Physiology Commons^™

The Association Between Soft Drink Consumption And Body Fat In Females Age 16 To 24, Megan M. Costello, Kate A. Heelan, Deborah A. Mowry, Bryce Abbey

International Journal of Exercise Science

American soft drink consumption (SDC) has increased since the 1960’s surpassing all other kinds of beverage consumption. In recent years, the scientific literature has suggested that SDC has been linked to the rising epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents. However, there is lack of information in scientific literature on the effects of SDC on body fat (BF%) in young females. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between SDC and BF% in young women, ages 16-24 years. Sixty-six females were asked to complete a 3-day food record, food frequency questionnaire, and an assessment BF% by dual-energy …

An Investigation Of Lower-Extremity Functional Asymmetry For Non-Preferred Able-Bodied Walking Speeds, John Rice, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science

Functional asymmetry is an idea that is often used to explain documented bilateral asymmetries during able-bodied gait. Within this context, this idea suggests that the non-dominant and dominant legs, considered as whole entities, contribute asymmetrically to support and propulsion during walking. The degree of functional asymmetry may depend upon walking speed. The purpose of this study was to better understand a potential relationship between functional asymmetry and walking speed. We measured bilateral ground reaction forces (GRF) for 20 healthy subjects who walked at nine different speeds: preferred, +10%, +20%, +30%, +40%, -10%, -20%, -30%, and -40%. Contribution to support was …

Riding Position And Lumbar Spine Angle In Recreational Cyclists: A Pilot Study., Samantha J. Schulz, Susan J. Gordon

International Journal of Exercise Science

This pilot study investigated the reliability of an inclinometer to assess lumbar spine angle in three different cycling positions, and explored the relationship between lumbar spine angle and riding position, anthropometry, bike measures and low back pain (LBP).

Cyclists were recruited from two cycle clubs. Anthropometric variables and bike set-up were measured before participants’ bikes were secured in a wind trainer. Cyclists then adopted three positions for riding, upright on the handlebars, on the brake levers and on the drops, according to a random allocation. The angle of the lumbar spine was measured, using an inclinometer, at zero minutes and …

Type Of Encouragement Influences Peak Muscle Force In College-Age Women, Ruth M. Amagliani, John K. Petrella, Alan P. Jung

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: To investigate if the type of encouragement during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) had an influence on peak muscle force in strength-trained versus untrained collegiate women. Methods: Eleven strength-trained (20.4 + 1 yr) and twelve untrained (20.8 + 1 yr) women participated in three, five-second MVICs of seated knee extension. The three trials consisted of verbal only encouragement, verbal + visual encouragement, and verbal + pain avoidance encouragement. In all three trials, the participants received the same verbal encouragement. Trials were counterbalanced to minimize any possible order effects. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze data. Any …

Exercise Science Academic Programs And Research In The Philippines, Norberto Madrigal, Josephine Joy Reyes, Jeffrey Pagaduan, Reil Vinard Espino

International Journal of Exercise Science

In this invited editorial, professors from leading institutions in the Philippines, share information regarding their programs relating to Exercise Science. They have provided information on academic components such as entrance requirements, progression through programs, and professional opportunities available to students following completion; as well as details regarding funding available to students to participate in research, collaboration, and specific research interests.

Full Abstract Program

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

2010 International e-Conference on Kinesiology and Integrated Physiology. Full Abstract Program.

The Expression Of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 And -2 In Olfactory Injury And Recovery, Stephen Bakos

Theses and Dissertations

The olfactory system has the remarkable capacity for neurogenesis following injury. However, the molecular mechanisms important for reinnervation of the olfactory bulb (OB) remain unknown. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important components in many central nervous system (CNS) injury paradigms, yet remain unexplored in olfactory injury and recovery. To address the role of MMPs, the temporal expressions of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were examined in 3 olfactory injury models: nerve transection (NTx), methyl bromide gas (MeBr) exposure, and nerve transection with Teflon barrier (NTx-TB). Each injury model represents a different degree of olfactory injury and neuronal recovery. In NTx, sensory axons …

Isoform Of Apoe With Retained Intron 3; Quantitation And Identification Of An Associated Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Laura S. Dieter, Steven Estus

Physiology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Alleles of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are the major genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD). Recently, an APOE splice variant that retains intron 3 (APOE-I3) was identified. To gain insight into the possible role of this isoform in LOAD, we quantified its expression in a cohort of 56 human brain specimens by using quantitative RT-PCR.

