Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health Commons^™

Effects On The Function Of Three Trophic Levels In Marine Plankton Communities Under Stress From The Antifouling Compound Zinc Pyrithione, M. Hjorth, I. Dahllöf, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

This study aimed to investigate functional responses of natural marine planktonic communities to stress from the antifouling compound zinc pyrithione (ZPT). Isotope labelling techniques (¹⁴C) were applied to study bacterial incorporation of leucine, photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton and grazing of labelled prey by zooplankton communities for 6 days after exposures to nominal concentrations of 0, 5, 25, 50 nM ZPT in a mesocosm experiment in Isefjord, Denmark.

Significant direct effects were visible on chlorophyll α concentrations, which decreased in all exposed communities, to between 48 and 36% of control concentrations on Day 3, 1 day after the last …

Influence Of Biotransformation On Trophic Transfer Of The Pah, Fluoranthene, Annemette Palmqvist, Lene Juel Rasmussen, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments may be influenced by benthic invertebrate bioturbation. Through processes such as deposit-feeding and enhancement of microbial metabolic activity PAHs may be remobilized from the sediment compartment, and either transferred to organisms at higher trophic levels or to the overlying water column, both processes inevitably changing the bioavailability of the PAH. Accumulation of contaminants from one level in the food chain to the next depends on feeding rate and assimilation efficiency, two factors that basically vary with food quality and contaminant type. Though it is generally believed that pre-consumptive biotransformation will …

Influence Of Biotransformation On Trophic Transfer Of The Pah, Fluoranthene, Annemette Palmqvist, Lene Juel Rasmussen, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments may be influenced by benthic invertebrate bioturbation. Through processes such as deposit-feeding and enhancement of microbial metabolic activity PAHs may be remobilized from the sediment compartment, and either transferred to organisms at higher trophic levels or to the overlying water column, both processes inevitably changing the bioavailability of the PAH. Accumulation of contaminants from one level in the food chain to the next depends on feeding rate and assimilation efficiency, two factors that basically vary with food quality and contaminant type. Though it is generally believed that pre-consumptive biotransformation will …

Effects Of Food Type, Feeding Frequency, And Temperature On Juvenile Survival And Growth Of Marisa Cornuarietis (Mollusca: Gastropoda), Henriette Selck, John Aufderheide, Nadine Pounds, Charles Staples, Norbert Caspers, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The present experiments are part of a larger study designed to investigate the influence of husbandry parameters on the life history of the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis, in order to identify suitable husbandry conditions for maintaining multi-generation populations in the laboratory for use in ecotoxicological testing. In this paper we focus on the effects of a combination of food types and feeding frequencies (i.e., the frequency with which the snails were offered food) on juvenile growth and survival at different temperatures. Offspring produced in the laboratory by wild specimens of M. cornuarietis, from Puerto Rico, were used to …

Ecology In A Cost-Benefit Society: The Issues, Valery E. Forbes, Peter Calow

Valery Forbes Publications

Is there a role for ecology in a cost-benefit society? As a prelude to a collection of papers arising from a conference on this theme held at Roskilde University in June 2004, this paper summarizes divergent approaches to public policy decision making. Whether based on strict cost-benefit analysis or wide-ranging discussion, we make the point that decisions need to be informed by an understanding of the causes behind environmental problems and their consequences, through impaired ecosystem services, on the economy. Taking this forward will require forums that bring ecologists, economists, and regulators into active and constructive dialogue.

Effects Of Husbandry Parameters On The Life-History Traits Of The Apple Snail, Marisa Cornuarietis: Effects Of Temperature, Photoperiod, And Population Density, John Aufderheide, Ryan Warbritton, Nadine Pounds, Sharon File-Emperador, Charles Staples, Norbert Caspers, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

These experiments are part of a larger study designed to investigate the influence of husbandry parameters on the life history of the apple snail, Marisa cornuarietis. The overall objective of the program is to identify suitable husbandry conditions for maintaining multigeneration populations of this species in the laboratory for use in ecotoxicological testing. In this article, we focus on the effects of photoperiod, temperature, and population density on adult fecundity and juvenile growth. Increasing photoperiod from 12 to 16 h of light per day had no effect on adult fecundity or egg hatching and relatively minor effects on juvenile growth …

