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Articles 151 - 180 of 751

Full-Text Articles in Physiology

Different Expression Of Placental Pyruvate Kinase M2 In Normal, Preeclamptic, And Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies, Brigham L. Bahr Mar 2014

Different Expression Of Placental Pyruvate Kinase M2 In Normal, Preeclamptic, And Intrauterine Growth Restriction Pregnancies, Brigham L. Bahr

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis will be organized into two chapters discussing the placental expression of two proteins, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP 27), in human placentas. Understanding the mechanisms of placental metabolism in healthy and diseased placentas helps us understand how placenta disorders occur and how we can treat these disorders. The goal is to investigate these proteins to gain an understanding of their roles in placental disorders and help decrease maternal and fetal mortality rates. Chapter one covers the background of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in cancer and embryonic tissues, and the expression of PKM2 in …

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The Effects Of Aging On Skeletal Muscle Ampk Activation And An Analysis Of Chronic Aicar Treatment On The Aging Phenotype, Shalene E. Hardman Mar 2014

The Effects Of Aging On Skeletal Muscle Ampk Activation And An Analysis Of Chronic Aicar Treatment On The Aging Phenotype, Shalene E. Hardman

Theses and Dissertations

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a metabolic regulator, acts in opposition to many of the effects of aging and may provide insights into the development of sarcopenia. However, the effect of aging on AMPK activation is unclear. The purpose of this dissertation was to: 1) clarify the controversy concerning the activation of AMPK in response to endurance-like exercise in aged skeletal muscle; 2) address mechanisms for the age-associated alterations in AMPK activation; and 3) address the known benefits of chronic AICAR treatment in aged skeletal muscle. First, to clarify the effect of age on AMPK activation, young adult (YA) (8 mo.) …

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Endocannabinoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Mrna: Patterns Of Expression In Hippocampus And Ventral Tegmental Area And Effects On Synaptic Plasticity, Collin Brutch Merrill Mar 2014

Endocannabinoid Biosynthetic Enzyme Mrna: Patterns Of Expression In Hippocampus And Ventral Tegmental Area And Effects On Synaptic Plasticity, Collin Brutch Merrill

Theses and Dissertations

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipophilic signals that are produced by postsynaptic neurons in an activity-dependent manner, and signal in a retrograde fashion to modulate neurotransmitter release. As such, eCBs are highly involved in synaptic plasticity, a process that strengthens or weakens synapses. eCB-mediated synaptic plasticity is involved in many brain processes including learning, short-term memory, and adaptive reward, which are processed in the hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. However, the expression of eCB biosynthetic enzyme mRNA within hippocampal and VTA neurons, as well as the relationship between these mRNA species and the occurrence of synaptic plasticity, remains unclear. The …

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Inhibition Of Pim And Axl Kinases As Potential Treatments For A Variety Of Hematological Malignancies And Solid Tumors, Kent James Carpenter Feb 2014

Inhibition Of Pim And Axl Kinases As Potential Treatments For A Variety Of Hematological Malignancies And Solid Tumors, Kent James Carpenter

Theses and Dissertations

This thesis is divided into three chapters. In each case, the goal is to achieve inhibition of a growth kinase (PIM or AXL) and subsequent arrest of cell growth and induction of apoptosis (in vitro cell culture models) or decrease in tumor volume (in vivo xenograft studies). Chapter one and chapter two discuss inhibition of proviral integration site for Moloneymurine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases. The three PIM kinases, PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3, are a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that are known to be involved in signaling pathways as downstream effectors of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 (STAT5) signaling and …

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Meg Final Report, Jeff Edwards, John Smith Feb 2014

Meg Final Report, Jeff Edwards, John Smith

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The objectives of this award were met, especially in regard to the mentoring focus of the award. The students have been mentored and trained in an effective manner as outlined in my Mentoring Plan (see below). This includes mentoring students in research, writing, publishing, presenting at conferences, acceptance to professional schools, etc. Indeed, all the students graduating from my lab during this time were accepted to the professional school of their choice (see students listed below). Research, especially where the students are actually involved in all aspects of it including data collection and analysis, as well as publishing can play …

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Role Of Primary Cilia In Osteoarthritis, David Kooyman Feb 2014

Role Of Primary Cilia In Osteoarthritis, David Kooyman

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Mentoring in my lab in 2012 has led to both tangible and intangible results. The tangible results for this year include two posters presented at an international meeting by undergraduate students, ORCA grants received by two students, international recognition by a team of undergraduate students, two papers published, three papers in preparation to be submitted within 30 days. The intangible results come as students return from interviews to medical and dental schools with stories of how confident they felt talking about their research. They also come in the form of the excitement I see in students when they talk about …