RESULTS: We found that APOE-I3 generally represents a low percentage (< 0.5%) of overall APOE expression. However, in one specimen, the proportion of APOE-I3 was increased about ~13 fold. This specimen was unique in the cohort for possessing the minor allele of an intron 3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12982192. Additionally, an allelic expression imbalance study indicated that the rs12982192 minor allele was associated with increased APOE-I3 expression.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we interpret our results as suggesting that APOE-I3 represents a minor portion of APOE expression and that rs12982192 is associated with APOE intron 3 retention. Since the minor allele …

Association Between Chronic Liver And Colon Inflammation During The Development Of Murine Syngeneic Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Jason Anthony Brandon, Jacqueline Perez-Rodriguez, C. Darrell Jennings, Donald A. Cohen, Vishal J. Sindhava, Subbarao Bondada, Alan M. Kaplan, J. Scott Bryson

Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics Faculty Publications

The murine model of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced syngeneic graft-versus-host disease (SGVHD) is a bone marrow (BM) transplantation model that develops chronic colon inflammation identical to other murine models of CD4⁺ T cell-mediated colitis. Interestingly, SGVHD animals develop chronic liver lesions that are similar to the early peribiliary inflammatory stages of clinical chronic liver disease, which is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, studies were initiated to investigate the chronic liver inflammation that develops in the SGVHD model. To induce SGVHD, mice were lethally irradiated, reconstituted with syngeneic BM, and treated with CsA. All of the SGVHD animals …

Experimental Models Of Brain Hemorrhage Using Clostridial Collagenase, Tim Lekic

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and is the leading cause of disability in the United States, and the most severe form is known as intracerebral hemorrhage, which is bleeding into the brain. The goal of this study is to establish novel animal models to buildup foundations for translational research of intracerebral hemorrhage. We, for the first time, established four animal models, including cerebellum hemorrhage, pontine hemorrhage, neonatal matrix hemorrhage and maternal postpartum hemorrhage. Those models are established according to intracerebral hemorrhage patient subpopulations, and characterized the neurobehavioral and morphological outcomes. These studies have established the requisite for …

Mip/Mtmr14 And Muscle Aging, Scott K. Powers, Michael B. Reid

Physiology Faculty Publications

No abstract.

A Phenomenological Investigation Of Women's Experiences With Personal Training, Melissa N. Madeson, Cherilyn Hultquist, Amy Church, Leslee A. Fisher

International Journal of Exercise Science

Personal training is a rapidly growing industry in a country that is in dire need of physical fitness and health improvements. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to better understand women’s experiences with personal training. To address the research question, eight female participants ages 24 to 54 years were interviewed using the following phenomenological question: “When you think about your current experience with personal training what stands out for you?” The interviews were conducted, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed to identify themes in participants’ responses. The ground that emerged was positive experience within which existed four figural themes: Relationships, trainer …

Role Of Ampk In The Upregulation Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein In The Zona Fasciculata Of The Adrenal Cortex, Adam Wesley Dayton

Theses and Dissertations

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the zona fasciculata (ZF) of the adrenal cortex. Traditionally, cortisol production and release was seen as being regulated strictly by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). While this is true of baseline cortisol levels and in response to acute mental stress, the picture is somewhat more complicated in other situations.Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the maintenance of cortisol levels in situations of prolonged immune or inflammatory stress. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) was investigated as a possible mediator of the action of IL-6 or as an independent actor in raising cortisol levels in response to hypoxemic or hypoglycemic …

In Vivo Measurement Of Rat Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Brief Periods Of Ischemia With Reperfusion As Assessed By Phosphorescence Quenching Microscopy, William Nugent

