Physiology Commons^™

The Effect Of High Intensity Interval Run Training On Cross Sectional Area Of The Vastus Lateralis In Untrained College Students, Rebekah Estes, David Thrush, Amy Malinowski, Meredith Piacentini, Eric Salley, Cassidy Losey, Erik Hayes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 137-145, 2017 Aerobic cycling has been repeatedly shown to induce hypertrophy in skeletal muscle across a variety of populations, while there has been a lack of investigation into the impact of running upon hypertrophy. An increasingly popular model of aerobic exercise is high-intensity interval training (HIIT); in addition to its positive impact upon cardiovascular health, HIIT may be sufficient for inducing significant muscular hypertrophy. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the influence of a high-intensity interval running protocol upon hypertrophy of the vastus lateralis in an untrained, young population. Twelve recreationally …

Effects Of Simulated Altitude On Maximal Oxygen Uptake And Inspiratory Fitness, Nicole Biggs, Benjamin England, Nicole Turcotte, Melissa R. Cook, Alyne L. Williams

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 128-136, 2017 Aerobic exercise at altitude has shown an increase in maximal oxygen uptake. Similar effects have been replicated by way of simulated altitude training, which have influenced various advances in the field of exercise science. Elevation Training Masks© (ETM) claim to stimulate cardiorespiratory fitness improvements similar to training at altitude, however, there is little research to support this claim. The purpose of this study was to research the effect that a hypoxia-inducing mask would have on cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary function through the use of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) running program. …

Meeting Usdhhs Physical Activity Guidelines And Health Outcomes, E. Earlynn Lauer, Allen W. Jackson, Scott B. Martin, James R. Morrow Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 121-127, 2017 Current public health physical activity (PA) guidelines suggest ≥500 METmin/week of PA, with additional benefits beyond 1000 METmin/week (i.e., a dose response). Revised U.S. PA guidelines are scheduled for 2018. The purpose was to relate health markers (blood pressure, percent fat, BMI, blood glucose, cholesterol, and cardiorespiratory fitness) to verify the dose response for PA guidelines revision. 505 non-smoking participants self-reported PA behaviors and completed medical screening. MANCOVA controlling for age and gender determined the relation between health markers and PA. MANCOVA indicated significantly (P<.001) different health markers of percent fat, BMI, glucose, and treadmill time as a function of PA. Post-hoc Helmert contrasts (1] <500 METmin/week vs. ≥500 METmin/week and 2] 500 to <1000 METmin/week vs. ≥1000 METmin/week) indicated that meeting the PA guidelines was associated with better health markers and higher cardiorespiratory fitness. Effect sizes were greater for contrast 1 than for contrast 2, suggesting a plateauing effect. Revised public health guidelines should consider achievement of ≥500 METmin/week to be most important, with additional modest gain thereafter. Revised PA guidelines should stress the importance of achieving 500-1000 METmin/week.

Acute Effects Of 24-H Sleep Deprivation On Salivary Cortisol And Testosterone Concentrations And Testosterone To Cortisol Ratio Following Supplementation With Caffeine Or Placebo, Ciaran K. Mc Donald, Joss Moore, Alan Mc Intyre, Kevin Carmody, Bernard Donne

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 108-120, 2017. Caffeine has become a popular ergogenic aid amongst athletes and usage to improve athletic performance has been well documented. The effect of caffeine on anabolic and catabolic hormones in a sleep-deprived state has had little investigation to date. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the potential of caffeine to offset the effects, if any, of short-term sleep deprivation and exercise on an athlete’s testosterone and cortisol concentrations via salivary technique. Eleven competitive male athletes volunteered to be part of this prospective double-blinded study. Three test days were scheduled for …

The Effects Of A 10-Day Altitude Training Camp At 1828 Meters On Varsity Cross-Country Runners, Sebastian R. Diebel, Ian Newhouse, David S. Thompson, Vineet Bk Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 97-107, 2017. Altitude training has been shown to alter blood lactate (BL) levels due to alterations resulting from acclimatization. This study aims to estimate the impact of altitude training on BL changes immediately following an incremental treadmill test and during recovery before and after 10-day altitude training at approximately 1828 meters. Eight varsity cross-country runners performed an incremental treadmill test (ITT), pre and post-altitude training. Resting and post-warm-up BL values were recorded. During ITT, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and time to exhaustion were monitored. BL was also measured post-ITT at 0, 2, …