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Ampk Activation In Aged Skeletal Muscle After Muscle Contraction, David M. Thomson Feb 2014

Ampk Activation In Aged Skeletal Muscle After Muscle Contraction, David M. Thomson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The purpose of this mentoring environment grant was to determine the effect of aging on skeletal muscle AMPK intracellular localization and activation by muscle contraction. Funding for the project is now completed. The primary research objectives and findings are listed below:

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Effects Of Prematurity On The Presence Of Weibel-Palade Bodies In Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells In Situ, Niloufar Tabatabeai, Dr. John S. Gardner Feb 2014

Effects Of Prematurity On The Presence Of Weibel-Palade Bodies In Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells In Situ, Niloufar Tabatabeai, Dr. John S. Gardner

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Newbom, premature infants have greater susceptibility to infection compared to older newborn infants. Although the reason for greater susceptibility to bacterial infection in premature infants is unknown, there are many reports that focus on neutrophils as the defective cell type in the immature neonatal system. However, it was recently reported by Lorant et al. that in a rat model of inflammation, neutrophils from adult rats failed to migrate efficiently in neonatal rats.’ Furthermore, we found that this defect was associated with decreased expression of Pselectin on the surface of neonatal endothelial cells in situ.

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Regulation Of The Transcription Factor Creb In Skeletal Muscle After Exercise, David M. Thomson Feb 2014

Regulation Of The Transcription Factor Creb In Skeletal Muscle After Exercise, David M. Thomson

Journal of Undergraduate Research

My laboratory is running quite smoothly now. The students in the laboratory are proficient in performing experiments, obtaining data and interpreting it. My first undergraduate students have recently graduated, and I now have a nice array of experienced and newer inexperienced students, so the work is moving forward steadily, both in terms of productivity and of student training. I enjoy seeing students come into the lab with essentially no knowledge of laboratory techniques and the particular physiological topics that we study, and within a couple of months gaining enough knowledge to contribute to an intellectual discussion of the principles we …

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The Role Of Interleukin-6, C-Fos And C-Jun In Adrenal Secretion, D. Craig Seager, Dr. Allan M. Judd Jan 2014

The Role Of Interleukin-6, C-Fos And C-Jun In Adrenal Secretion, D. Craig Seager, Dr. Allan M. Judd

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The secretions of the adrenal gland are responsible for the body’s response to stress. One of the major mechanisms by which these secretions are regulated is by the way of the hypothalamuspituitary- adrenal axis (HPA axis). However, it was suspected that other mechanisms exist that are utilized by the body in order to up or down regulate adrenal secretions. One adrenal secretion, cortisol, is of special interest due to its great abundance and various effects in the body. Cortisol levels are generally regulated by ACTH, which is released by the pituitary. However, it was also shown to be increased by …

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Does Respiratory Response At Altitude Lead To A Variation In Blood Oxygen Concentrations Among Individuals, Robert Adams, Dr. Robert Conlee Jan 2014

Does Respiratory Response At Altitude Lead To A Variation In Blood Oxygen Concentrations Among Individuals, Robert Adams, Dr. Robert Conlee

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Oxygen is the essential element in the air we breathe. The concentration of oxygen is constant in the atmosphere at approximately 21%. However barometric pressure is not constant throughout the atmosphere. The barometric pressure measures the amount of pressure the particles in the atmosphere exert and varies depending on altitude and weather. At sea level the barometric pressure is 760mmHg. The oxygen molecules accessible for respiration exert 21% of that pressure. The pressure of these oxygen molecules is 160mmHg and is referred to as the partial pressure of oxygen. As the altitude increases the total barometric pressure decreases from 760mmHg …

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Involvement Of Ampk And Ap-1 Biochemical Pathways In Il-6 Regulation Of Steroidogenic Enzymes In The Adrenal Cortex, Matharage Shenali De Silva Dec 2013

Involvement Of Ampk And Ap-1 Biochemical Pathways In Il-6 Regulation Of Steroidogenic Enzymes In The Adrenal Cortex, Matharage Shenali De Silva

Theses and Dissertations

The adrenal cortex is a crucial endocrine gland in the mammalian stress response. In chronic inflammatory stress, cortisol is elevated whereas adrenal androgens are decreased. Furthermore, ACTH levels have poor correlation with the plasma cortisol in these conditions, thus suggesting that other factors are driving the stress response during chronic inflammatory stress. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine which is released during chronic inflammatory stress, is assumed to be one such factor. Thus the biochemical pathways by which IL-6 increases cortisol release from the zona fasciculata (ZF), and decreases adrenal androgen release from the zona reticularis (ZR) were investigated. Since IL-6 activates …

