The Compendium of Physical Activities (PAs) has few items with PA metabolic equivalents (METs) in older adults. This study measured the energy costs of four chair and two standing exercises (sitting Tai Chi, Yoga, mobility ball, aerobics: standing, slow aerobics, and fast aerobics). Fifteen females and 14 males, 62-87 years (M ± SD, 73 ± 7.7 years), were categorized into three age groups (60-69, 70-79, 80-89). Oxygen …

Body Mass Index But Not Physical Activity Level Moderates Lowered Cardiac Baroreflex Sensitivity In People Living With Hiv, Marcus Rangel, Juliana Barros, Deysiane Peres, Pedro Mira, Daniel Martinez, Mateus Laterza, Paulo Farinatti, Juliana Borges

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 700-709, 2023. Reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) is an autonomic marker associated with a worse cardiovascular prognosis. Whether cBRS is lowered in people living with HIV (PLHIV) is yet unclear, as well as potential moderator effects of body mass index (BMI) or physical activity (PA) level. The present study aims to compare the spontaneous cBRS in PLHIV vs. HIV-uninfected controls, and to determine among PLHIV the relationship between cBRS vs. body mass index (BMI) and PA level. Total, upward (cBRS+), and downward (cBRS-) cBRS gains were assessed using the sequential method from beat-to-beat …

Sit Less, Move More: A National Study Of Physical-Activity Behavior And Cancer, Stella O. Nwogugu

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Background: Physical activity is associated with lower risks of cancer, the second leading cause of death among Americans. Yet, sedentary behavior is the prevailing lifestyle for about 80% of American adults. Additionally, cancer survivors remain significantly inactive, even though physical activity has been shown to decrease risk of cancer and cancer recurrence, improve tolerance of cancer therapy, and reduce mortality. This research explores the relative impact of personal agency, social support, and key demographic variables on physical-activity behavior for a national sample of adults as well as how these relationships differ for cancer survivors and their counterparts.

Methods: Using the …

Factors Influencing Motivation To Perform Mental And Physical Tasks During The Initial Lockdown Period Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Niklas Mckone, Joel R. Martin, Italia Milani, Shantanu Sur, Sumona Mondal, Nelson Cortes, Shane V. Caswell, Ali Boolani

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 1600-1615, 2022. Drastic changes to lifestyles have occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. An unintended consequence of stay at home orders is increased isolation and less social interaction for many people. For overall wellbeing it is important to stay both physically and mentally active; however, for many individual’s motivation may be a barrier. There are non-modifiable (e.g. sex, age, personality, infection rates in the area) and modifiable factors (e.g. physical activity, diet, sleep) that may be associated with motivation to perform physical and mental tasks. We collected data from 794 subjects using an online survey …

Functional Benefits Of Hard Martial Arts For Older Adults: A Scoping Review, Ian Miller, Mike Climstein, Luke Del Vecchio

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 1430-1443, 2022. The present scoping review focused upon the functional benefits of hard martial arts training for older adults. The AXIS Critical Appraisal Tool was used to appraise all studies included in the review. A systematic literature search identified 265 papers via electronic database and ten papers from additional sources. Of these, six studies featuring 240 participants were included in the final scoping review. Of the included studies, three were randomized control trials and three were comparative studies with concurrent controls. The available studies outlined improvements in functional fitness parameters for older adults participating …

Energy Cost Of Reclining, Sitting, And Standing Activities In Chinese Adults, Jiajia Liu, Yiyan Li, Minghui Quan, Jie Zhuang, Zhen-Bo Cao, Zheng Zhu, Yongming Li, Stephen D. Herrmann, Barbara E. Ainsworth

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(7): 1202-1211, 2022. The 2011 Compendium presents MET values for sedentary behaviors (SBs) and light-intensity physical activities (LIPAs). Some entries have estimated METs, others have multiple activities in a single entry, and newer activities are not in the Compendium. Accurate MET values are needed to increase the validity and generalizability of the Compendium. This study measured and analyzed SBs and LIPAs’ energy costs in reclining, sitting, standing postures, and fidgeting. Indirect calorimetry measured the energy costs (VO₂, ml^.kg^-1.min^-1) in 11 males and seven females (30.7 ± 7.6 …

