Physiology Commons^™

Adenosine A2b Receptor Effects On Post-Mi Remodeling And Cardiac Fibroblast Function, Enbo Zhan

Wayne State University Dissertations

Adenosine A_2B receptor (A_2BR) appear to contribute to chronic inflammation. This receptor is highly expressed in macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts, cells which play key roles in inflammation and healing following myocardial infarction (MI). A_2BR have been shown to induce collagen production and promote organ fibrosis, although the reports of A_2BR role on MI are limited and conflicting. The results of cardiac fibroblast (CF) studies however suggest that non-selective A_2BR stimulation inhibits collagen expression. The hypothesis of the present study was that deletion of A_2BR reduces adverse remodeling in post-MI, …

Cervical Remodeling/Ripening At Term And Preterm Delivery: The Same Mechanism Initiated By Different Mediators And Different Effector Cells, Juan Miguel Gonzalez Velez

Wayne State University Dissertations

Premature cervical remodeling/ripening is believed to contribute to preterm delivery (PTD), the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite considerable research, the causes of term and PTD remain unclear, and there is no effective treatment for PTD. We tested the hypothesis that complement activation plays a role in cervical remodeling and PTD. We studied cervical remodeling at term.

We studied two mouse models of inflammation-induced PTD. The first model was induced by vaginal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)and the second one by administration of progesterone antagonist RU486. Increased cervical C3 deposition and macrophage infiltration and increased serum C3adesArg and C5adesArg …

Biochemical And Structural Studies Of Aav-2 Rep68-Aavs1 Complex Assembly, Clayton Bishop

Theses and Dissertations

Multiple DNA transactions are at the center of almost all processes regulating the AAV life cycle. A common feature shared by all transactions is the binding of the large AAV Rep proteins Rep78/Rep68 onto DNA sites harboring multiple GCTC repeats. AAV mediated site-specific integration is contingent upon the formation of a productive complex between Rep78/Rep68 and the AAVS1 site located at chromosome 19. In order to understand the mechanistic details of the initial assembly process we carried out equilibrium binding experiments of Rep68 and its individual domains with a 42-mer AAVS1 site. Results show that although Rep68 binds AAVS1 with …

The Camkkβ Inhibitor Sto-609 Causes Artefacts In Ca2+ Imaging And Selectively Inhibits Bkca In Mouse Carotid Body Type I Cells, Jennifer G. Jurcsisn

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

It has previously been reported that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may be critical for hypoxic chemotransduction in carotid body type I cells (Wyatt et al, 2007). This study sought to determine the importance of the regulatory upstream kinase of AMPK, CamKKβ, in the acute response to hypoxia in isolated mouse type I cells.

Initial studies indicated several previously unreported artefacts associated with using the CamKKβ inhibitor STO-609 and calcium imaging techniques. Strong STO-609 autofluorescence meant that Fura-2 could not be used and X-Rhod-1 imaging revealed that STO-609 quenched fluorescence even in the absence of intracellular Ca2+. The whole-cell configuration of …

Investigating Anatomical And Molecular Aspects Of Proprioceptive Sensory Neuron Diversity Using A Transgenic Mouse Model, Martha Jean Sonner

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Muscle spindles (MS) and Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are encapsulated, stretch-activated sensory receptors housed within skeletal muscles, yet their functional contributions to proprioceptive monitoring of limb movements are quite different. For example, MS are responsible for detecting stretch of muscle fibers, and GTOs provide feedback regarding muscle tension during contraction. Peripheral axons extending from proprioceptive sensory neurons (PSNs) in the dorsal root ganglia supply MS and GTOs. MS are innervated by Group Ia and II sensory fiber endings, while GTOs are innervated by a single Group Ib sensory fiber. The developmental processes guiding axons from PSNs to their targets and …

Effects Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On Expression Of Immediate Early Genes (Ieg's), Jessica Wagner

