Physiology Commons^™

Validity Of Borg Ratings Of Perceived Exertion During Active Video Game Play, Brandon S. Pollock, Jacob E. Barkley, Nick Potenzini, Renee M. Desalvo, Stacey L. Buser, Ronald Otterstetter, Judith A. Juvancic-Heltzel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 164-170, 2013. During physically interactive video game play (e.g., Nintendo Wii), users are exposed to potential distracters (e.g., video, music), which may decrease their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) throughout game play. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the association between RPE scores and heart rate while playing the Nintendo Wii. Healthy adults (N = 13, 53.5 ± 5.4 years old) participated in two exercise sessions using the Nintendo Wii Fit Plus. During each session participants played a five-minute warm-up game (Basic Run), two separate Wii Fit Plus games (Yoga, Strength …

Kinesio Tape® Applied To The Thorax Augments Ventilatory Efficiency During Heavy Exercise, Kindal Malehorn*, Jodi Hiniker*, Theresa Mackey‡, Kristin J. Heumann‡, Steven Ross Murray‡, Robert W. Pettitt‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 157-163, 2013. Kinesio Tape® (KT) is purported to help coordinate involuntary contractions. KT applied to the thorax is believed to enhance breathing during constant-load exercise, but verification is lacking. We had 12 participants complete a graded exercise test to determine gas-exchange threshold (GET), and two, constant-load bouts sufficient in intensity to evoke the VO2 slow component using no tape (NT) or KT applied to the thorax, respectively, in counterbalanced order. Indirect calorimetery measured ventilatory and gas-exchange parameters, and a 3-lead EKG recorded heart rate (HR). A greater expiratory tidal volume (+150 mL·min-1) along …

Stress Reactivity In Humans And Animals: Two Meta-Analyses, Brad Wipfli, Ernesto Ramirez

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 144-156, 2013. Previous meta-analyses examining the effects of exercise on stress reactivity have included methodologically weak studies; we therefore conducted a meta-analysis utilizing more stringent inclusion criteria. An analysis of 33 randomized controlled trials involving humans (N = 1,252) revealed a moderate effect (ES = -0.31; 95% CI = -.43, -.20) for exercise as a method to reduce stress reactivity. An additional analysis with 27 randomized controlled trials of physical activity in animals (N = 462) also revealed a moderate reduction (ES = -0.33; 95% CI = -0.15, -0.52) …

The Impact Of Classroom Activity Breaks On The School-Day Physical Activity Of Rural Children, Teresa Bershwinger, Timothy A. Brusseau

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 134-143, 2013. Schools have been identified as a central element in a system that ensures that children participate in enough physical activity to develop healthy lifestyles. Even with this recommendation, many school-based physical activity opportunities are being eliminated/minimized (i.e. physical education (PE), recess). With children spending much of their time at school, other supplemental physical activity opportunities are essential. One such opportunity is through classroom teacher led activity breaks. Very little evidence exists identifying the impact of classroom activity breaks on the daily physical activity patterns of children. Therefore, the purpose of this …

Effects Of Exercise Sequence In Resistance-Training On Strength, Speed, And Agility In High School Football Players, Shawn Johnson, Steve Burns, Kari Azevedo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 126-133, 2013. Manipulating variables in a training program (e.g., sets, reps, lifts, sequence, etc.) is designed to maximize strength and power performance. Due to the complexity of designing resistance-training programs, changing one variable could potentially set an athletic team apart from others in performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate if exercise sequence could influence the development of strength, speed, and agility. This study compared two specific types of exercise sequences: traditional, which performs the prescribed exercises in a traditional or blocked manner (by completing every set of an exercise before …

Effects Of Foot Position During Squatting On The Quadriceps Femoris: An Electromyographic Study, Nicholas G. Murray, Daniel Cipriani, Denise O'Rand, Rebecca Reed-Jones

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 114-125, 2013. Weightlifters have commonly believed that changing joint position can alter specific muscle activation. The magnitude of force produced by a muscle is highly dependent upon the length of the muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of foot positioning on muscle activation of the superficial quadriceps as measured by surface electromyography (sEMG) during a functional squatting movement in healthy adults. Twenty physically active asymptomatic adults (7 females and 13 males) were included in the study while four different foot positions (Neutral, Internally Rotated, Externally Rotated, and Staggered) …

Validation Of Omron™ Pedometers Using Mti Accelerometers For Use With Children, Bradley P. Peters, Kate A. Heelan Phd, Bryce M. Abbey