Theses and Dissertations

Brief periods of skeletal muscle ischemia (ischemic pre-conditioning) alter cellular metabolism in a way that confers protection over subsequent ischemic episodes. The mechanisms behind this effect have been studied indirectly through assays for the byproducts of ATP synthesis and in vitro studies of cellular signaling cascades and ROS generation. There have been no direct, in vivo assessments of the changes in respiration during reperfusion. We employed phosphorescence quenching microscopy in conjunction with a flow-arrest technique to assess the influences of external, pressure-induced 1- to 10-min focal ischemia on interstitial oxygenation (PISFO2) and the consumption of oxygen (VO2) in spinotrapezius muscles …

Kinematic Evidence For Superfast Locomotory Muscle In Two Species Of Teneriffiid Mites, Grace C. Wu, Jonathan C. Wright, Dwight L. Whitaker, Anna N. Ahn

All HMC Faculty Publications and Research

Locomotory muscles typically operate over a narrow range of contraction frequencies, characterized by the predominant fiber types and functional roles. The highest documented frequencies in the synchronous sound-producing muscles of insects (550 Hz) and toadfish (200 Hz) far exceed the contraction frequencies observed in weight-bearing locomotory muscles, which have maximum documented frequencies below 15-30 Hz. Laws of scaling, however, predict that smaller arthropods may employ stride frequencies exceeding this range. In this study we measured running speed and stride frequency in two undescribed species of teneriffiid mites from the coastal sage scrub of southern California. Relative speeds of both species …

Discovery Of A Novel Ccr5 Antagonist As An Effective Therapeutic Agent For Prostate Cancer, Tasrif Ahmed

Theses and Dissertations

Previously, the CCR5 receptor was found to be a good target for treating prostate cancer (PCa). Dr. Yan Zhang’s laboratory designed several CCR5 antagonists, which were screened for their inhibitory effect on the growth and invasion of the M12, DU145 and PC-3 PCa cell lines. Primary in vitro screening showed one compound (Drug 17) significantly inhibited the proliferation of PCa cells at 1μM concentration, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 237.68 nM. Further in vitro assays including a proliferation, cytotoxicity and invasion assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of drug 17. The physiological effect of drug 17 was tested by the …

Poxa, Yjek And Elongation Factor P Coordinately Modulate Virulence And Drug Resistance In Salmonella Enterica, William Wiley Navarre, Shicong Zou, Hervé Roy, Jinglin Lucy Xie, Alexei Savchenko, Alexander Singer, Elena Edvokimova, Lynne R. Prost, Runjun Kumar, Michael Ibba, Ferric C. Fang

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

We report an interaction between poxA, encoding a paralog of lysyl tRNA-synthetase, and the closely linked yjeK gene, encoding a putative 2,3-β-lysine aminomutase, that is critical for virulence and stress resistance in Salmonella enterica. Salmonella poxA and yjeK mutants share extensive phenotypic pleiotropy, including attenuated virulence in mice, an increased ability to respire under nutrient-limiting conditions, hypersusceptibility to a variety of diverse growth inhibitors, and altered expression of multiple proteins, including several encoded on the SPI-1 pathogenicity island. PoxA mediates posttranslational modification of bacterial elongation factor P (EF-P), analogous to the modification of the eukaryotic EF-P homolog, eIF5A, with …

Characterization And Crystallization Of The Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Trmd, Zohal Hamidi

Theses and Dissertations

One third of the world’s population is affected by Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MtB). The emergence of multidrug-resistant MtB makes this disease a major public health concern. New agents are needed to treat TB infections in a manner that circumvents existing pathways of resistance. One strategy is to target the organism at the translational level by inhibiting vital modifications of RNA. One gene responsible for these modifications is the tRNA (guanosine-1)-methyltransferase, trmD, which has been shown to be essential in several bacteria. The eukaryotic and bacterial m1G methyltransferases are structurally dissimilar, making this enzyme …

Distorting The Sarcomere, Kenneth S. Campbell

Physiology Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

The Effect Of Cobalt Protoporphyrin And Cobalt Chloride On Heme Oxygenase Expression And Protection From Deoxycholate-Induced Apoptosis, Tina Lawson