Browse all Theses and Dissertations

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been utilized in human studies to modulate a multitude of psychological, cognitive, and psychiatric disorders. There have been positive behavioral results in human subjects but our knowledge of biological processes occurring during stimulation to elicit behavioral outcomes is limited. Our study utilizes a rodent tDCS (R-tDCS) model in which Sprague Dawley rats receive tDCS in order to examine whether tDCS affects neuronal activation. We examined two immediate early genes (IEG's), cFos and zif268, in order to discern if tDCS affects neuronal activation. Our findings indicate that tDCS does affect neuronal activation by means of …

Characterization Of The Biological Role Of A Putative Porphyromonas Gingivalis Rna-Binding Protein, Ramana Cvitkovic

Theses and Dissertations

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is a major etiological agent in the initiation and progression of severe forms of periodontal disease. Oral bacteria like P. gingivalis are subject to continually changing conditions as a consequence of host eating, oral hygiene patterns and subgingival temperatures. As such survival requires an adaptive response to environmental cues, but little is known about the mechanism by which P. gingivalis controls co- and post-transcriptional regulation of RNA levels and potentially protein expression. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are evolutionarily conserved across species and are involved in such regulatory mechanisms. However, P. gingivalis currently has no identified …

Linear Progression For Increased External Loads During Strength Training, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Elias M. Carrillo, Ibrahim K. Munayer, Jocarol E. Shields, Micheal J. Luera, Brennan J. Thompson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Improvements in muscular strength require an individual to train with progressively increased external loads over time. While it is well documented that the initial adaptations to strength training occur rapidly, previous researchers have not thoroughly examined the most effective means of inducing these changes. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability to add 2.27 kg to the barbell for 20 consecutive training sessions, and to compare these responses between the sexes. Thirty-four subjects ([mean ± SD age = 23 ± 3 years] men, n = 17; women, n = 17) participated in this study. The subjects were …

Leg Lean Mass Adaptations Following Short-Term Barbell Training In Women, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Alexander S. Drusch, Brennan J. Thompson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Participations in a resistance training program results in both neural adaptations and increases in lean body mass, the latter of which is considered a slow process. The majority of previous investigations that have examined the time course associated with muscular adaptations have utilized exercise machines or single-joint movements. Furthermore, the adaptations associated with resistance training in women are not as well understood as those for men. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a four week resistance training intervention on changes in leg lean mass in untrained, college-aged women. Thirty-five women (mean ± SD age = …

Relationships Between Anthropometric And Performance Variables In Youth: Predictors Of Lower-Body Vertical Jump Peak Power, Alexander S. Drusch, Elias M. Carrillo, Jacob Adam Mota, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Matt S. Stock, Marc R. Lochbaum, Brennan J. Thompson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Anthropometric and physical performance measurements are commonly used for identifying specific physical traits in youth. Laboratory-based tests (e.g., linear velocity transducers), while accurate, provide practical limitations due to high costs and technical necessities. Thus, commonly used field tests may be useful alternatives for assessing fitness/performance characteristics of youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between anthropometric measures and lower-and upper-body power and strength measures; and to assess the predictive ability of these measures for lower-body vertical jump peak power (PP) output in youth. Thirty-nine pre-adolescent (mean±SD, range: age=7.8±1.7, 5-12 years) children volunteered to participate in this …

The Effects Of High-Intensity Interval Training And 28 Days Of [Beta]-Hydroxy-[Beta]-Methybutyrate Supplementation On Measures Of Aerobic Power And Metabolic Thresholds, Edward Robinson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Purpose: To examine the effects of 28 days of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and time to exhaustion (Tmax) in collegeaged men and women. Methods: Healthy men and women (n=34, age and VO2peak= 22.7+3.1yr and 39.3+5.0 mL. kg-1.min-1, respectively) participated in this study. All participants completed a series of tests prior and subsequent to treatment. A maximal oxygen consumption test was performed on a cycle ergometer to assess VO2peak, Tmax, VT, and RCP. The peak power output (Ppeak), power at VT (PVT) and power …

The Relationship Between Dorsiflexion Range Of Motion And Knee Kinematics In A Land-And-Jump Task, Nate Brookreson