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Fgf4 Induced Wnt5a Gradient In The Limb Bud Mediates Mesenchymal Cell Directed Migration And Division, John C. Allen Dec 2013

Fgf4 Induced Wnt5a Gradient In The Limb Bud Mediates Mesenchymal Cell Directed Migration And Division, John C. Allen

Theses and Dissertations

The AER has a vital role in directing embryonic limb development. Several models have been developed that attempt to explain how the AER directs limb development, but none of them are fully supported by existing data. I provide evidence that FGFs secreted from the AER induce a gradient of Wnt5a. I also demonstrate that limb mesenchyme grows toward increasing concentrations of Wnt5a. We hypothesize that the changing shape of the AER is critical for patterning the limb along the proximal to distal axis. To better understand the pathway through which Wnt5a elicits its effects, we have performed various genetic studies. …

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Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Depression Of Ventral Tegmental Area Gaba Neurons, Jared Mark Weed Dec 2013

Endocannabinoid-Dependent Long-Term Depression Of Ventral Tegmental Area Gaba Neurons, Jared Mark Weed

Theses and Dissertations

GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain are important components in the brain's reward circuit. Long term changes in this circuit occur through the process of synaptic plasticity. It has been shown that high frequency stimulation, as well as treatment with endocannabinoids, can cause GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area to undergo long term depression, a form of synaptic plasticity that decreases excitability of cells. The present study elaborates on the mechanism whereby high frequency stimulation can result in long term depression of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons. Using the whole cell patch clamp technique in …

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Modeling Dipyrenylpropane, Steven Bray, David Busath Nov 2013

Modeling Dipyrenylpropane, Steven Bray, David Busath

Journal of Undergraduate Research

1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane(hereinafter dipyrenylpropane) has proven very useful as a fluorescence probe in determining fluidity and monitoring phase transitions in biological membrane systems.1 By virtue of its structure, dipyrenylpropane may fluoresce light in an excimer or a monomer configuration. Each configuration fluoresces light at a different wavelength, thus allowing us to monitor the excimer-to-monomer intensity ratio. The excimer form occurs when, as the light is absorbed, the pyrene branches come within close proximity, transferring energy and fluorescing light back at a different wavelength.2 The monomer configuration is defined by the lack of energy transfer and a consistent fluorescence wavelength. Therefore, as membrane …

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Phylogeny Of Siphonaptera In Relation To Mecoptera And The Snow Fleas Using Molecular Data From The Mitochondrial Gene Cytochrome Oxidase Ii, Sonia Bake, Dr. Michael Whiting Nov 2013

Phylogeny Of Siphonaptera In Relation To Mecoptera And The Snow Fleas Using Molecular Data From The Mitochondrial Gene Cytochrome Oxidase Ii, Sonia Bake, Dr. Michael Whiting

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The intent of this study is to determine the phylogeny of the order Siphonaptera (fleas) and their relationship to the order Mecoptera (scorpion flies) including the Boreidae family (snow fleas) which have traditionally been placed with the scorpion flies. A study is being conducted using molecular data from several genes and morphology to design a more accurate phylogeny for these orders. This study uses the data from a single gene, cytochrome oxidase II or COII, to create a tree for several species from these orders.

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Androgen Regulation Of Calbindin-D28k In Rat Hypothalamic Tissue During Prenatal Development, Melanie A. Watson, Dr. Edwin Lephart Oct 2013

Androgen Regulation Of Calbindin-D28k In Rat Hypothalamic Tissue During Prenatal Development, Melanie A. Watson, Dr. Edwin Lephart

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Calbindin-D28K is a calcium-binding protein that serves a potentially important role in both the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Previous studies indicate the dimorphic expressions of calbindin within the medial basal hypothalamus (N4BH), supporting its putative importance in the neurogenesis of sexually dimorphic brain structures.2 Another primary action of this protein is to buffer intracellular calcium levels, thus functioning as a neuroprotective mechanism against pre-mature apoptosis. Regulation of calbindin is reported to be, in part, stimulated by glucocorticoids in response to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal stress axis.3 Evidence also exists for the potential regulation of calcium-binding …

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Rapd Analysis Of Three Breeding Lines In Horses, Gregory B. Tilton, Dr. Robert L. Park, Jerran Flinders Oct 2013

Rapd Analysis Of Three Breeding Lines In Horses, Gregory B. Tilton, Dr. Robert L. Park, Jerran Flinders

