Nutrition Commons^™

Nutritional Screening Of Utah Rural And Urban Elderly, Rachel Taylor Rood

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The population of Americans over age 65 is expected to increase from a reported 12 percent in 1988 to 22 percent by the year 2030. Nutrition screening and intervention can help combat the rising need for health care and other services among the elderly by preventing or delaying disability and dependency.

This study was designed to determine the degree of nutritional risk present within the elderly population in rural and urban areas in the state of Utah by conducting an initial nutrition screening using the Determine Your Nutritional Health checklist developed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative. Congregate meal sites were …

The Contribution Of Meats To Energy And Essential Nutrient Intakes Of Women In The United States, C. Dian Martin

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study used the 1987-88 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey to investigate the contribution meat products make to intakes of nutrients at risk of inadequate or excessive consumption by women. The study is unique in that meat nutrients were extracted from mixed dishes, providing a more accurate picture of consumption. Cluster analysis was used to classify nonpregnant, nonlactating women 19 years and older based on their consumption patterns of total meat and individual meats (beef, poultry, processed meats, pork and seafoods) as percent of caloric intake.

Total fat and SFA intakes exceeded National Research Council (NRC) goals regardless of meat …

Formation Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons On The Surfaces Of Ultra-High Temperature Treated Meat, Michelle T. Foote

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of ultra-high temperature (UHT) on production of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the surface of beef steaks was determined. Beef steaks were treated with five treatments, raw, UHT, UHT/grill marks, UHT/grill marks/microwave, and charcoal grilled. Four PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[k]fluoranthene, were quantified. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) were used to purify and analyze the PAH extracts, respectively. Levels of PAH found on charcoal-grilled steaks were higher than those observed in the literature. A balanced incomplete block design was used to analyze the data. There were no significant differences among the treatments in …

The Impact Of Nutrition Education On Dietary Behavior And Iron Status In Participants Of The Supplemental Food Program For Women, Infants And Children, And The Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program, Nedra K. Christensen

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study was conducted to determine the impact of nutrition education on participants of the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP). The specific objectives were to: 1) determine the impact of participation in EFNEP on iron status as assessed by hematocrit (hct) and ferritin levels; 2) determine the effect of nutrition knowledge on hct and ferritin values; and 3) determine the effect dietary behavior has on hct and ferritin levels for both WIC and EFNEP participants.

Each study participant completed a 24-hour dietary recall record plus food frequency …

A New Method For Measuring Macroparticulate Systems Applied To Measuring Syneresis Of Renneted Milk Gels, Jonathan R. Maynes

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Syneresis is an integral part of cheese manufacture. The rate and extent of syneresis affect the properties of cheese. There are many factors that affect syneresis, but measured results vary because of inaccuracies in measuring techniques. To better control syneresis, an accurate mathematical description must be developed. Current mathematical models describing syneresis are limited because of inherent error in measuring techniques used to develop them. Developing an accurate model requires an accurate way to measure syneresis.

The curd becomes a particle in a whey suspension when the coagulum is cut. The most effective technique to measure particle size, without interference, …

The Effect Of Computer-Assisted Nutrition Education On Nutrition Knowledge, Nutrition Status, Dietary Compliance, And Quality Of Life Of Hemodialysis Patients, Julianne Stewart

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study was conducted to assess the effect of nutrition education utilizing computerized dietary analysis on nutrition knowledge, dietary compliance, nutrition status, and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Twenty patients of the Bonneville Dialysis Center in Ogden, Utah voluntarily agreed to participate in this six-month study. All participants completed quality of life assessments, the Beck Depression Inventory© (BDI), and a nutrition knowledge assessment pre- and post-study. Patients in the treatment group (n=12) completed monthly 3-day food records which were analyzed by Computrition® nutrient analysis software. Results were discussed with the patients during one-on-one education sessions. Control patients (n=8) completed …

Effects Of Stabilizers And Ph Adjustments On Milk Proteins In Uht-Treated Citrus Juice/Skim Milk Blend Drink, Sandra M. Newman