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The study examined the relationship between weight-bearing and non weight-bearing dorsiflexion range of motion and frontal knee kinematics at initial ground contact and maximal knee flexion in a land-and-jump task. Thirteen male participants (age = 23 + 2.35 y, height = 181.4 + 5.68 cm, mass = 84.5 + 17.2 kg) proficient in landing and jumping techniques and free from lower limb injury participated in the study. Measurement of ankle range of motion was conducted utilizing non weight-bearing and weight-bearing positions prior to participating in the land-and jump task. During the jump, a 10-camera Vicon 3D Motion Analysis System captured …

The Effects Of Theophylline And 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline On The Respiratory Response To Carbon Dioxide In Neonatal Rats, Christine E. Albers

Masters Theses

Premature infants are often plagued with respiration problems ranging from periodic breathing to apnea. These respiratory complications can be a result of underdeveloped respiratory organs, immaturity of the brainstem respiratory control center, genetic irregularities, or a combination of all three. This study sought to increase respiration with the administration of methylxanthines, which are respiratory stimulants, coupled with carbon dioxide (CO₂), also a respiratory stimulant. Neonatal rats aged 4 to 7 days old were used to mimic premature infants' response to the interaction of methylxanthines and CO₂. Before beginning the respiratory studies, sections of a 4- and …

Effect Of Acute L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (Sustamine) And Electrolyte Ingestion On Cognitive Function, Multiple Object Tracking And Reaction Time Following Prolonged Exercise, Gabriel Pruna

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Changes in physiological function occurring during a body water deficit may result in significant decrements in performance, cognitive function and fine motor control during exercise. This may be due to the magnitude of the body water deficit. Rehydration strategies are important to prevent these deleterious effects in performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes before and after prolonged exercise of an alanine-glutamine dipeptide (AG) on cognitive function and reaction time. Twelve male endurance-trained runners (age: 23.5 [plus or minus] 3.7 y; height: 175.5 [plus or minus] 5.4 cm; weight: 70.7 [plus or minus] 7.6 kg) participated …

Effect Of Acute L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine (Sustamine) And Electrolyte Ingestion On Plasma Electrolytes, Physiologic Measures, And Neuromuscular Fatigue During Endurance Exercise, William Mccormack

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two dose levels of L-Alanyl-LGlutamine in a commercially available sports drink to the sports drink only on time to exhaustion, neuromuscular fatigue and physiological measures during prolonged endurance exercise. Twelve endurance-trained males (23.5±3.7 yrs; 175.5±5.4 cm; 70.7±7.6 kg) performed four trials, each consisting of 1 hr treadmill runs at 75% of VO2peak followed by a run to exhaustion at 90% of VO2peak. The trials differed in type of hydration. One trial consisted of no hydration (NHY), another required ingestion of only a sports drink (ET), and two trials required …

Effects Of Anticancer Drug Docetaxel On The Structure And Function Of The Rabbit Olfactory Mucosa, Boniface M. Kavoi, Johanna Plendl, Andrew N. Makanya, Shem Ochieng', Stephen G. Kiama

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Docetaxel (DCT) is an anticancer drug which acts by disrupting microtubule dynamics in the highly mitotic cancer cells. Thus, this drug has a potential to affect function and organization of tissues exhibiting high cellular turnover. We investigated, in the rabbit, the effects of a single human equivalent dose (6.26. mg/kg, i.v.) of DCT on the olfactory mucosa (OM) through light and electron microscopy, morphometry, Ki-67 immunostaining, TUNEL assay and the buried food test for olfactory sensitivity. On post-exposure days (PED) 5 and 10, there was disarrangement of the normal cell layering in the olfactory epithelium (OE), apoptotic death of cells …

Comparison Of Two Different Sprint Interval Training Work-To-Rest Ratios On Acute Metabolic And Inflammatory Responses, Christopher R. Harnish