Differences In Pah Tolerance Between Capitella Species: Underlying Biochemical Mechanisms, Lis Bach, Annemette Palmqvist, Lene Juel Rasmussen, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The polychaete Capitella capitata consists of a species complex within which differences in tolerance to tox­icants have been observed. For example, it has been shown that Capitella sp. S is more sensitive (e.g., in terms of survival, growth and reproduction) to PAH and other stressors than the more opportunistic Capi­tella sp. I, which is able to take up and biotransform the PAH fluoranthene (Flu). In the present study, an in­vestigation was performed to examine whether differences in tolerance between Capitella species sp. I and sp. S are due to differences in biotransformation, measured as the amount of Flu-metabolites produced by …

Risk And Consequence Analysis Focused On Biota Transfers Potentially Associated With Surface Water Diversions Between The Missouri River And Red River Basins, Greg Linder, Ed Little, Lynne Johnson, Chad Vishy, Bruce Peacock, Heather Goeddecke

United States Geological Survey: Publications

Section 1 provides a brief overview of the project, including a cursory summary of the history of the “Garrison Diversion” and how that history relates to this work focused on the analysis of risks and consequences potentially associated with interbasin biota transfers. The present study was initiated under the auspices of the Dakota Water Resources Act (DWRA) of 2000, which directed the Secretary of the Interior to conduct a comprehensive study of the water quality and quantity needs of the Red River Valley and the options for meeting those needs. As such, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) requested technical support …

Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Modeling Of Skin Permeability, Deepak R. Keshwani, David D. Jones, Rhonda M. Brand

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

The skin is a major exposure route for many potentially toxic chemicals. It is, therefore, important to be able to predict the permeability of compounds through skin under a variety of conditions. Available skin permeability databases are often limited in scope and not conducive to developing effective models. This sparseness and ambiguity of available data prompted the use of fuzzy set theory to model and predict skin permeability. Using a previously published database containing 140 compounds, a rule-based Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model is shown to predict skin permeability of compounds using octanol-water partition coefficient, molecular weight, and temperature as inputs. Model …

Atrazine Runoff In The Blue River Basin: Geomorphology, Rainfall, And Agronomic Practices, Kundan Dhakal

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Atrazine concentrations in the Big Blue River Basin (BRB) in Nebraska and Kansas periodically exceed the U.S. EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 3 µg L^-1. The present study is focused on watershed variables influencing surface runoff of atrazine. The assessment includes the impact of corn and sorghum planting progress (indicating atrazine application), rainfall, antecedent soil water content, and soil restrictive layer on stream-measured weekly atrazine load in independent BRB subwatersheds for 1997 - 2004. Maximum atrazine loading occurred after most of the corn had been planted but during sorghum planting from mid-May to early June, immediately following …

Joint Effects Of Population Density And Toxicant Exposure On Population Dynamics Of Capitella Sp. I, Valery E. Forbes, Richard M. Sibly, Inez Linke-Gamenick

Valery Forbes Publications

Very few studies have analyzed the dependence of population growth rate on population density, and even fewer have considered interaction effects of density and other stresses, such as exposure to toxic chemicals. Yet without such studies we cannot know whether chemicals harmful at low density have effects on carrying capacity or, conversely, whether chemicals reducing carrying capacity are also harmful at low density, impeding a population’s capacity to recover from disturbance. This study examines the combined effects of population density and a toxicant (fluoranthene) on population growth rate (pgr) and carrying capacity using the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella sp. I as …

Uncertainties In Sediment Quality Weight-Of-Evidence (Woe) Assessments, Graeme E. Batley, G. Allen Burton, Peter M. Chapman, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

Uncertainties in sediment quality assessments are discussed in five categories: (1) sediment sampling, transport and storage; (2) sediment chemistry; (3) ecotoxicology; (4) benthic community structure; and (5) data uncertainties and QA/QC. Three major exposure routes are considered: whole sediments, and waters in sediment pores and at the sediment-water interface. If these uncertainties are not recognized and addressed in the assessment process, then erroneous conclusions may result. Recommendations are provided for addressing the identified uncertainties in each of the key areas. The purpose of this paper is to improve the reporting of sediment quality assessments.

Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Free-Ranging Deer In Nebraska, David G. Renter, Jan M. Sargeant, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Jeff D. Hoffmann, Jerry R. Gillespie

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

In order to determine the prevalence and distribution of the human pathogen, Escherichia coli O157:H7, in free-ranging deer, hunters were asked to collect and submit fecal samples from deer harvested during a regular firearm season (14–22 November 1998). Prior to the season, 47% of the hunters with permits in the southeastern Nebraska (USA) study area indicated a willingness to participate in the study. Approximately 25% of successful hunters in the area submitted deer fecal samples. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was cultured from four (0.25%) of 1,608 total samples submitted. All of the fecal samples that were properly identified (1,426) and all …

Toxicant Impacts On Density-Limited Populations: A Critical Review Of Theory, Practice, And Results, Valery E. Forbes, Richard M. Sibly, Peter Calow

Valery Forbes Publications

Most natural populations experience some density dependence, and longterm average rates of population growth are likely to be close to zero (i.e., steady state). An essential question, therefore, is how and to what extent do density-dependent effects influence the responses of populations to toxicant impacts? Here we consider three general types of interaction between density dependence and toxicant effects: additive, less than additive, and more than additive. If we know enough about the life-history dynamics of an organism and how its life-history traits are affected by density and toxicant exposure, we should be able to use life-history models to predict …

Effects Of Chronic Fluoranthene Exposure On Sibling Species Of Capitella With Different Development Modes, Inez Linke-Gamenick, Valery E. Forbes, Nuria Méndez

Valery Forbes Publications

Toxic effects of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene (FLU) on life-history traits and their demographic consequences were investigated in 3 non-interbreeding Capitella sibling species with different physiological tolerances and developmental modes: sensitive Capitella sp. S from oxygen-rich intertidal sediments of the North Sea (Germany); tolerant Capitella sp. M from sediments near shallow hydrothermal vents off Milos (Greece), a habitat low in organic matter with steep abiotic gradients and high sulfide concentrations; tolerant Capitella sp. I from New York (USA), known to dominate eutrophicated/polluted environments. Both Capitella spp. M and I can develop into hermaphrodites and have lecithotrophic larval development. In …

Effects Of Fluoranthene And Ambient Oxygen Levels On Survival And Metabolism In Three Sibling Species Of Capitella (Polychaeta), Inez Linke-Gamenick, Bent Vismann, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The successful persistence of Capitella spp. in disturbed and/or oil-polluted habitats is widely known, but demographic adaptations might be only part of the explanation and little is known about differences among species. The present study investigates ecophysiological effects of the common PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) fluoranthene (FLU) on juvenile and adult survival, comparing 3 sibling species of Capitella (Polychaeta; Capitellidae). Subsequently, the influence of FLU on the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in the most 'sensitive' species, Capitella sp. S, and most 'tolerant' species, Capitella sp. I, was assessed. Oxygen uptake and internal succinate concentration (an indicator of anaerobic metabolism) were …

Review Of Genes And The Environment By R. H. Burdon, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

How diverse aspects of an organism’s environment influence the structure and function of its genes is of profound importance for understanding the molecular basis of evolution as well as the causes of disease, cancer and aging. Genes and the Environment addresses these issues from a molecular biological perspective. The author covers both natural environmental influences, such as extreme temperatures and water stress, as well as humancaused environmental influences, such as exposure to toxic chemicals. The author makes an effort to compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems and highlights distinctions between major groups of eukaryotes e.g., plants versus animals. to …

Density-Dependent Effects Of A Toxicant On Life-History Traits And Population Dynamics Of A Capitellid Polychaete, Inez Linke-Gamenick, Valery E. Forbes, Richard M. Sibly

Valery Forbes Publications

The toxic effects of the widespread polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), fluoranthene (FLU), on Life-history traits of Capitella sp. M as a function of population density were investigated in a life-table-response-experiment (LTRE) lasting 134 d. Animals from laboratory cultures were exposed to 6 different FLU concentrations (range 0 to 80 μg FLU [g dry wt sed]^–1, ppm) at 3 population densities (range 529 to 36 842 worms m^–2), and survivorship, growth rate until maturity, and reproductive parameters were recorded. Fluoranthene exposure significantly reduced juvenile survivorship in a concentration- dependent manner, whereas population density had no effect on …

Drug, Pharmaceutical, And Pharmacy-Related Sites: A Webliography Of Core Sites, Paul G. Haschak

E-JASL: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship (1999-2009, Volumes 1-10)

The World Wide Web (WWW) increasingly is becoming an important learning, teaching, and research tool for teachers and students, alike, who are seeking useful drug, pharmaceutical, and pharmacy-related sites on the Web, for their research. However, the seemingly inexhaustible number of WWW links can be daunting even to the most experienced Web user.

