Physiology Commons^™

Effect Of An Endurance Training-Overtraining Protocol On Rat Muscular Oxidative Capacity, Rodrigo Luiz Perroni Ferraresso, Denise Vaz De Macedo, Rodrigo Hohl

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Overtraining may outcomes for functional overreaching (FOR), a short term decline in performance that leads eventually to an improvement in performance after recovery, or nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) when performance decline may be reversed only by a longer regenerative period. Recently we developed a training-overtraining protocol for rats with increased workload: eight weeks of daily exercise sessions, followed by three weeks of increasing daily training frequency (2, 3 and 4 times) with decreasing recovery time between sessions (4, 3 and 2h), characterized by analyses of performance before training (T1) and after the 4th(T2), 8th(T3), 9th(T4), 10th(T5) and 11th(T6) training weeks. All …

Determination Of Blood Glucose Threshold In Boys: Descriptive Analysis, Alex Garcia, Jorge Luis Domingues Honório, Runer Augusto Marson, Paulo Henrique Silva Marques De Azevedo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The blood glucose threshold (GT) has been used for the assessment of the aerobic capacity for trained individuals in replace of the blood lactate and ventilatory parameters for anaerobic threshold determination. But, there are no studies with boys. The purpose of this study was to measure the intensity corresponding to the GT in a group of boys. Eight boys (11±1.12 years; 38±6.93 kg; 1.44±0.09 m; 18±1.79 kg/m2) performed a graded maximal exercise test on a cycloergometer to determine the Watts peak (WP), heart rate maximum (HRmax), Watts at GT (GTw) and heart rate at GT (GThr). The initial intensity was …

Comparison Of The Effects Of Different Anesthetics On Serum Haemolysis And Glycogenolysis In Rats, Eduarda F. A. Machado, Ana Carolina R. Normand, Lázaro A. S. Nunes, Denise V. Macedo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The anesthetics can differently affect the structure and biological function of tissues and systems. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three injectable anesthetics generally used in experiments with animals on the degree of haemolysis and glycogenolysis after deep anesthesia. 20 Wistar male rats (330-440g) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: Cloral Hydrate (CH), Ketamine + Xylazine (KX), Zoletil 50® (zolazepam and tiletamina) + Xylazine (ZTX). After deep anesthesia the total blood was collected. Immediately the liver, the white and red gastrocnemius muscles were also withdrawn. The degree of serum haemolysis was quantified …

Comparison Of Basal Metabolic Rate By Indirect Calorimetry And Predictive Model, Tatienne Neder F. Da Costa, Mateus Moraes Domingos, Patrícia Brassolatti, Shislene Batistela Tokuda

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The objective of this study was to compare the values of basal metabolic rate (BMR) obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) and by predictive model (PM). Methodology: 6 women, age (23.8 ± 3.1 years), height (165 ± 5.8 cm), body mass (55.9 ± 4.9 kg), fat free mass (43 ± 2.1 kg), fat body mass (12.9 ± 3.3 kg), percentage of body fat (22.8 ± 4.2%) were subjected to the test of IC. The IC test was done early in the morning, after 12 hours of fasting, without attainment of physical activity within the last 24 hours and abstinence of alcohol …

Comparative Analysis Of The Energy Expenditure In Walking And The Running In Young Men, Lucas De Castro Cardoso, Marcelo De Castro Cesar, Pamela Roberta Gomes Gonelli, Claudio Alexandre Gobatto

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Walking below 6 km/h and running above 8 km/h are efficient effort intensities to maintain the economy of energy expenditure in the mechanical work. However, in the intermediate range (between the transition of the walking to running), the mechanical work against the energy expenditure still requires analysis. So, the purpose of the present study was to compare the energy expenditure between walking and running in the load work immediately below of the inversion point in the caloric expenditure. Ten young male subjects participated of the study (24.2 ± 2.04 years; 180.7 ± 3.8 cm; 79.5 ± 8.6 kg). The transition …