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The focus of this project was two-fold. First, to test whether RAPDS, a genetic marker finding technique, could be used to find markers in three separate sire/offspring groups of horses. Second, to determine whether we could use RAPDs to produce a similarity index indicating how genetically related the different groups were to each other, a process that may be valuable in a future genetic study of horse gait. We used the DNA from three horse sires and seven of their offspring, giving a total of twenty-four different horses. The individuals, all of which are registered Missouri Foxtrotters, are located on …

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A Col2a1 Mutation Leads To Increased Degradation Of Type Ii Collagen In Articular Cartilage: A Murine Model For Osteoarthritis, Peter Crane, Dr. Robert Seegmiller Oct 2013

A Col2a1 Mutation Leads To Increased Degradation Of Type Ii Collagen In Articular Cartilage: A Murine Model For Osteoarthritis, Peter Crane, Dr. Robert Seegmiller

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Normal articular cartilage is characterized by a resilient collagen and proteoglycan matrix interdispersed with chondrocytes. Collagen type II is the most abundant collagen found in the matrix and is responsible for providing tensile strength to the tissue. The highly conserved Col2a1 gene is responsible for coding all type II collagen á-helix chains.1 The process of enzymatic MMP cleavage is a natural part of collagen recycling, but has been observed to be upregulated in articular cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. It is hypothesized that further denaturation (unwinding) of enzymatically cleaved collagen takes place following enzymatic cleavage by MMP. Because increased degraded …

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The Possible Role Of Brain Angiotensin Ii In The Reduced Growth Of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Daniel R. Jensen, Dr. James P. Porter Oct 2013

The Possible Role Of Brain Angiotensin Ii In The Reduced Growth Of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Daniel R. Jensen, Dr. James P. Porter

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The “Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat” strain (SHR) was bred to be innately hypertensive. This hypertension arises in part from over-activity of the brain Renin-Angiotensin system.1 Interestingly, the mean body weight of SHR is significantly reduced compared with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto strain from which it originates. There are indications that high levels of exogenous Angiotensin II (ANG II) introduced in the brains of normotensive rats inhibit weight gain, and in some cases promote weight loss and/or wasting.2 The mechanism of this effect is not clearly understood, though some studies have shown that high levels of exogenous ANG II can induce anorexia or …

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Does Camkii Regulate Exocytosis Through Its Binding To Syntaxin?, Stephen M. Merino, Dr. Dixon Woodbury Oct 2013

Does Camkii Regulate Exocytosis Through Its Binding To Syntaxin?, Stephen M. Merino, Dr. Dixon Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Neurons use chemical messengers called neurotransmitters to communicate with muscles and other neurons. In the axon terminal of a neuron, neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitter is released from the neuron through a process called exocytosis. In exocytosis, synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and neurotransmitter is released from the cell. During exocytosis, important proteins in both the synaptic vesicle membrane and cell membrane called SNARE proteins bind to one another. These proteins are required for exocytosis. Exocytosis and subsequent neurotransmitter release is regulated by Ca2+. The mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates exocytosis is poorly understood.

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Creating Nutritionist Software To Aid A Poor Community In Northeastern Brazil, Jacob D. Durrant, David D. Busath Oct 2013

Creating Nutritionist Software To Aid A Poor Community In Northeastern Brazil, Jacob D. Durrant, David D. Busath

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Virgem dos Pobres is an impoverished community on the banks of lake Mundaú in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. Its dirt roads are lined with houses made of mud and plaster, and sewage is disposed of by means of an open canal that runs through the community’s center. The neighborhood’s population is afflicted with many of the diseases common to extreme poverty: bacterial infections like impetigo, malnourishment, measles, mumps, etc. It was a great privilege to be able to work in some small way to help these wonderful people.

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The Luteolytic Potential Of Reduced Doses Of Prostaglandin Administered In The Ischiorectal Fossa (Irf), Jacob Brinkerhoff, Dr. Roy Silcox Oct 2013

The Luteolytic Potential Of Reduced Doses Of Prostaglandin Administered In The Ischiorectal Fossa (Irf), Jacob Brinkerhoff, Dr. Roy Silcox

Journal of Undergraduate Research

During the past few years of my education at BYU, I have had the opportunity to study and learn about the dairy industry and what types of management programs are in place to help ensure higher production and lower costs. One of the most important and beneficial reproductive management techniques used on modern dairies is called induced luteolysis or induced destruction of a corpus luteum. This management practice, which can optimize reproductive performance in cattle, involves administration of a hormone called prostaglandin F2µ (PGF).