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 106-113, 2013. The MTI accelerometer is highly regarded as a reliable means to measure physical activity in children (Trost et. al., 1998); however, it is not always a practical instrument to use. Pedometers offer an alternative method of activity measurement and are often more practical. PURPOSE: To validate Omron™ pedometer (steps/day) against MTI accelerometer (counts /day and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) min/day) for children. METHODS: 190 children (88 males, 102 females, 8.7±2.1 yrs, 76.9±27.5 BMI %tile) wore an MTI accelerometer and Omron™ pedometer attached to the same belt for 3.9±2.2 days. …

Acute Ingestion Of L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Fails To Improve Muscular Strength And Endurance In Rotc Cadets, Benjamin Wax, Jerry J. Mayo, Laura A. Hilton, Harris C. Mareio, Justin D. Miller, Heather E. Webb, Brian Lyons

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 91-97, 2013. L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AAKG) is purported to stimulate the release of nitric oxide, and is suggested to facilitate muscular performance by increasing blood flow and increase oxygen and nutrient delivery to the working muscle. However, the ergogenic benefit of AAKG during resistance exercise has not been established. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute AAKG ingestion in active ROTC Cadets on measures of one-repetition maximal strength (1RM) and muscular endurance. Nineteen apparently healthy males ingested either AAKG (3 g) or a placebo 45 minutes prior to …

Examination Of Injury In Female Gaelic Football, Justin Brown, Charilaos Papadopoulos, Robert Pritchett

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 98-105, 2013. To examine the relationship between body mass index and injury as well as examine injury according to playing position. In addition we sought to describe injury as it pertains to female Gaelic football. Data was collected using an online questionnaire. Archived data was also collected from a ladies Gaelic football team located in Washington, USA. Respondents included 74 recreationally trained female Gaelic footballers aged 15 – 45 years and a playing experience of 1 – 24 years. Respondents were asked to recall injuries that resulted from participation in Gaelic football. A …

Characterization Of The Neurotrophic Factor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf) In Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells, Mohammad Alqudah

Theses and Dissertations

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family of secreted proteins, which include in addition to BDNF, nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin 3-6 (NT-3-6). BDNF mediates its functions by activating two cell surface receptors, pan-neurotrophin receptor (P75NTR) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) and their downstream intracellular cascades. BDNF is best known for its role in neuronal survival, regulation of neuronal differentiation, migration and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, BDNF is widely expressed in non-neuronal tissues as well. The localization and the function of BDNF in intestinal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are not well defined. Thus, the main purpose of …

Sildenafil Attenuates Ethanol-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury And Preserves Cardiac Function Through Protein Kinase G-Dependent Signaling, Gregory R. Sturz

Theses and Dissertations

Background: Ethanol is a cardiotoxic substance that damages the heart by increasing apoptosis, free radical formation and calcium overloading. Consequently, there is an increase in cell death leaving fewer functioning myocytes leading to heart failure. Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor approved for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Studies from our lab have demonstrated that PDE-5 inhibition reduces myocardial infarct size and attenuates post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction in both ischemia-reperfusion and permanent coronary artery ligation models. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesized that treatment with sildenafil will prevent cardiotoxicity associated with acute alcohol exposure by reducing myocyte apoptosis and preserving …

Regulation Of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function By Hydrogen Sulfide, Ancy Nalli

Theses and Dissertations

Inhibitory neurotransmitters, chiefly nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, cause MLC20 dephosphorylation and muscle relaxation via inhibition of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and activation of MLC phosphatase. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced as a byproduct by luminal sulfate-reducing commensal bacteria or as an endogenous signaling molecule synthesized from L-cysteine via cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) regulates muscle contraction. However, the role of H2S in the regulation of MLC phosphatase activity and MLC20 phosphorylation is not known. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of CSE and CBS in smooth muscle cells and to elucidate the molecular …

Mentored Research In Geochemistry Of Ancient Maya And Fremont Archaeological Sites, Dr. Richard Terry

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Many of the activities of the ancient Maya did not leave artifactual or architectural remains for us to study, since many activities involved organic materials that were biodegraded over time. Furthermore, the warm and humid climate accelerated the decomposition of most organic materials (Dahlin et al., 2007). However, minerals like phosphate contained in food and other organic materials are fixed on the soil surface, imprinting a chemical trace which is possible to analyze (Barba and Ortiz 1992; Terry et al. 2000; Parnell et al. 2001). Geochemical techniques can be used to determine ancient human activity and their correlation to minerals …