Physical Activity And Mindfulness Are Associated With Lower Anxiety In Different But Complementary Ways, Allison L. Mizzi, Antony D. Karelis, Jennifer J. Heisz

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(7): 1075-1084, 2022. Introduction: Anxiety is the most prevalent mental illness worldwide. Physical activity and mindfulness both reduce anxiety. The two are highly related; however, the relative association of physical activity and mindfulness on anxiety has yet to be examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the unique variance accounted for by physical activity and mindfulness on anxiety. Methods: Fifty young adults from a student population (M ± SD = 19 ± 0.2 years old; 58% female) reported their physical activity, mindfulness, and anxiety symptoms at the start of the study and reported their change …

Sex Differences In The Glycemic Response To Structured Exercise Interventions In Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus Adults: A Systematic Review, Amaya Prat-Luri, Alejandro Lopez-Valenciano, Elena Sarabia-Cachadiña, Gary Liguori, Francisco Ayala

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 948-961, 2022. Despite physiological sex differences in the prevalence, pathogenesis, and responses to pharmacologic therapies of glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the current evidence regarding the benefits of physical activity in people with T2DM, there is still a lack of information about the response to physical activity in T2DM depending on the sex. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review was to analyze the physiological sex differences response to physical activity programs in adults with T2DM. A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was performed up to 4^th January …

Dyadic Effects Of Pokémon Go On Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In Mothers And Children, Shirlene D. Wang, Eldin Dzubur, Christine H. Naya, Tyler B. Mason, Genevieve F. Dunton

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 142-151, 2021. Family-based mobile health applications may be an opportunity to increase children’s physical activity (PA) levels. Researchers have highlighted Pokémon GO as a potential model for future PA interventions as it integrates PA with social gamification. This study provides descriptive data on Pokémon GO usage among mothers and their children and examines differences in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) over time among individuals playing Pokémon GO compared to non-players using a dyadic subsample from a three-year longitudinal study. After the release of Pokémon Go in July 2016, 156 mother-child dyads completed questionnaires about …

Behavior Change Trajectories And Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factor Clustering During The Transition To College: A Feasibility Pilot Study, Alexandra N. Smith, Lauren Q. Higgins, Simon Higgins

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 125-141, 2022. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is typically diagnosed in adults; however, MetS risk factors are growing in prevalence during youth and young adulthood. Though the transition from high school to college is associated with adverse changes in lifestyle behaviors that may contribute to MetS risk factor development, the relationship between pre-college MetS risk status and transition-related behavior change is unknown. This prospective study aimed to describe the relationship between pre-college MetS risk status and transition-related behavior change trajectories in college-bound students. Moreover, it aimed to assess the feasibility of the study design, including acceptability …

A Comparison Of The Magnitude Of The Mental Health Benefits Of Exercising Outdoors Vs Exercising Indoors: A Review, Greta M. Rueschmann

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

Many people in the United States suffer from poor mental health which can lead to suicide, self-harm, or negative effects on job performance and relationships. Not everyone can afford traditional therapy nor feels comfortable with it. With a greater emphasis placed on taking care of one’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, there should also be a greater emphasis placed on finding alternative types of therapy that can be matched to individuals based on their personalities and preferences. One such alternative is outdoor exercise. This review was conducted to examine whether exercising or performing physical activity outdoors results in greater …

The Effect Of Wearable Activity Monitor Presence On Step Counts, William B. Tayler, James D. Lecheminant, Jospeh Price, Christian P. Tadje

Faculty Publications

Objective: In this study, we tested the effect of wearable activity monitors and tracking on physical activity over 2 weeks.