Theses and Dissertations

The inner surface of the stomach is lined by a mucous membrane known as the gastric mucosa. The integrity of the gastric mucosa is critical for protecting the stomach from the low pH and proteolytic environment within the lumen. Both clinically and experimentally, exposure of gastric mucosal cells to bile salts is known to cause injury. Bile salts present in duodenogastric reflux are thought to play a significant role in gastric ulcer formation and alkaline gastritis. In vitro, studies using physiologic concentrations of the secondary bile salt, deoxycholic acid, indicate that bile salts can induce apoptosis in cultured human gastric …

The Impact Of A Pilot Community Intervention On Health-Related Fitness Measures In Overweight Children, Jenny G. Hutchens, Jennifer L. Caputo, Janet M. Colson, Richard S. Farley, Matthew S. Renfrow, Eric P. Seguin

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to pilot a 5-week community-based intervention on improving measures of health-related fitness in overweight children. Data were obtained from 8 overweight and obese 8- to 14-year-old children. Measurements included muscular fitness (curl-ups and modified pull-ups), aerobic capacity (20 meter progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run [PACER] test), body composition (tricep and calf skinfolds), body mass index (BMI), and flexibility (back saver sit-and-reach). A significant reduction in BMI was observed at post-test compared to baseline (p = .03). There was a significant decrease in body fat at post-test for boys (p = .013).

Resistance And Aerobic Training Sequence Effects On Energy Consumption In Females, Rachael Cutts, Steve Burns

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sequence of resistance and aerobic training on energy consumption on sedentary overweight females. Methods: Participants were 15 sedentary overweight females (age = 28.6 ±12 yrs; BMI = 28.1±7.8) Subjects did a counterbalanced intervention: resistance training (circuit training) first (intervention RT) or aerobic exercise first (intervention AT), while oxygen consumption was continuously measured for 80 min. Subjects performed a warm-up on the treadmill at 40% of their heart rate reserve for 5 minutes, then for 30 minutes did continuous walking or jogging on the treadmill at ~67% of their …

Longitudinal, Diet-Induced Weight Gain Is Associated With Increased Blood Monocytes And Reduced Tlr4 Expression, Kelley Strohacker, Richard J. Simpson, Katie C. Carpenter, Whitney L. Breslin, Brian K. Mcfarlin

International Journal of Exercise Science

Excessive weight gain increases systemic inflammation resulting in increased disease risk. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reportedly mediates increases in inflammation; however, its role has not been fully evaluated. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal effect of diet-induced weight gain on blood monocyte concentration and cell-surface TLR4 expression. Research Methods & Procedures. Male CD-1 mice were randomly assigned to high-fat (HF, n = 12) or low-fat (LF, n = 13) groups. Non-lethal, saphenous vein blood samples were collected at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment. Three-color flow cytometry was used to measure monocyte (CD11b+/CD14+) …

Does A Physical Education Bout Alter Percent Body Fat And The Adiposity Health Risk Classification When Using Leg-To-Leg Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis In Girls?, Elise Fitzgerald, Angela Fatool, Curt B. Dixon, Joseph L. Andreacci

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: The purposes of this investigation were to determine: 1) whether a structured in-school physical education exercise bout altered percent body fat (%BF) determined by leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (LBIA); and 2) whether the potential exercise-induced %BF magnitude of change altered the health risk classification of the child. Methods: Seventy-six girls (age: 12.2 ± 1.0 yr; height: 153.9 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 51.9 ± 15.5 kg; BMI: 21.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2) participated in this investigation. LBIA measured %BF values were obtained immediately before and within five minutes after completing a structured, in-school, physical education class. Results: Significant reductions (p < 0.0001) in mean %BF (25.0 ± 10.2 vs. 24.4 ± 10.3 %) were observed for the group following the physical education class. For the majority of the girls (88%), the %BF alteration was less than ± 2.0 %BF. More specifically, the %BF magnitude of change was ± 1.0 %BF in 64.5% of the girls, between 1.1 and 2.0 %BF in 23.7% of the girls, and by more than 2.0 %BF in 11.8% of the girls. Regardless of the %BF magnitude of change, all girls remained in the same adiposity classification category (healthy vs. unhealthy body fat) following exercise. Conclusion: Adhering to the pre-test exercise guideline appears unnecessary when using LBIA to categorize the health risk of an adolescent girl.