Comparative Study Of Injury Incidence In Soccer Players During Regional Games Of Sertãozinho – 2006 And Jaboticabal – 2008, Luiz Fernando Approbato Selistre, Luciano Maia Alves Ferreira, Oswaldo Stamato Taube, Edson Alves Barros Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Soccer is one of the most popular and practiced sports in the world. This sport has been changed over the years and instead of emphasis on technique, currently the physical components are more favored, increasing the injury risk. Regional Games were created to stimulate young athletes and sports practice. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative epidemiological survey of male sub-21 soccer players injuries in the Regional Games of 2006 and 2008. This is an epidemiological and comparative study of analytical type. Records of assessment used at Regional Games of Sertãozinho 2006 and Jaboticabal 2008 were consulted. …

Caffeine Supplementation And Intermittent Exercise: Effects On White Blood Cells, Marco Machado, Felipe Sampaio- Jorge, Juliano G. Barreto, Rodrigo A. Lazo-Osorio

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Caffeine is a common substance in the diets of most athletes and it is appearing in energy drinks, sport gels, alcoholic beverages and diet aids. The effects of caffeine ingestion prior to endurance training have been extensively studied. However, less is known concerning the effects of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise on white blood cells in soccer players. 15 professional soccer players completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. Forty-five minutes before exercise all subjects received 5.5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine (E+C, n=8) or placebo …

Behavior Of Bicarbonate Ion Between Capillary Blood And Saliva During Acute Exercise, Alexandre Fonseca Brandão, Roberto Mario Machado Verzola, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre-De- Araujo, Rafael Nativio

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

This study includes the monitoring of the behavior of the bicarbonate ions concentration in the capillary blood and in saliva, with the main objective of establishing reliable parameters of the relationship of this variable between these two fluid compartments. The tests were conducted under a modified Balk protocol in the cycloergometer with progressively increasing load of 50 to 50 watts and measurement of bicarbonate ion was held in a gas analyzer ABL 800 FLEX Radiometer, assigned by UNIMED of São Carlos. It was necessary to develop 70 glass capillary 110μL and one adapter to collect saliva, manufactured in PVC. The …

Aquatic Plyometric Training Associated With Androgenic Anabolic Steroids Do Not Increase Muscle Mass In Rats, Uliana Sbeguen Stotzer, Rita De Cássia Marqueti, Milena De Moura Paschoal, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre De Araújo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

To improve athletic performance or for aesthetic reasons, athletes and no athletes may use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). Numerous studies have reported that aquatic plyometric training (APT) can improve muscular strength and vertical jump; however the effect of these training protocols on muscular mass are poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of APT associated with AAS in the soleus, gastrocnemius (Gastro), extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) skeletal muscles in rats. Animals were grouped into: sedentary (S); S with AAS (AAS); trained (T); and T with AAS (AAST). Exercised groups performed jumps …

Acute Effects Of A Short-Term And High Intensity Exercise On Serum Cytokines Concentrations Of Sedentary Women Submitted To A Circuit Resistance Training, Cristiane Nicioli, João Elias Nunes, Gabriela Bombarda, Fabiano Candido Ferreira

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of short-term and high intensity exercise on serum cytokines concentrations, oxygen consumption and power of sedentary women pre and post 10 weeks of circuit resistance training (CRT). 14 women, 40.23 ± 3.9 years old, 164 ± 6.6 cm and 57.84 ± 7.7 kg were evaluated. Ventilatory threshold (WVT) and VO2peak (IVO2peak) were determined by ergoespirometric incremental test in a cycloergometer. In pre and post CRT, the women performed a test of cycling exercise with two stages: pedaling 30 minutes on WVT and 5 minutes on IVO2peak. The VO2peak was …

Proceedings Of The I International Meeting In Exercise Physiology, Sérgio Eduardo De Andrade Perez