The following webliography is presented specifically for educators and students seeking a concise, annotated core list of WWW links on pharmaceutical, drug, and pharmacy-related topics.

Pyoveridine Production By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Exposed To Metals Or An Oxidative Stress Agent, Kim-Hien Thi Dao, Katherine E. Hamer, Christine L. Clark, Lawrence G. Harshman

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Siderophores are low molecular mass compounds used by many microorganisms to scavenge dissolved iron, which is typically rare in environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1) was exposed to metals and methyl viologen in low-iron medium in order to monitor the abundance of a specific siderophore (pyoverdine) and monitor growth over time. In this study it was discovered that cadmium can stimulate pyoverdine abundance. Cadmium may interact with and sequester the Fur regulatory protein, which represses siderophore synthesis under conditions of iron sufficiency. Mercury did not stimulate pyoverdine production at concentrations that strongly inhibited bacterial growth, suggesting that pyoverdine production is not governed …

Effects Of 4-N-Nonylphenol On Life-History Traits And Population Dynamics Of A Polychaete, Flemming T. Hansen, Valery E. Forbes, Thomas L. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

A Life-Table-Response Experiment lasting 78 d was performed to investigate the toxic effects of sediment-associated 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) on growth, reproduction, and survivorship of isolated hermaphrodites of the infaunal polychaete Capitella sp. I. Demographic effects were evaluated using both a fully age-classified and a simple twostage model to estimate population growth rates (λ). Decomposition analysis was performed to explore the contributions of each of the affected life-history traits to the effects observed on l. Elasticity analysis was applied to examine the relative sensitivity of λ to changes in each of the different life-history traits under different exposure levels.

In the lowest …

Studying Stress In Ecological Systems: Implications For Ecological Risk Assessment And Risk Management, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

In many of the world’s habitats abiotic stress is a key force controlling the distribution and abundance of species. As a result of human activities, the role of abiotic stress appears to be increasing in many areas in the form of habitat alteration or destruction, chemical contamination, and large-scale climatic shifts. An important scientific goal, therefore, is to develop approaches for assessing and predicting damage to ecological systems arising from abiotic stress. Moreover, determining how interactions between human-caused stresses and natural environmental stresses impact biological systems is an active area of research. This Invited Feature highlights some of the main …

Toxicity And Toxicokinetics Of Cadmium In Capitella Sp. I: Relative Importance Of Water And Sediment As Routes Of Cadmium Uptake, Henriette Selck, Valery E. Forbes, Thomas L. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

The importance of dissolved versus sediment-bound cadmium as uptake routes for the deposit-feeding polychaete Capitella species I and the toxicity and toxicokinetics of cadmium from these exposure routes were investigated. Effects were reported as changes in worm growth rate, egestion rate and allometry. Radioactive cadmium (¹⁰⁹Cd) was used as a tracer to examine the uptake (5 d) and subsequent depuration (6 d) of cadmium. Both effects and kinetics were investigated in systems with and without sediment. Individual Capitella sp. I were exposed to (1) dissolved (i.e. –1). Worms in water-only treatments showed negative growth rates, which decreased linearly …

Ecological Water Treatment System For Removal Of Phosphorus And Nitrogen From Polluted Water, Ray W. Drenner, Donald J. Day, Stacy J. Basham, J. Durward Smith, Susan I. Jensen

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

We propose that phosphorus and nitrogen can be removed from polluted water using an ecological water treatment system consisting of periphyton and fish. In the proposed system, polluted water flows through a series of vessels, and the nutrients are taken up by periphyton growing on porous screens. Algal-grazing fish feed on the periphyton and either assimilate or egest the nutrients in mucus-bound feces that settle from the water into a sediment trap. Both the fish and their feces can be harvested as nutrient sinks. In this study we examined the effects of an algal-grazing cichlid (Tilapia mossambica) and …