Does Standing On A Cycle-Ergometer, Towards The Conclusion Of A Graded Exercise Test, Yield Cardiorespiratory Values Equivalent To Treadmill Testing?, Joshua Mitchell, William B. Kist, Kendall Mears, Jesse Nalls, Kyle Ritter

International Journal of Exercise Science

Graded exercise testing (GXT), per a cycle-ergometer (CE), offers safety and monitoring advantages over treadmill (TM) GXT. Unfortunately, CE-VO2max and some other cardiorespiratory (CR) variables are frequently lower than TM-GXT values. It has been difficult to compare TM and CE-GXT values. However, it was hypothesized that standing towards the conclusion of the CE-GXT (Stand-CE) might increase CE values to those equal to TM-GXT. If Stand-CE and TM-GXT CR values were equal, Stand-CE-GXT could become the method of choice for GXT for the general population. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the effect of Stand-CE on CR variables. An …

Perceived Muscle Soreness In Recreational Female Distance Runners, Dave Burnett, Steve Burns, Kevin Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science

ABSTRACT PERCEIVED MUSCLE SORENESS IN FEMALE RUNNERS D. Burnett†, K. Smith†, S. Burns‡, C. Smeltzer*, K. Young†. Health and Human Performance. University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Mo; email: [email protected] Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if rating of perceived exertion correlated with perceived muscle soreness during delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in female runners. This study examined the pre and post running economy measures and perceived muscle soreness before and after a 30 minute downhill run (DHR) at - 15% grade and 70% of the subjects predetermined maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Methods: Six female recreational runners …

Monitoring Training Load In Indian Male Swimmers., Pralay Majumdar Dr., Sri Vidhya Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

The present study was taken up to monitor the training load and the impact of training load to the hormone concentrations such as testosterone, cortisol and T/C (Testosterone/Cortisol) ratio during the three phases of training viz preparatory phase, pre-competitive phase and competitive phase in Indian male swimmers. Blood samples were collected at the completion of each phase and the hormone concentrations were quantified. Our results reveal that the testosterone and T/C ratio significantly decreases whereas cortisol increases in the subsequent periodised cycle and concludes that the hormone concentration changes with the intensity and duration of exercise i.e. when the intensity …

Association Of Body Surface Area And Body Composition With Heart Structural Characteristics Of Female Swimmers, Bahreh Sheikh Saraf, Hojat Allah Nikbakht, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani

International Journal of Exercise Science

In healthy nonathletic populations, some left ventricle (LV) parameters such as LV mass (LVM) and LV end diastolic dimension (LVEDD) can be predicted by some of body size parameters such as body surface area (BSA), fat-free mass (FFM), and height (H). These body size parameters use to remove covariate influence of body size from cardiac dimension variables and allow comparisons to be made between individuals and groups of different body size. Endurance exercise has been associated with changes in LV size and body composition of athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate in 30 trained female swimmers (age …

Objective And Subjective Assessments Of ‘Normal’ Walking Pace, In Comparison With That Recommended For Moderate Intensity Physical Activity, Kathryn L. Taylor, Claire Fitzsimons, Nanette Mutrie

International Journal of Exercise Science

Abstract Despite its common application and widely reported health benefits, walking, in relation to pace and intensity, is under-researched. Few studies have addressed whether people normally walk at a pace which meets the public health recommendations for moderate intensity physical activity (1.34-1.79 ms-1) and there is no known research on individuals’ perceptions of factors which influence walking pace. This study aimed to objectively assess if participants were reaching the pace required for moderate intensity physical activity during ‘normal’ walking. This was examined via a Global Positioning System (GPS) over a 1 km outdoor walk and a timed 150 m trial. …

Prevalence Of Plagiarism In Manuscript Submissions And Solutions, Brian K. Mcfarlin, T Scott Lyons, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

No abstract provided.