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

This meeting is the seventh in Exercise Physiology and the first International Workshop in Exercise Physiology of UFSCar, sponsored by the Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences – DCF, which is affiliated to the Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCFS/UFSCar). The event is designed to bring Brazilian scientists, especially from São Paulo state that work with Exercise Physiology and Health. The main objective is to put together these students and scientists interested in developing joint researches in this area. The general theme is Exercise Physiology, including athletic performance, nutrition and metabolism. Therefore, the central roundtable programmed in this year …

The Proteomic Response Of Sea Squirts (Genus Ciona Congeners) To Hyposalinity Stress, James S. Koman

Master's Theses

The ascidian species Ciona savignyi and C. intestinalis are invasive species but show interspecific differences in their population response to hypo-saline stress associated with heavy winter-run off events that are predicted to become more frequent due to climate change. Despite an almost world-wide distribution, C. intestinalis seems to be more susceptible to hypo-saline stress than the geographically more limited C. savignyi. Given that the genomes of both species are fully sequenced, we were able to compare their proteomic response to both acute and chronic salinity to characterize the mechanisms that are responsible for setting tolerance limits to hyposaline conditions …

Ipla2Β Overexpression In Smooth Muscle Exacerbates Angiotensin Ii-Induced Hypertension And Vascular Remodeling, Lindsay E Calderon, Shu Liu, Wen Su, Zhongwen Xie, Zhenheng Guo, Wanda Eberhard, Ming C. Gong

Physiology Faculty Publications

OBJECTIVES: Calcium independent group VIA phospholipase A₂ (iPLA₂β) is up-regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells in some diseases, but whether the up-regulated iPLA₂β affects vascular morphology and blood pressure is unknown. The current study addresses this question by evaluating the basal- and angiotensin II infusion-induced vascular remodeling and hypertension in smooth muscle specific iPLA₂β transgenic (iPLA₂β-Tg) mice.

METHOD AND RESULTS: Blood pressure was monitored by radiotelemetry and vascular remodeling was assessed by morphologic analysis. We found that the angiotensin II-induced increase in diastolic pressure was significantly higher in iPLA₂β-Tg …

Spatial Distribution And Modulation Of Nitric Oxide Synthase In A Hypertensive Rat Model, Andrew Yannaccone

Theses and Dissertations

There are gaps in the fundamental understanding of the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the microvasculature. We examined co-localization of NOS1 (nNOS), NOS2 (iNOS) and NOS3 (eNOS) in the spinotrapezius muscle of young adult male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) rats according to fiber type using immunohistochemistry and brightfield microscopy. Data regarding fiber distribution, population and morphology data were collected. Alkaline phosphatase staining was used to determine capillary density and average number of capillaries around a fiber. Gel electrophoresis and Western blot techniques were used to compare myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression with fiber type population …

Surf Lifeguard Perceptions And Practice Of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr), Kevin Moran, Jonathon Webber

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

While the importance of lifeguards in providing immediate and effective basic life support (BLS) in drowning has been well reported, not a lot is known about how lifeguards perceive the relative value of CPR as a lifeguard skill, their training in it, and the likelihood of resuscitation being successful. A self-complete questionnaire was completed by 252 volunteer surf lifeguards at 16 surf beaches in the Greater Auckland,NZ region. Results show that most lifeguards (65%) had received training in the 3 months before the survey, 83% were willing to perform CPR, few (9%) had used CPR in an emergency, and many …

Cryo-Em Structure Of The Archaeal 50s Ribosomal Subunit In Complex With Initiation Factor 6 And Implications For Ribosome Evolution, Basil J. Greber, Daniel Boehringer, Vlatka Godinic-Mikulcic, Ana Crnkovic, Michael Ibba, Ivana Weygand-Durasevic, Nenad Ban