Methods: Ninety young adults participated. Prior to initiation of the study, each participant was asked to download an iPhone app that tracked physical activity level (step counts) but were not told the app’s purpose. Each participant was then randomly assigned to one of 3 groups (N=30/group): (1) measurement awareness, (2) measurement awareness+track/record, or (3) control. Participants in the measurement awareness and the measurement awareness+track/record groups were given a pedometer to wear for 2 weeks. Additionally, participants in the measurement awareness+track/ …

Effects Of Low Dose Caffeine On Post-Exercise Heart Rate Variability: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial, Cagney T. Sargent, Tareq K. Shahbal, Andres E. Carrillo, Tania Amorim, Jason R. Edsall, Emily J. Ryan, Edward J. Ryan

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(2): 103-112, 2022. Caffeine may impact post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV); although, studies have yielded inconsistent findings. We examined the effects of low dose caffeine on post-exercise HRV. Healthy, college-aged adults [n = 18; age: 22.1 ± 2.6 years; BMI: 26.9 ± 4.3 kg/m²; estimated maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max): 45.1 ± 8.3 ml∙kg^-1∙min^-1] participated in a repeated-measures, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During the experimental trials, participants were fitted with a heart rate monitor and a mouthpiece with a one-way nonrebreathing valve and then rested for 10 min …

Covid-19 Lockdowns: Exacerbating The Silent Pandemic, David Gomez, Eric V. Neufeld, James W. Hicks, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(3): 1256-1260, 2021. The global medical community has exalted the vaccine as the champion solution to end the violent toll inflicted by COVID-19. While the role of vaccines cannot be undervalued in wide-scale intervention, presenting them as the sole solution exonerates individuals of the importance of taking ownership over their lifestyle choices. This editorial focuses on the importance of physical activity as a crucial component of COVID-19 prevention programs and a long-term investment against chronic diseases.

Using Exercise As A Stress Management Technique During The Covid-19 Pandemic: The Differences Between Men And Women In College, Lucas D. Elliott, Oliver W. A. Wilson, Kelsey Holland, Melissa Bopp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(5): 1234-1246, 2021. Psychological stress is a major concern in college students and can lead to negative mental and physical health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased psychological stress. Using exercise as a stress management technique has been shown to have a large effect in preventing and treating psychological stress. This study attempts to understand the gender differences between how using exercise as a stress management technique predicts perceived stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students completed an online survey to self-report their stress management techniques, perceived stress (PSS-10), grade point average (GPA) and demographics …

No Changes In Appetite-Related Hormones Following Swimming And Cycling Exercise Interventions In Adults With Obesity, Brandon G. Fico, Mohammed Alkatan, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1819-1825, 2020. Swimming is a favorable and ideal modality of exercise for individuals with obesity and arthritis as it encompasses a minimal weight-bearing stress and a reduced heat load. However, the available evidence indicates that regular swimming may not be effective in reducing body weight and body fatness. A current hypothesis is that exercise in cold water stimulates appetite. We determined the effect of swimming training on appetite-related hormones. Thirty-nine adults with obesity and osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of supervised swimming or cycling training. In the initial few weeks, participants exercised …

Metabolic Flexibility And Weight Status May Contribute To Inter-Individual Changes In Breastmilk Lipid Content In Response To An Acute Bout Of Exercise: Preliminary Findings From A Pilot Study, Jill M. Maples, Charlotte Mccarley, Maire M. Blankenship, Kristin Yoho, K.Paige Johnson, Kimberly B. Fortner, Rachel A. Tinius

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 1756-1769, 2020. The purposes of this pilot study were to describe changes in breastmilk lipid content in response to an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise and to explore maternal metabolic health factors, including metabolic flexibility, which may impact this change. A cross-sectional, observational, pilot study design was performed in 14 women between 4 and 6 months postpartum. Whole body fasting lipid oxidation was assessed, a standardized high-fat breakfast was consumed, and lipid oxidation was again measured 120-minutes post-meal. Metabolic flexibility was determined by comparing the change in lipid oxidation before and after the …