Validity Of The Bottle Buoyancy Model For Body Fat Determination, Cherie Pettitt, Kalvin Danzl, Lauren M. Glorvigen, Cody J. Strom, Thomas A. Inkrott, Robert W. Pettitt

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 87-96, 2017. We investigated a modification of the bottle buoyancy (BB) method in comparison to single frequency, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) as a valid noninvasive method of percent body fat (%BF) determination. Twenty-eight participants (15 men, 13 women), in counterbalanced-order, completed the BB, BIA, and computerized hydrostatic densitometry (HD) methods. We elected to modify the BB method using a 12.15 L container with participants hugging the container in an upright position. Consistency measures of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error (TE), coefficient of variation (CV) and total error of measurement (TEM) are reported. Our …

Borg Scale Is Valid For Ratings Of Perceived Exertion For Individuals With Parkinson’S Disease, Amanda Penko

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 76-86, 2017. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that has traditionally been treated with anti-parkinsonian medication. There is increasing evidence that exercise is beneficial to those with PD, therefore, it is necessary to validate a measure of exertion that can be implemented across exercise settings that may not have the capability to actively monitor heart rate. The aim of this project was to determine the validity of the Borg RPE scale in individuals with PD undergoing a maximal progressive cycling exercise test. Thirty-eight males and females (58.5 ± 8.1 yrs) with a clinical diagnosis …

Assessing Energy Level As A Marker Of Aerobic Exercise Readiness: A Pilot Investigation, Kelley Strohacker, William R. Boyer, Kayla N. Smitherman, Emily Cornelius, Daniel Fazzino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 62-75, 2017. Energy ratings have been used as a marker of exercise readiness (i.e. pre-exercise physical/mental state indicating ability to perform) within flexible nonlinear periodization (FNLP)-based resistance training interventions. However, empirical data is lacking regarding the utility of this approach for aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of pre-exercise energy level to predict affective and behavioral responses to prescribed aerobic exercise. Participants consisted of 19 women and 8 men (N=27, age=20±4 years, estimated maximal oxygen uptake=37±6). Participants performed two 30-min bouts of treadmill exercise under an imposed moderate …

The Acute Effects Of Static Stretching Compared To Dynamic Stretching With And Without An Active Warm Up On Anaerobic Performance, Bradley J. Kendall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 53-61, 2017. The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) has been used in many studies to determine anaerobic performance. However, there has been poor reporting of warm-up protocols and limited consistency between warm-up methods that have been used. With the WAnT being such a commonly-used test, consistency in warm-up methods is essential in order to compare results across studies. Therefore, this study was designed to compare how static stretching, dynamic stretching, and an active warm-up affect WAnT performance. Ten recreationally active participants (5 males, 5 females) with a mean (SD) age of 23.3 (0.7) volunteered for …

The Relationship Between Sports Specialization And Mental Toughness, Courtney Buhrow, Jacob Digmann, Jennifer J. Waldron

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 44-52, 2017. The pros and cons of early sport specialization compared to diversification have been examined in many research studies. The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the relationship between mental toughness and age of specialization in sport, and (b) differences in mental toughness based on early specialization of sport and gender. College athletes (N = 102) completed surveys about specialization and mental toughness, including MeBTough. The mean age of specialization was 13.45 (± 4.47). Results showed no significant difference in mental toughness of those who specialized early and those who did …

The Effects Of An Elevation Training Mask On Vo2max Of Male Reserve Officers Training Corps Cadets, Brian G. Warren, Frank Spaniol, Randy Bonnette

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 37-43, 2017. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an elevation training mask (ETM) on the VO2max of male Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. Fourteen male ROTC cadets (age 20.00 ± 1.8 yrs, height 174.35 cm ± 3.1 cm, weight 76.75 kg ± 11.09 kg, body fat 13.88% ± 4.62%) participated in this study to determine if an ETM would cause a significant increase VO2max. After the familiarization period, the test subjects were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group, respectively. The training period lasted seven weeks …

The Effect Of Military Load Carriage On Postural Sway, Forward Trunk Lean, And Pelvic Girdle Motion, Eileen M. Strube, Andrea Sumner, Roger O. Kollock Jr, Kenneth E. Games, Marie A. Lackamp, Masahiro Mizutani, Joellen M. Sefton