Theses and Dissertations

High intensity exercise is believed to yield greater results on health and human performance than moderate intensity exercise. Extensive research indicates that not only do high-intensity interval training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) produce significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and disease, they may be more effective at improving long-term metabolic function, including insulin sensitivity (Si), by producing more mitochondria. Moreover, compliance rates for HIT and SIT participation are reported to be the same or better than traditional moderate intensity exercise. Because lack of time is often cited as major hindrance to exercise participation, SIT is also seen as a …

Regulation Of Pancreatic Α And Β Cell Function By The Bile Acid Receptor Tgr5, Divya Prasanna Kumar

Theses and Dissertations

The discovery that bile acids act as endogenous ligands of the membrane receptor TGR5 and the nuclear receptor FXR increased their significance as regulators of cholesterol, glucose and energy metabolism. Activation of TGR5, expressed on enteroendocrine L cells, by bile acids caused secretion of GLP-1, which stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. Expression of TGR5 on pancreatic islet cells and the direct effect of bile acids on the endocrine functions of pancreas, however, are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify expression of TGR5 in pancreatic islet cells and determine the effect of bile acids …

Haploinsufficiency Of Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C In The Development Of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, David Barefield

Dissertations

Heart Failure is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the human population and represents a common endpoint for several diseases including inherited cardiomyopathies. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular wall thickening, diastolic dysfunction, and sarcomere disarray. Mutations in sarcomeric protein encoding genes have been established as causative for HCM.

The gene MYBPC3, encoding cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C), is the second most commonly mutated gene in HCM cases. As a majority of these mutations have been determined to result in a null allele which does not produce any protein, it is thought that haploinsufficiency …

Functional Importance Of Oxidative Post-Translational Modifications Of Ryanodine Receptor In Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Handling During Oxidative Stress, Stefan R. Mazurek

Dissertations

Free ionic calcium (Ca2+) plays an essential role as a second messenger that initiates muscle contraction in the heart. Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) acts as the primary Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel in the heart. In the event that intracellular SR Ca2+ handling is compromised, both the contractility and electrical excitability of the heart can be altered. As a consequence, heart function may not be able to maintain the necessary cardiac output to meet the metabolic demand of the body.

Increased oxidation of RyR2 has been implicated in abnormal Ca2+ handling that promotes the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease. …

Neuromuscular Factors Affecting Stretch-Induced Torque Loss, Gabriel Siqueira Trajano

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

The mechanisms underpinning the immediate torque loss induced by acute, static muscle stretching are still not clear. The current research was designed to examine the neuromuscular factors influencing this torque loss. In Study 1, the contributions of central versus peripheral factors to the stretch-induced torque loss were investigated. Measures of central drive, including the EMG amplitude normalised to the muscle compound action potential amplitude (EMG:M), percent voluntary activation (%VA) and first volitional wave amplitude (V:M), and measures of peripheral function, including the twitch peak torque and 20:80 Hz tetanic torque ratio were made before, and immediately and 15 min after …

Relative Importance And Plasticity Of Anatomical And Neuromuscular Factors Affecting Joint Torque Production, Joanne C. Trezise

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

The present research aimed to determine (i) the relative influence anatomical and neuromuscular variables on maximal isometric, concentric and eccentric knee extensor torque (Study 1); (ii) whether the change in strength following a 10-week strength training program is associated with changes in specific anatomical and neuromuscular variables (Study 2a); (iii) whether anatomical and neuromuscular adaptations are dependent on their pre-training magnitudes; and (iv) whether it is possible to ‘predict’ an individual’s adaptation to strength training based on their anatomical and neuromuscular pre-training magnitudes (Study 2b).

The variables assessed throughout the studies include muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), fascicle length and angle …

Distribution And Elimination Of 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol (Tfm) By Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) And Non-Target, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser Fulvescens), Michael W. Le Clair

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The pesticide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), has been highly successful in the control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes. Treatments with TFM involve applying it to streams, where it targets larval sea lamprey which live burrowed in the stream substrate. While the toxic mechanism of TFM has been elucidated, and its effects on sea lamprey described, its effects on non-target fish species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are not as well understood. The present work demonstrated that rainbow trout show a great capacity to detoxify the lampricide using glucuronidation, when exposed to …