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Translation of mRNA into proteins by the ribosome is universally conserved in all cellular life. The composition and complexity of the translation machinery differ markedly between the three domains of life. Organisms from the domain Archaea show an intermediate level of complexity, sharing several additional components of the translation machinery with eukaryotes that are absent in bacteria. One of these translation factors is initiation factor 6 (IF6), which associates with the large ribosomal subunit. We have reconstructed the 50S ribosomal subunit from the archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus in complex with archaeal IF6 at 6.6 Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy (EM). The …

Isokinetic Knee And Hip Torque In Ncaa Division I Female Soccer Athletes, Kelly A. Brooks, Samantha L. Clark

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of isokinetic knee and hip torque to various physiological characteristics and soccer-specific variables, such as kick velocity (KV) and body fat percentage (BF%) specifically in female collegiate soccer players. METHODS: Anthropometric data was collected on 22 division I female soccer players. Maximum strength, explosive lower body power, agility, acceleration, speed, and aerobic power were tested. Anthropometric data was collected on age, height, weight, and body composition. Body composition was assessed using the Jackson-Pollock 3- Site Skinfold Formula procedure using the Lange skinfold calipers. A one repetition max (1-RM) squat …

Injuries And Physical Limitations In Division I Female Collegiate Athletes, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The NCAA conducted research regarding incidence of injury among collegiate sports teams from 1988 to 2004. Although this study was comprehensive, more research is needed about female athletes, especially on major and chronic injuries and the limitations they pose on athletes in both the present and the future. PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of injury and current physical limitations between women’s soccer, volleyball, and softball. METHODS: A survey was given to 44 Division I female soccer, volleyball, and softball athletes to inquire about injury status and physical limitations. Minor and major injuries, as well as those requiring surgery were specified …

Baseball Pitching Biomechanics, Pitch Velocity, And Body Position During An Intrasquad Game, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To observe changes over each inning in body position, pitch velocity, and joint angle during baseball pitching of an intrasquad game. METHODS: Six Division I intercollegiate baseball pitchers volunteered to wear a Zephyr BioHarness during an intrasquad game while a high-speed camera captured their pitching performance. The BioHarness device records several variables, including body position and acceleration. The pitcher’s performance was analyzed with Dartfish software. The trunk, elbow, glenohumeral joint, and knee were examined while pitching from the stretch. RESULTS: Five pitchers each completed five innings, and one completed six. The pitchers averaged 15.7 pitches per inning. Based on …

Physiological Monitoring Of The Cardiovascular System During A One-Rep Max Bench Press Using The Zephyr Bioharness, Kelly A. Brooks, Kyle T. Craven

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While much is known about the muscular and neurological responses in the body during a one rep max (1RM) bench press test, there is little research regarding the cardiovascular response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological response, specifically in the cardiopulmonary system, during 1RM testing in real-time using the Zephyr Bioharness. Thirty college undergraduates who were enrolled in beginning weight training for three months were asked to wear a BioHarness device during a 1RM bench test. Individual 1RM was found one week prior to test. Prior to testing, subjects followed a standardized warm-up and protocol to …

Comparison Of The Ymca Cycle Sub-Maximal Vo2 Max Test To A Treadmill Vo2 Max Test, Jeremy G. Carter, Kelly A. Brooks, Joshua R. Sparks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: An individual’s maximum capacity to extract, transport, and utilize oxygen is reflected by their VO2 max (10,22). Numerous physiological factors affect a person’s maximal oxygen consumption. A person’s VO2 max is dependent on their pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, which depends on their ventilation-aeration efficiency, central and peripheral blood flow, and metabolism of their active muscles (13,17). The six factors that have the most influence on a person’s maximal aerobic power are heredity, state of training, gender, body size and composition, age, and the mode of the exercise (16). A person’s VO2 max is the gold standard of assessing …