The Role Of Pas-Kinase In Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy And Endurance Adaptation, Dr. David Thomson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of this mentoring environment grant was to determine whether the presence of the protein PAS-kinase (PASK) affects muscle growth and/or endurance performance. Our primary model system was the PASK knockout mouse (PASK-KO) and findings from this mouse were compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The project is now completed. The primary research objectives and findings are listed below:

Secretory Phospholipase A2, Dr. John Bell

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) binds to and hydrolyzes cell membranes. It is important in inflammatory responses and diseases including septic shock, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Normally, cells resist the enzyme’s action, but they become susceptible early during the process of either biochemically-programmed or of traumatic cell death. A recent discovery demonstrated that the activity of different isozymes of sPLA2 depends on the type of cell death involved. Understanding the relationship between this specificity and physiological roles of these isozymes requires elucidation of the relevant molecular mechanisms. This project will test the hypothesis that the relative levels of four membrane biophysical parameters …

Studies On The Reaction Of High-Dose Hydroxocobalamin And Ascorbic Acid With Carbon Monoxide: Implications For Treatment Of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Joseph Roderique

Theses and Dissertations

Based upon experimental evidence from the 1970’s we proposed that a reduced form of hydroxocobalamin should be capable of producing carbon dioxide (CO2) from carbon monoxide (CO) in blood, and that this conversion should be detectable. Using resonance raman spectroscopy we demonstrated that a mixture of hydroxocobalamin and ascorbic acid could create the reduced form of hydroxocobalamin. We used a closed-loop circulation system with a hollow-fiber membrane oxygenator to produce carboxyhemoglobin. Using sensitive gas monitoring equipment to the gas-out port of the oxygenator we analyzed the CO and CO2 concentrations coming from the oxygenator. The mixture of hydroxocobalamin and ascorbic …

Changes In Membrane Physical Properties During Chemotherapy, Dr. John Bell

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Many chemotherapeutic agents treat cancer by inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the tumor. One of the consequences of apoptosis is changes in the physical properties of the cell membrane. Some of these changes are important for other phagocytic cells to recognize and remove the dying cells thereby preventing an inflammatory response. However, other physical changes convert the membrane from its normal state of resistance to hydrolytic attack by enzymes present in the blood to a state of susceptibility. If this susceptibility precedes removal of the apoptotic cells by phagocytes, a harmful inflammatory response could potentially occur. Whether cells become …

Endocannabinoid Enzyme Expression In The Hippocampus, Dr. Jeff Edwards

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The objectives of this award were met, especially in regard to the mentoring focus of the award. The students have been mentored and trained in an effective manner as outlined below. Using this mentoring environment and the experiences gained by it has allowed all but one of the students graduating in the last two years from my lab to this point, to be accepted into the professional school of their choice (see students listed below). Research, especially where the students are actually involved in all aspects of it and publishing can play a major role in their acceptance to professional …

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Is Down-Regulated In The Brains Of Female Hs Rats Compared To Ns Rats, Dr. James Porter

Journal of Undergraduate Research

We were able to use RT-PCR to confirm that mRNA expression for brain soluble epoxide hydrolase was significantly down-regulated. The magnitude of relative down-regulation was on the same order as that found using microarray analysis. This was an important finding since microarray data cannot be published unless corroborating evidence is found using a separate technology (these data were presented at the Experimental Biology 2010 meeting in April, 2010).

Receptors For Advanced Glycation End-Products (Rage) Mediates Particulate Matter-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation, Dr. Paul Reynolds

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Funding available through this MEG award has provided an opportunity for me to meet many academic objectives I’ve determined to be important in the early stages of my faculty appointment at BYU. First of all, I have been able to move my on site research program forward and involve many undergraduates in the process. Specific to the current MEG award, involved students and I have been able to accomplish the proposed research. We have been successful in conducting pilot studies that reveal possible roles for RAGE in mechanisms of lung inflammation induced by both diesel particulate matter (PM) and cigarette …

Modulation Of Synaptic Transmission By Adenosine In Layer 2/3 Of The Rat Visual Cortex In Vitro, Nicholas M. Bannon

Master's Theses

No abstract provided.