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A UHT-processed skim milk (85%)/orange juice (15%) drink was developed. Product integrity and stability were maintained by two methods. Proper homogenization of the blend before UHT processing stabilized a drink formulation containing .25% carboxymethyl cellulose and .025% carrageenan. Adjusting the pH of the blend (pH 6.3 and 6.5) resulted in a different stabilization. After 28 days at room temperature, settling of milk solids was 5.2% of volume height in the prehomogenized sample and 86.9% of volume height in the same blend that had not been homogenized prior to UHT processing. After storage, the two treatments were analyzed to verify that …

Changes Over Time In Sensory Thresholds Of Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus And The Relationship To Food Preference, Marnie Ricks Spencer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of time on taste threshold was examined in 30 diabetics and 30 control subjects (ages 22-30) who had participated in a sensory study 14 years previously. Detection and recognition taste thresholds for sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride), sour (citric acid), and bitter (quinine sulfate) were assessed using triangle testing. Food preferences related to concentration of the stimuli in model food systems were tested using a nine-point hedonic scale. Mashed potatoes were used as the carrier for different levels of salt. A beverage composed of water, sucrose, and citric acid was varied to measure preferences for sweet and sour …

Physical And Functional Events Involved In Conjugal Transfer Of Lactose Utilization In Lactococcus Lactis Subsp. Lactis, Hua Wang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The nature of the cell surface components involved in donor cell clumping (Clu⁺) and the relationship of Clu⁺ to high frequency conjugal transfer of lactose utilization (Lac) in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ML3 was examined. Lactose positive (Lac⁺), Clu⁺ transconjugants, containing a novel 104 kilobase Lac plasmid, were obtained by mating ML3 with LM2301. When used as Lac+ donors in second round matings, these transconjugants transferred Lac at high frequencies ranging from 10^-2 to 10^-4 transconjugants per donor CFU. Treatment of donor cells with EDTA and EGTA containing solutions or proteolytic enzymes …

Zeta-Potential Of Casein Micelles As A Factor In Age Gelation Of Ultra-High Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk, Douglas W. Olson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of ultra-high temperature processing by direct steam injection and room temperature storage of pH-adjusted and unadjusted 3X (volume reduction) skim milk retentate and the effect of storage at various temperatures of 3X skim milk retentate without pH adjustment on their ζ-potential, viscosity, and pH were determined. Pasteurized skim milk was concentrated to 3X by ultrafiltration. In the pH study portions of skim milk retentate were adjusted to pH 6.38 ± .02 with HCl and 6.85 ± .01 and 7.32 ± .02 with NaOH between ultrafiltration and ultra-high temperature processing. In the storage temperature study, storage temperatures used for …

The Role Of Lactose In The Age Gelation Of Ultra-High-Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk, Venkatachalam Narayanaswamy

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to relate lactose reactivity and age gelation of UHT processed concentrated milk. Skim milk was pasteurized, diafiltered batchwise to reduce lactose concentration to less than 0.05%, and UF concentrated to 3X (one-third volume reduction). Lactose and sucrose were then each added at 3% or 6% w/v to part of the concentrate. The five samples, control (

All samples stored at 4°C and 20°C gelled after 21 weeks of storage. The viscosity changed slightly during the first 19 weeks of storage but increased suddenly (> 100 cPs) just before gelation. Samples stored at 35°C did …

Characteristics Related To The Incidence Of Osteoporosis In Two Distinct Female Populations, Deborah A. Pyke

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Osteoporosis is responsible for approximately 1.3 to 1.5 million fractures per year in the United States. The risk of osteoporosis increases with age, especially among postmenopausal women, and with lifestyle factors such as the use of certain drugs, heavy alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, high caffeine intake, and sedentary living. Genetic factors that may influence susceptibility to osteoporosis include a positive family history of the disease, or a low weight - for-height ratio. In some cases, race and geographic location may increase or decrease the risk of osteoporosis. Known protective factors include obesity, estrogen replacement therapy, weight bearing exercise, and possibly …

Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Retentate For The Development Of A Whipped Topping Mix, Shirley Ann Bond