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Botox Cleavage Of Snare Proteins That Are Bound Together In Vitro, Josepp D. Walch, Dr. Dixon Woodbury Oct 2013

Botox Cleavage Of Snare Proteins That Are Bound Together In Vitro, Josepp D. Walch, Dr. Dixon Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

I finished my project last July (2005) just before Dr. Woodbury left for Germany to present his recent work at a few of the academic institutions of Europe. The project commenced in February of 2004.

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Snare Regulation, Deborah Adams, Dr. Dixon Woodbury Oct 2013

Snare Regulation, Deborah Adams, Dr. Dixon Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

SNARE proteins are involved in transporting molecules within our cells, but their mechanism of action is not well known (Figure 1). It is established that SNARE proteins aid in the process of vesicles docking at target membranes. When neuronal cells are excited calcium enters the cell and the docked vesicles fuse to the target membrane releasing their contents into the intercellular space called the synapse. It is not exactly known by what method calcium induces membrane fusion but it has been shown that syntaxin and synaptobrevin, or VAMP, are minimal machinery for membrane fusion (1).

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Understanding The Pathway Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Using Bioluminescence, Andrew Miner, Dr. Allen Judd Oct 2013

Understanding The Pathway Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Using Bioluminescence, Andrew Miner, Dr. Allen Judd

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) is a protein involved in the genesis of cortisol, testosterone, estrogen and other steroids. In fact, it is the rate-limiting step in the process of steroidogenesis. StAR is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the outside of the mitochondrial matrix to the inside, where it undergoes chemical processes that turn it into the steroids listed above. The body is thought to increase the amount of StAR in mitochondrial membranes when it receives certain signals in order to create more steroids. My topic involves the mechanism for this upregulation.

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The Effects During Embryogenesis And Tumorigenesis Of Dominant-Active Beta Catenin In Wnt Signaling, Melissa Schmidt, Dr. Jeffery Richard Barrow Oct 2013

The Effects During Embryogenesis And Tumorigenesis Of Dominant-Active Beta Catenin In Wnt Signaling, Melissa Schmidt, Dr. Jeffery Richard Barrow

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Cell communication is crucial in multiceullar organisms. Cells have therefore devised signaling pathways for intracellular communication. One of these is the Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt signaling plays an important role in cell fate decisions during embryogenesis. In the adult, Wnt signaling has been hypothesized to be essential in the maintenance of adult gut, blood, and skin tissues. Interestingly, aberrant Wnt signaling has been found to be the primary defect in all colon cancers and to be the cause of other tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

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Measurement Of Proton Flux Through Influenza A Viral Protein M2, J. Craig Moffat, Matthew A. D'Haenens, David D. Busath, Dr. Dixon J. Woodbury Oct 2013

Measurement Of Proton Flux Through Influenza A Viral Protein M2, J. Craig Moffat, Matthew A. D'Haenens, David D. Busath, Dr. Dixon J. Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

The Influenza A viral protein M2 is known to conduct protons across viral, Golgi, and cell membranes. M2 allows acidification of the interior of the virion thus facilitating viral RNA uncoating. In the active form, M2 is a homotetramer. Each subunit consists of 97 amino acid residues with only one membrane-spanning region of 19 residues. The ion channel activity of M2 has been studied at physiological pH in cellular systems. It is also known that the channel is sensitive to the anti-influenza drug amantadine. Understanding M2 activity at pH 7 will give us greater knowledge of viral function, pharmacological sensitivities, …

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Vesicle Fusion: A Size Dependant Factor? The Role Of Ultrasound In Manipulating Vesicle Size, Eric Richardson, Dr. Dixon Woodbury Oct 2013

Vesicle Fusion: A Size Dependant Factor? The Role Of Ultrasound In Manipulating Vesicle Size, Eric Richardson, Dr. Dixon Woodbury

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Vesicles are microscopic spherical capsules that have many important applications in both medicine and biology. They are the cell’s primary vehicles for transporting proteins and other chemicals to and from organelles. In the last half century, artificial vesicles (AVs) have been manufactured to explore many biological mechanisms. More recently, AVs have been used as a drug-delivery tool on a microscopic level. This is a promising technique to fight life-threatening diseases such as cancer.

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Determining Treatment Of Children Suffering From Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Mary Ann Zarkou, Dr. Bruce Woolley Oct 2013

Determining Treatment Of Children Suffering From Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Mary Ann Zarkou, Dr. Bruce Woolley

Journal of Undergraduate Research

Severe malnutrition is one of the most devastating health problems in the world, particularly in developing countries. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is one of the most prevalent types of malnutrition, and is divided into three major types: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, and Marasmic-kwashiorkor. These diseases in children cause stunted growth, many physiological problems, and lead to increased risk for developing chronic diseases and increased morbidity rates. No effective treatment has been discovered.

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