Integrating Quantitative Experiments Into The Physiology Classroom, Sowmya Anjur

Faculty Publications & Research

Physiology and Disease is a student led inquiry based class at the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, where students design and execute their own experiments and analyze their data based on the evidence they have gathered. Student surveys have also indicated the need for more quantitation in lab experiments. To accommodate all these issues, several changes are being implemented into the course in an effort to allow students to identify the role of the neuronal controls for parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate, and to understand better how they work in concert. A new project (construction of a …

Improved Tolerance To Salt And Water Stress In Drosophila Melanogaster Cells Conferred By Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein., Matthew Marunde, Dilini Samarajeewa, John Anderson, Shumin Li, Steven Hand, Michael Menze

Faculty and Staff Scholarship

Mechanisms that govern anhydrobiosis involve the accumulation of highly hydrophilic macromolecules, such as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. Group 1 LEA proteins comprised of 181 (AfLEA1.1) and 197 (AfLEA1.3) amino acids were cloned from embryos of Artemia franciscana and expressed in Drosophila melanogaster cells (Kc167). Confocal microscopy revealed a construct composed of green fluorescence protein (GFP) and AfLEA1.3 accumulates in the mitochondria (AfLEA1.3-GFP), while AfLEA1.1-GFP was found in the cytoplasm. In the presence of mixed substrates, oxygen consumption was statistically identical for permeabilized Kc167 control and Kc167-AfLEA1.3 cells. Acute titrations of permeabilized cells with NaCl up to 500 mM led …

Exercise Alters Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Gdnf) Protein Content In The Spinal Cord, Monica Janine Mccullough

Dissertations

Neurotrophic factors may play a role in exercise-induced neuroprotective effects; however, it is not known if exercise mediates changes in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protein levels in the spinal cord. The aim of the studies described herein was to determine if exercise alters GDNF protein expression in the lumbar spinal cord of healthy and diseased animals. The lumbar spinal cord was analyzed from adult rats aged 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-months, and from transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice and wild-type mice aged 3 months. Animals had undergone either forced wheel running, voluntary wheel running or swimming for …

Program, Population Change And Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster

Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster Conferences

No abstract provided.

Derivation Of Multivariate Syndromic Outcome Metrics For Consistent Testing Across Multiple Models Of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury In Rats, Adam R. Ferguson, Karen-Amanda Irvine, John C. Gensel, Jessica L. Nielson, Amity Lin, Johnathan Ly, Mark R. Segal, Rajiv R. Ratan, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Michael S. Beattie

Physiology Faculty Publications

Spinal cord injury (SCI) and other neurological disorders involve complex biological and functional changes. Well-characterized preclinical models provide a powerful tool for understanding mechanisms of disease; however managing information produced by experimental models represents a significant challenge for translating findings across research projects and presents a substantial hurdle for translation of novel therapies to humans. In the present work we demonstrate a novel 'syndromic' information-processing approach for capitalizing on heterogeneous data from diverse preclinical models of SCI to discover translational outcomes for therapeutic testing. We first built a large, detailed repository of preclinical outcome data from 10 years of basic …

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness And Proprioception, J. Rupp, E. Payton, S.O. Henry

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

J. Rupp, E. Payton, & S. O. Henry

Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR

Although some effects of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) are well documented, the impact of DOMS on proprioception – awareness of body and limb position in space and time has not yet been investigated. Delayed onset muscle soreness may affect neuromuscular sensory receptors and neural pathways due to microtears in the muscle, which could reduce proprioceptive abilities. PURPOSE: Investigate effects of DOMS on three selected measures of proprioception. METHODS: Using digital inclinometers, and data acquisition system; proprioception was assessed by participants’ (n = 19) ability to …

How Does The Effect Of Cholesterol Vary Between The Inner And Outer Membrane?, Dr. John Bell

Journal of Undergraduate Research

This proposal was designed to use fluorescence spectroscopy to identify in as much detail as possible physical properties of model membranes in effort to understand roles of cholesterol in biological membranes. The following questions were addressed: how does the effect of cholesterol differ between the inner and outer faces of the cell membrane; can fluorescence spectroscopy distinguish between homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures of membrane components; and what is the biophysical mechanism associated with one of the fluorescent probes used (merocyanine 540)? These questions were addressed with three specific aims. All three aims have been accomplished. One paper was published during …

Role Of Amp Kinase In The Regulation Of Cortisol Release From The Adrenal Gland, Dr. Allan M. Judd

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Throughout the three years the funding of this proposal was utilized , I (Dr. Judd) have weekly laboratory meetings and journal clubs for undergraduate and graduate students in the laboratory. At the journal club, recently published articles related to their research projects are presented by the students and the hypothesis, techniques, data, and conclusions of each of the manuscripts discussed. I also interact with these students to help them plan their presentation and lead the discussion of the manuscript at the end of the presentation. The articles that are chosen for discussion are generally published in “Endocrinology” , the premiere …

Teaching Physiology Online: Successful Use Of Case Studies In A Graduate Course, Giovanni Casotti, John T. Beneski, Maureen T. Knabb

Biology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.