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 25-36, 2017. Musculoskeletal injuries are a common occurrence in military service members. It is believed that the load carried by the service member impedes stability and alters back and pelvis kinematics, increasing their susceptibility to musculoskeletal injuries, specifically in the lower extremities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two different loads on postural sway, forward trunk lean, and pelvic girdle motion in United States Army Cadets. Twenty male Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets participated in this study. Each participant performed the Modified Clinical Testing of Sensory Interaction (mCTSIB) …

Sport Commitment Among Adult Recreational Soccer Players: Test Of An Expanded Model, Amanda L. Frayeh, Beth Lewis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 4-24, 2017. Adult sport leagues provide opportunities for physical activity (PA), but little is known about adults’ commitment to recreational sports. We proposed two expanded versions of Scanlan and colleagues’ sport commitment model (SCM) to explore psychosocial factors related to adults’ participation in these leagues. Model 1 proposed athletic identity and social cohesion as additional predictors of commitment. Previous research found these variables to be positively related to commitment, but had not systematically examined them within the context of the SCM. We also explored participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as a behavioral manifestation …

2016 International Journal Of Exercise Science Reviewer List

International Journal of Exercise Science

2016 International Journal of Exercise Science Reviewer List

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(1): 1-3, 2017

90 Minutes Of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Does Not Attenuate Postprandial Triglycerides In Older Adults, Nathaniel G. Bodell, Trevor Gillum

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 677-684, 2016. To determine whether 90 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, prior to a high fat meal, attenuates postprandial triglycerides (PPT) in older adults. Eight sedentary older adult volunteers (mean ± SD age = 58 ± 8 years, BMI 26.5 ± 4.2); completed two trials consisting of exercise and a no-exercise control. Exercise trials involved 90 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise 60% heart rate reserve (HHR). Following exercise, an overnight fast of 12-16 hours was performed. Participants were given a high fat meal that consisted of 146 grams of CHO, and 92 grams of fat and …

Effects Of A Pre-Workout Energy Drink Supplement On Upper Body Muscular Endurance Performance, Mitchel A. Magrini, Ryan J. Colquhoun, J Jay Dawes, Doug B. Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 667-676, 2016. The use of pre-workout beverages is becoming an increasingly common method of improving performance during exercise in athletic and recreationally active populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a commercially available energy drink on exercise performance. Thirty-one healthy males (n=23) and females (n=8) participated in this study and were separated into two groups: supplement (SU; n=16) or placebo (PL; n=15). Subjects visited the laboratory on 2 occasions separated by no more than 7 days. The first visit consisted of completing a push up to fatigue protocol …

The Effects Of Eccentric, Velocity-Based Training On Strength And Power In Collegiate Athletes, Samantha M. Dolezal, Tamra L. Llewellyn, Derek L. Frese

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 657-666, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine if combining velocity-based training with eccentric focus (VEB) and velocity-based training (VBT) results in power and strength gains. Nineteen men and women collegiate track and field athletes participated in this study. The subjects completed a 12-week intervention with either a VEB program or a VBT program. To determine the effectiveness of each program, the subjects completed four exercise tests before and after the training period: vertical jump, medicine ball put test, 1RM projected bench press and 1RM projected squat. There were no significant differences …

Quantifying Inter-Segmental Coordination During The Instep Soccer Kicks, Yumeng Li, Marion Alexander, Cheryl Glazebrook, Jeff Leiter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 646-656, 2016. In order to generate a high ball speed in soccer, the inter-segmental coordination of the kicking leg is critical. The purpose of this study was to quantify the coordination between the thigh and shank movement in the sagittal plane during instep kicks. Eleven female soccer players were video recorded using a high-speed (80 Hz) video camera during penalty kicks. Hip, knee and ankle joint centers of the right leg were digitized, and the movement was analyzed using Dartfish TeamPro (6.0). The thigh and shank segment angles were generated, and the coordination was …

Inter-Correlations Between Laboratory Inter-Correlations Between Laboratory And Field-Based Tests Of Muscle Contractile Power, Mitchell J. Cameron, Robert Robergs