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Ultrafiltered skim milk concentrated to 20-22% solids was hydrolyzed with a mixture of proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and an acid protease from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme preparation from A. oryzae did not produce bitterness, so the effects of its hydrolyzing action on the whipping properties of the retentate in liquid and powdered forms were examined. Its effect on the amount of soluble nitrogen in the powder was also determined. After inoculation of 250 ml retentate with .05% w/v enzyme, the samples were held in a 45°C water bath. The samples thickened with increasing hydrolysis until syneresis occurred. They also …

Meat Effects On Nonheme Iron Absorption, Yunji Kim

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Studies were undertaken to investigate if gastric acidity and iron chelation to a meat component enhance nonheme iron absorption. Cereal meals, with and without added proteins, were gavaged into iron-deficient rats. The role of iron chelation was investigated by adding sodium phytate, an iron chelator implicated with decreased iron absorption, to the meals. The role of gastric acidity was investigated by treating the rats with cimetidine, which inhibits gastric acid production. In rats with normal acid production, beef, pork and chicken enhanced iron absorption when phytate had been added to the meals, suggesting a role for chelation in meat enhancement …

Factors Affecting Moisture Distribution In 290-Kilogram Stirred-Curd Cheddar Cheese Blocks, Robert S. Reinbold

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this dissertation was to study factors affecting moisture distribution in 290-kilogram stirred-curd Cheddar cheese blocks cooled in stainless steel hoops. Uneven moisture distribution within blocks may create cheese with variable texture and flavor, which can be extremely costly to the producer. The effects of temperature, pH, and vacuum treatment on moisture distribution were investigated. Temperature, pH, moisture, and pressure profiles were presented. Also, comparisons were made between temperature profiles of 290- kilogram stirred-curd Cheddar cheese blocks cooled in stainless steel and in plywood hoops, as well as between temperature profiles of 66-kilogram Swiss cheese blocks cooled in …

Effects Of Heat Treatment Of Ultrafiltered Milk On Its Rennet Coagulation Time And On Whey Protein Denaturation, Bashir H. Yousif

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of heating (including heating to ultra-high temperatures) homogenized ultrafiltered whole and skim milks on whey protein denaturation and milk's subsequent rennet coagulation properties: coagulation time, curd firmness, and microstructure.

Whole and skim milk samples were ultrafiltered using a spiral wound ultrafiltration membrane system. Samples were preheated to 72°C for 58 s, held for 8 s then heated to 72, 89, 106, 123, or 140°C for more than 97 sand held for 4 s. The milk was then cooled to 60°C and homogenized, further cooled to 30°C, packaged into 120 ml …

Substrate Concentration, Calcium Concentration And Κ-Casein Hydrolysis In Milk Coagulation, Fenjin He

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Milk coagulation consists of four overlapping phases: enzymic hydrolysis, micelle aggregation, gelation and syneresis. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of added CaCl₂ on milk coagulation and the relationship between enzymic hydrolysis and micelle aggregation with substrate at different concentrations.

Addition of CaCl₂ to milk is widely practiced in industry and in laboratories. This changes calcium concentration, pH and ionic strength. It is impossible to separate these three variables and investigate each one independently.

Addition of low levels of CaCl₂ shortens coagulation time and increases curd firming rate. Low levels of CaCl_{2 …}

Interrelationships Among Magnesium Deficiency, Ketogenic Diet, And Fasting On Seizure Susceptibility, Hamdia Mohammed Shahwan Ai-Hamdani

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Fasting and ketogenic diet prevent seizures in epileptic children, magnesium-deficient rats and other animal models of seizure disorders. This effect has been attributed to increased levels of circulating ketone bodies. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of serum ketone bodies, measured as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), in preventing audiogenically-induced seizures in weanling rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet for 17 days.