Particle Mixing By The Polychaete Capitella Species 1: Coupling Fate And Effect Of A Particle-Bound Organic Contaminant (Fluoranthene) In A Marine Sediment, Susanne D. Madsen, Thomas L. Forbes, Valery E. Forbes

Valery Forbes Publications

Particle mixing by the polychaete Capitella sp. 1 was investigated in a 22 d microcosm experiment in the presence and absence of the sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fluoranthene. Mixing by Capitella sp. 1 (30000 ind. m^–2) was examined using glass bead tracers (diam. = 30 to 100 μm) with and without a pulse introduction of fluoranthene to the sediment surface. Worms had a profound effect on the sediment appearance and reworked sediment in a conveyor-belt fashion. The predominant mode of mixing was bioadvective, and the worms created a subsurface maximum in the glass bead tracer profiles. Glass …

Inducible Metabolism Of Fluoranthene By The Opportunistic Polychaete Capitella Sp. I, Valery E. Forbes, Thomas L. Forbes, Marianne Holmer

Valery Forbes Publications

The polychaete Capitella sp. I has been described as an enrichment opportunist and is one of very few species able to thrive in highly organic sediments heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organic pollutants. We examined 3 plausible explanations for the success of Capitella sp. 1: (1) worms prevent uptake of PAH across body surfaces, (2) worms take up PAH but metabolize them effectively to excretable forms, and (3) worms utilize PAH as a carbon source. We examined the uptake and depuration of sediment-associated fluoranthene by Capitella sp. 1 and measured the metabolic loss of ingested 3-[ …

Can We Guarantee The Safety Of Genetically Engineered Organisms In The Environment?, Kathleen H. Keeler, Frances E. Sharples

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Can we guarantee the safety of genetically engineered organisms in the environment? To anticipate my remarks, the answer to the title question is “No, we cannot guarantee the safety of genetically engineered organisms released into the environment.” Indeed, it is a tenet of the scientific method that nothing can be proved, only disproved. Thus, we can never show that a release will be safe. We could only show that it would be unsafe, if that were the case. However, if the question is posed differently, for example, can we safely release genetically engineered organisms into the environment?, the answer is …

Changes In Feeding And Crawling Rates Of Hydrobia Truncata (Prosobranchia: Hydrobiidae) In Response To Sedimentary Chlorophyll-A And Recently Egested Sediment, Valery E. Forbes, Glenn R. Lopez

Valery Forbes Publications

Experiments combining fluorescent particle tracer techniques with time-lapse video recording demonstrated that the gastropod Hydrobia truncata decreases crawling rate on patches rich in chlorophyll-a, while maintaining a constant feeding rate as sedimentary chlorophyll-a content varies. In contrast, H. truncata decreases feeding rate but does not change crawling rate upon encounter with patches of recently egested sediment. Depression of feeding rate is less pronounced if the egested material is enriched in chlorophyll-a. For deposit feeders inhabiting highly reworked sediments, the majority of available material may consist of sediment that has been recently egested. For an animal that responds negatively to recently …

Lead Poisoning Of Sandhill Cranes (Grus Canadensis), R. M. Windingstad, S. M. Kerr, L. N. Locke, J. J. Hurt

Papers in Ornithology

Two wild and two captive sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) were diagnosed by National Wildlife Health Laboratory personnel as having died from lead toxicity. Ingestion of lead fishing weights by the wild cranes and of unspent .22 caliber shell cartidges by the captive cranes were responsible for these deaths. One crane force-fed lead pellets showed an increase of blood lead levels from 0.77 ppm to 23.8 ppm (wet weight) just before its death 15 days following exposure. Liver lead concentrations of sandhill cranes dying of causes other than lead toxicity are presented.

The Pharmacology Of Rodenticides, S. A. Peoples

Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings: 4th (1970)

The compounds used as rodenticides are tremendously varied in their chemical structure and mechanism of action. With a few exceptions, these agents are generally poisonous to all animals, including man, and a great deal of study has been directed to their toxicity in animals other than rodents. However, the development of new compounds as Norbormide and certain antifertility drugs which are highly selective in their action may justify the hope that the ideal rodenticide free of secondary toxic hazards will soon be available. Until this happy announcement is made, a review of the pharmacology of the older compounds is in …