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 635-645, 2016. Muscle contractile properties have previously been distinguished by fiber typing muscle samples obtained from needle biopsy; however due to conflicting evidence regarding sampling bias and the related need for multiple biopsies, it is not certain if these results are a reliable reflection of whole muscle fiber type expression. Inter-correlations between laboratory and field-based measures of muscle contractile power were used to determine which assessments best discriminate between participants of varying sprint performance, and indirectly reveal potential for power vs. endurance exercise performance. Healthy active male (n=32) and female (n=17) participants were recruited …

The Relationship Between Aerobic And Anaerobic Performance In Recreational Runners, Zachary M. Gillen, Frank B. Wyatt, Jason B. Winchester, Dalton A. Smith, Vidhi Ghetia

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 625-634, 2016. Research has indicated that combined aerobic and anaerobic training (concurrent training) may improve aerobic performance greater than aerobic training alone. The purpose of this investigation was to establish any associations between aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eleven participants (n = 11, age = 34.1 ± 13 years, VO_2max = 58.4 ± 7.8) volunteered for this study. Participants were asked for endurance training experience (4.7 ± 3.7 years) and resistance training experience (4.1 ± 4.6 years). To meet training status, participants were to have a VO_2max in the 80^th percentile as …

Relationships Between Motor Coordination And Academic Achievement In Middle School Children, Daniel V. Chagas, Gustavo Leporace, Luiz Alberto Batista

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 616-624, 2016. Although it is recognized that children with a marked impairment in the development of motor coordination may show difficulty in gaining academic achievement, research examining the relationship between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in children without intellectual disabilities is limited. This study aimed to examine whether gross motor coordination is associated with academic achievement among children. Middle school children (n=122) were recruited. Writing, reading, and mathematics performance were used to attribute academic achievement. Gross motor coordination was assessed using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder test. Pearson and partial correlations were used to …

Effects Of Acute Vaporized Nicotine In Non-Tobacco Users At Rest And During Exercise, Donovan L. Fogt, Michael A. Levi, Caroline A. Rickards, Steven P. Stelly, William H. Cooke

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 607-615, 2016. Smokers, and even non-smokers, may utilize vaporized nicotine delivered by electronic cigarette (EC) due to the perception that EC are “healthier” than traditional tobacco cigarettes. The effects of vaporized nicotine delivered by EC on resting blood pressure (BP) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), or BP and aerobic power during exercise have not been studied. This investigation tested the effects of acute vaporized nicotine inhalation by EC on resting BP and RMR and cycle exercise BP, metabolic responses, and aerobic power in young, normotensive non-smokers. Using a double-blind design, 20 subjects (10 female) …

Spatial Awareness Is Related To Moderate Intensity Running During A Collegiate Rugby Match, Kyle S. Beyer, David H. Fukuda Ph.D., Amelia M. Miramonti, Mattan W. Hoffman, Ran Wang, Michael B. La Monica, Josh J. Riffe, Satoru Tanigawa Ph.D., Jeffrey R. Stout Ph.D., Jay R. Hoffman Ph.D.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 599-606, 2016. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between spatial awareness, agility, and distance covered in global positioning system (GPS) derived velocity zone classifications during a collegiate rugby match. Twelve American collegiate rugby union players (mean±SD; age: 21.2±1.4 y; weight: 85.0±16.0 kg; 7 forwards & 5 backs) on a single team volunteered to participate in this investigation. The distances travelled at low (walking/jogging; <2.7m/s), moderate (cruising/striding; 2.7-5.0 m/s), and high intensities (running/sprinting; >5.0 m/s) were measured for each player using GPS sensors and normalized according to playing time during an official USA Rugby match. Spatial awareness was measured …

Adolescents And Self-Reported Physical Activity: An Evaluation Of The Modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, Jacqueline Zelener, Margaret Schneider

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 587-598, 2016. The Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire assesses self-reported physical activity (PA) among adults, and was later modified for children. However, the modified version (Godin-Child Questionnaire) has not been validated among adolescents. This study evaluates the construct validity and test-retest reliability of the Godin-Child Questionnaire among adolescents. The study participants, sixth graders (age M= 11.06 ± 0.436; 48% males, 48% Latino), were assessed at 2 time points (fall and spring: N= 139). First, the study determined whether adolescents accurately reported exercise intensity based on adolescents' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during moderate- and hard-intensity …