The effect on seizure susceptibility was investigated by feeding a magnesium-deficient diet to weanling rats for 17 days. Fasting and ketogenic diet (dietary medium chain triglycerides, MCT) markedly decreased seizure incidence that was associated with increased serum BHB …

Change In Serum Iron As A Measure Of Bioavailability Of Dietary Iron, Mary Beth Wright

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Methods currently used to determine iron bioavailability have disadvantages for both the subjects and researchers involved. One safe and simple method that needs further evaluation, the serum iron absorption method, involves an initial blood drawing, dosages of iron, and blood drawings taken at intervals thereafter. Generally, the rise in serum iron or area under the curve is used to determine iron uptake. Two experiments were conducted using the serum iron absorption method in an effort to improve the utility of this method for the measurement of iron bioavailability. With this effort in mind, an equation adjusting for dose of iron …

Chemical Evaluation And Biological Vitamin A Activity Of The Major Carotenoids In The Hybrid Carrot Beta Iii, Cynthia M. Schweitzer

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Genetically enhanced high-carotene Beta III hybrid carrot was compared to a commercial carrot cultivar, Nantes Coreless, for carotene content and macronutrient composition. Beta III contained more than twice the total carotene content of Nantes Coreless, with α-carotene/β-carotene ratios higher in Beta III. Total solids from protein, lipids, and carbohydrate were greater in Beta III than in Nantes Coreless. Beta III contained about five times the amount of sucrose and one-fifth the amount of glucose and fructose than Nantes Coreless or reported literature values.

Comparison of the bioavailability of carotenes in Beta III and Nantes Coreless to purified β-carotene and retinyl …

A Quantitative Assessment Of Minerals Of Toxicological Importance In Utah Fast Foods, Lisa R. Williams

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

X-ray flourescence (XRF) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) measurements for manganese, iron, copper, and zinc were compared for 96 samples of 21 foods from different sources. Correlation coefficients were 0.94 for manganese, 0.99 for iron, 0.93 for copper, and 0.91 for zinc for XRF vs. AAS determinations.

Similiar comparisons were performed on 228 samples of fast foods purchased in Utah retail outlets. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 for copper to 0.97 for iron and zinc. Comparisons of values generated by XRF for manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic, and aluminum to values certified by the National Bureau of Standards indicated …

Selenium And Iron In The Rat Intestine: Effects On Lipid Peroxidation, Sileny Vega

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Effects of Fe and Se status on GSHPx activity and lipid peroxidation in liver and intestinal mucosa were studied. Rats were Se and Fe supplemented (+Se+Fe), Se-deficient and Fe-supplemented (-Se+Fe), Se supplemented and Fe overloaded (+Se++Fe) by intramuscular injection, or Se deficient and Fe overloaded (-Se++Fe) for 20d. Fe overloaded tissues had more Fe, but hemoglobin was unaffected. Liver and mucosal GSHPx activity was low in Se-deficient rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were higher in Fe overloaded and -Se++Fe vs +Se++Fe tissues. Mucosal TBARS was higher in -Se++Fe rats gavaged with CBrCl₃. In experiment 2, Fe overload …

A Longitudinal Study Of Dietary Intake And Influence Of Iron Status On Infants' And Toddlers' Mental And Motor Development, Steven Matley Wood

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Thirty-two non-anemic children were assessed clinically, biochemically and anthropometrically at six months, one year and two years of age to investigate the relationship of iron status to mental and motor development. Using dietary history and dietary record instruments, dietary iron was estimated and compared to the National Food Consumption Survey (1985) and the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for corresponding age groups. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (which assess mental and motor development) and the Caldwell Home Inventory (which evaluates the environmental stimuli) were performed and correlated with blood iron parameters, anthropometric measurements and dietary nutrient intakes.

Nutrient intakes of …

Maternal Iron Parameters And Diet: Influence On Infant Iron Parameters And Development, Janet Bradshaw Anderson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate the dietary intake of pregnant women living in this geographical area, evaluate how their diets related to their iron status, how their nutrient intakes compared with other studies, and how their iron status and diet affected infant iron status and development, as assessed by the Bayley Scale of Infant Development.

The study involved 32 pregnant women who were between 8 to 14 weeks gestation and 20 to 35 years of age. They were followed through pregnancy and their infants were followed until three months of age.