Energy Expenditure And Economy During A Cycle Ergometer Test, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Richard G. Crise, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Research has shown that submaximal cycle ergometer testing presents a reduced V02 max score when compared to that of the treadmill test. In this study, we compared a submaximal economy test on the Monark Cycle Ergometer. The purpose of this study was for each participant to perform the same test and compare economy, V02 ml/kg/min for a given workload, as well as calories burned between males and females during the nine minute test. By testing economy for each participant, we aim to determine whether males or females use oxygen more efficiently during testing. Before beginning the test, the Cosmed metabolic …

Emg Analysis And Motor Unit Recruitment In The Rectus Femoris Of College Students, Richard G. Crise, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The rectus femoris works as part of the quadriceps muscle group to provide the force needed to generate very explosive movements during knee extension. Because many sports require explosive movements from the lower body, many strength coaches implement exercise routines that strengthen the muscles and prevent injuries. In the general population, activities using knee extension are essential in getting the full benefit of a designed exercise program. Muscle fibers provide the contractile force needed to accomplish a movement. Commonly, a deficiency is present in people who tend to favor one leg more than the other during activity. This is due …

Epigenetic Regulation Of Genes Involved In Vascular Dysfunction In Preeclamptic Women, Ahmad Mousa

Theses and Dissertations

DNA methylation is the most recognizable epigenetic mechanism. In general, DNA hypomethylation is associated with increased gene expression whereas DNA hypermethylation is associated with decreased gene expression. To date, little is known about the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. In this study, we examined the differences in DNA methylation in omental arteries of normal pregnant and preeclamptic women using the high throughput Illumina HumanMethylation27 BeadChip assay. We found 1,685 genes with a significant difference in DNA methylation at a false discovery rate of < 10% with many inflammatory genes having reduced methylation. The thromboxane synthase gene was the most hypomethylated gene in preeclamptic women as compared to normal pregnant women. When we examined the expression of thromboxane synthase in omental arteries of normal pregnant and preeclamptic women we found it to be significantly increased in preeclamptic women. The increased expression was observed in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and infiltrating neutrophils. Experimentally induced DNA hypomethylation increased the expression of thromboxane synthase in the neutrophil-like HL-60 cell line, whereas tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), a neutrophil product, increased its expression in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). These finding suggest that DNA methylation and release of TNFα by infiltrating neutrophils could contribute to the increased expression of thromboxane synthase in systemic blood vessels of preeclamptic women, contributing to the hypertension and coagulation abnormalities. We also explored the possible contribution of DNA methylation to the altered expression of genes involved in collagen metabolism in preeclampsia. Several matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes, including MMP1 and MMP8, were significantly less methylated in preeclamptic women, whereas TIMP and COL genes were either significantly more methylated or had no significant change in their DNA methylation status. Experimentally induced DNA hypomethylation increased the expression of MMP-1, but not TIMP-1 or COL1A1, in cultured VSMCs and increased the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-8 in HL-60 cells. These findings suggest that DNA methylation contributes to the imbalance in genes involved in collagen metabolism in blood vessels of preeclamptic women.

Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Nintendo® Wii Fit™ In Young And Older Adults, Nicole M. Mullins, Kathryn A. Tessmer, Michele L. Mccarroll, Brian P. Peppel

International Journal of Exercise Science

Physically active video gaming (AVG) provides a technologically-modern, convenient means of increasing physical activity (PA). This study examined cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses in young adult (AP) and older adult (OP) participants engaging in Wii Fitä AVG play, and compared PA levels during play to recommended PA levels. Heart rate (HR), percent heart rate reserve (%HRR), oxygen consumption (VO₂), energy expenditure (EE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment level (EL), and step count data were obtained from 10 YP and 10 OP during 15 minutes of rest and four 15-minute bouts of Wii Fitä activities (yoga, balance, aerobics, …

Self-Estimation Of Body Fat Is More Accurate In College-Age Males Compared To Females, Halley L. Hancock, Alan P. Jung, John K. Petrella