Natural Training Hydration Status, Sweat Rates, And Perception Of Sweat Losses During Crossfit Training, Christina C. Cronin, Eric O'Neal, Jeffrey Simpson, Brandon L. Miller, Matt Green, Jean A. Helm Allen, Shelby Boman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 576-586, 2016. This study assessed 30 male and 20 female well-trained CrossFit (XF) athletes’ natural hydration statuses, fluid intake, and absolute and estimated sweat losses during training sessions lasting 30-47 min. Participants provided a pre-workout urine sample for assessment of hydration by urine specific gravity (USG). Nude pre- and post-workout body mass and fluid intakes were measured to determine sweat losses. To evaluate perception of total sweat loss, participants were asked to estimate their total sweat loss to compare against actual sweat loss. Mean sweat losses did not exceed 1% body mass for men …

Influence Of Baseball Catcher Mask Design, Impact Location And Ball Trajectory On Head Acceleration, Jordan Siu, Alex Okonek, Philip K. Schot

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 567-575, 2016. The general aim was to contrast accelerations caused by baseball impacts for different catcher mask designs. Study1 focused on impact locations for a perpendicular ball trajectory. Study2 examined perpendicular and oblique trajectories striking a single mask location. A 5.9 kg head model instrumented with a 3-d accelerometer recording at 512 Hz was mounted upright with springs in a shallow ball joint. A pitching machine fired a standard baseball at ~28 m/s for all tests. Transverse plane resultant peak acceleration was gathered from 5 trials in each experimental combination. In Study1, effects of …

The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Present Higher Sympathetic Cardiac Autonomic Modulation That Is Not Altered By Strength Training, Victor Barbosa Ribeiro, Gislaine Satyko Kogure, Rosana Maria Reis, Ada Clarice Gastaldi, João Eduardo Araújo, José Henrique Mazon, Audrey Borghi, Hugo Celso Dutra Souza

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 554-566, 2016. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may present important comorbidities, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which are often preceded by changes in cardiac autonomic modulation. Different types of physical exercises are frequently indicated for the prevention and treatment of PCOS. However, little is known about the effects of strength training on the metabolic, hormonal, and cardiac autonomic parameters. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of strength training on the autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) and its relation to endocrine-metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Fifty-three women were …

Monitoring Interval-Training Responses For Swimming Using The 3-Min All-Out Exercise Test., Samuel P. Courtright, Jade L. Williams, Ida E. Clark, Robert W. Pettitt, Nathan D. Dicks

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 545-553, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 3-min all-out exercise test (3MT) could be applied to create an off-season high intensity, interval training (HIIT) program to improve performance, specifically critical velocity (CV), in the sport of swimming. We tested a group of competitive female swimmers (age = 19 ± 1 yrs, height = 169 ± 7 cm, body mass = 69 ± 9 kg) to determine their swimming CV and finite energy capacity >CV (D’), and created a four week (2 d∙wk^-1) personalized …

Effect Of Music Tempo On Attentional Focus And Perceived Exertion During Selected Self-Paced Walking, Aldo Coelho Silva, Sandro Dos Santos Ferreira, Sergio Gregorio Da Silva

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 536-544, 2016. This study investigated the influence of music on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and attentional focus during walking at a self-selected pace. Fifteen overweight and obese women volunteered to participate in the study. They underwent four sessions: the first for incremental maximal test and anthropometric measurement followed by three experimental sessions. After the first session, they were exposed to three 30-minute walking sessions at a self-selected pace in a counterbalanced order: fast-tempo music (FT), medium-tempo music (MT) and no-music control (NM). Borg’s RPE Scale and an Attentional Focus Questionnaire were used …

Effect Of And Acute Bout Of Kettlebell Exercise On Glucose Tolerance In Sedentary Men: A Preliminary Study, Samantha L. Greenwald, Edward Seger, David Nichols, Andrew Ray, Todd C. Rideout, Luc E. Gosselin

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 524-535, 2016. Impaired glucose tolerance can have significant health consequences. The purposes of this preliminary study were to examine whether a single session of kettlebell exercise improves acute post-exercise glucose tolerance in sedentary individuals, and whether it was as effective as high-intensity interval running. Six sedentary male subjects underwent a two-hour oral glucose tolerance test following three different conditions: 1) control (no exercise); 2) kettlebell exercise (2 sets of 7 exercises, 15 repetitions per exercise with 30 seconds rest between each exercise); or 3) high-intensity interval running (10 one-minute intervals at a workload corresponding …