Three-day dietary records, a …

The Bioavailability Of Iron From Meat, Spinach, Soy Protein Isolate, Meat:Spinach And Meat:Spi Mixtures Fed To Anemic And Healthy Rats, Dejia Zhang

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Two Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of iron status and iron source on iron bioavailability using the rat model. Beef was proportionally mixed with spinach (Experiment I) or soy protein isolate (Experiment II) to test if meat enhances the absorption of iron from spinach or SPI. Five diets with the iron from meat:spinach (or SPI) ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 were prepared and fed to rats. FeS04 was used as a reference. Two trials of rats were used in Experiment I. In trial I, half of the rats were made severely iron deficient (Hb 6.3 …

Using Adaptive Conjoint Analysis And Market Simulations To Determine The Effect And Usefulness Of Nutrition Label Information In Consumer Purchase Decisions, Constance J. Geiger

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Nutrition labeling research suggests consumers want nutrition information on the label; however, many do not comprehend it. The purpose of Phase I was to determine the effect of: 1. two levels of nutrition label formats; 2. three levels of nutrition information load on consumers' preference for product choice using adaptive conjoint analysis. A computer interactive interview was conducted on 252 consumers in Crossroads Mall, Salt Lake City, Utah. label alternatives were printed on soup cans to realistically portray the information. The conjoint analysis compared the attributes, nutrition information format, and nutrition information load in addition to brand and price and …

Fluoride Content In Home-Canned Fruits In Utah, Sydney Ann Mcdonald

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not canning fruit using fluoridated water made a difference in the fluoride contents of the juice and the pulp. Four cities in Utah were chosen. Two cities were fluoridated (Brigham City and Helper) and two cities were not fluoridated (North Ogden and Price). Three homes were chosen within each city, and three jars of canned fruit (one jar each of apricots, cherries, and peaches) were selected from each home. The fruit samples were freeze-dried, and then the fluoride was measured with a fluoride ion electrode. A difference was found in …

Effects Of Starter Cultures On Short-To Medium-Chain Free Fatty Acid Content And Sensory Properties Of Mutton Summer Sausage, Robert M. Essiaw-Quayson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effects of starter cultures on short- to medium-chain free fatty acid contents am sensory attributes of different batches of summer sausages were determined. The summer sausages were from range ram mutton, and formulated after grinding to contain 23% fat. Commercial starter cultures from different sources, including Micrococcus varians or Micrococcus species and Lactobacillus plantarum, commercial microbial lipase, an indigenous Micrococcus isolate or encapsulated lactic acid were used to prepare the summer sausages. Three batches were made, each batch receiving six different treatments.

Three consumer panels evaluated the sausages for acceptability and a trained screened panel evaluated the products …

Cholesterol-Lowering Of Pantethine Is Due To The Hydrolysis Product Cysteamine, Caran Graves

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Pantethine, a precursor of coenzyme A, has been shown to reduce serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The enzyme pantetheinase rapidly hydrolyzes pantethine to the vitamin pantothenic acid and the amino thiol cysteamine.

This study was designed to compare the effect of cysteamine and pantothenate supplementation with that of pantethine on hypercholesterolemic rabbits. New Zealand white rabbits were fed a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 5 weeks; treatment groups received only the high cholesterol diet (control), or a high cholesterol diet supplemented with 1% pantethine, or an equimolar amount of pantothenic acid or cystamine (the disulfide of cysteamine). Blood samples were …

Iron Bioavailability Of Meat:Bread Mixtures And Meat Loaves Fed To Anemic And Healthy Rats, Abdullah M. Thannoun

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

To study the effect of meat (beef) on dietary iron bioavailability from enriched white bread (EWB) or whole wheat bread (WWB), diets were prepared in which the ratios of beef iron to bread iron were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), apparent iron absorption, and dry matter absorption were determined using weanling anemic and healthy male rats.

Meat iron was more available than EWB or WWB. Fortification iron in EWB was less available than the iron naturally present in WWB. At the iron dose given, HRE was similar for both anemic and healthy rats. Although healthy …