International Journal of Exercise Science

Objective: To determine the effect of gender on the ability to accurately estimate one’s own body fat percentage. Participants: Fifty-five college-age males and 99 college-age females Methods: Participants estimated their own body fat percent before having their body composition measured using a BOD POD. Participants also completed a modified Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Results: Estimated body fat was significantly lower compared to measured body fat percent in females (26.8±5.6% vs. 30.2±7.0%, p<0.001) but not in males (16.8±6.8% vs. 18.1±8.3%, p=0.09). The mean difference between estimated and measured body fat was significantly higher for females compared to males (p<0.001). There was a moderate, significant correlation found between measured body fat percent and SPAS score for males (r=0.331, p=0.014) and females (r=.427, p<0.001). Conclusions: Males estimated their body fat percent more accurately than females. Despite these findings, 62% of males and 76% of females underestimated their body fat.

Experimentally Manipulated Somatic Information And Somatization Tendencies And Their Impact On Physical Symptom Reporting And Performance In A Physically Strenuous Task, Kathleen V. Casto, Len B. Lecci

International Journal of Exercise Science

This study attempts to determine whether the presentation of an experimentally manipulated somatic experience during a physically strenuous task can influence physical performance and symptom reporting. The study also compares the relative influence of experimentally manipulated somatic information (state somatization) with stable individual differences in the tendency to amplify physical symptoms (trait somatization) on performance and symptom reporting. 194 participants completed standardized measures of somatization tendencies, state anxiety, neuroticism and conscientiousness. Participants where then given a mock physical exam, with individuals randomly assigned to receive either favorable or unfavorable somatic information. All participants then had their body mass index assessed …

Caffeine And Sprint Performance In Habitual And Caffeine Naive Participants, J. Bradley Jordan, Richard S. Farley, Jennifer L. Caputo

International Journal of Exercise Science

Caffeine is thought to provide ergogenic benefits during endurance performance. However, there is limited research on the effects of caffeine on anaerobic sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 6 mg·kg_-1 of caffeine on repeated sprint performance. The sample included active college students (N = 18), classified as habitual caffeine or caffeine naïve users. Participants completed a 12 x 30-m sprint test with 35 s rest intervals between sprints. Ratings of Perceived Exertion were collected every 3rd sprint. Height and body mass were measured and participants accommodated to the sprint test on …

Effects Of Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion Post-Resistance Training In Male Rugby Players, Colin J. Coyle Msc, Bernard Donne, Nick J. Mahony

International Journal of Exercise Science

Evidence suggests that carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) drinks post-exercise are an advantageous nutritional recovery intervention. Resistance trained (n = 14, mean ± SD; age 19 ± 1 yr, mass 95 ± 9 kg, % fat 17 ± 4 % and BMI 28.5 ± 1.8 kg.m^-2) male rugby players participated in a study investigating effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and CHO-PRO drinks on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Following an initial resistance training (RT) protocol consisting of 8 circuits of 5 discrete exercises at 10 repetition maximum (RM), participants received 10 mL.kg^-1 BM of randomised sports drink (LCHO, HCHO and CHO-PRO) on …

The Effects Of Muscle Mass On Homocyst(E)Ine Levels In Plasma And Urine, M. René Malinow, Craig L. Lister, Carl De Crée

International Journal of Exercise Science

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between homocyst(e)ine (H[e]) lev-els and muscle mass. Two experimental groups each of 24 Caucasian males, one consisting of higher-muscle mass subjects (HMM) and the other of lower-muscle mass subjects (LMM) par-ticipated in this study. Muscle mass was estimated from 24-hour urine collections of creatinine (Crt). Muscle mass was 40.3 ± 15.9 kg in HMM and 37.2 ± 11.4 kg in LMM (P= 0.002). Mean plasma H(e) levels in HMM were 10.29 ± 2.9 nmol/mL, and in LMM were 10.02 ± 2.4 nmol/L (Not significant, [NS]). Urinary H(e) levels (UH[e]) were 9.95 …