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2021

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Articles 271 - 300 of 407

Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology

Mitochondrial Transfer From Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Neuronal Metabolism After Oxidant Injury In Vitro: The Role Of Miro1, Nancy Tseng, Scott C Lambie, Christopher Q Huynh, Bridget Sanford, Manisha Patel, Paco S Herson, D Ryan Ormond Apr 2021

Mitochondrial Transfer From Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Neuronal Metabolism After Oxidant Injury In Vitro: The Role Of Miro1, Nancy Tseng, Scott C Lambie, Christopher Q Huynh, Bridget Sanford, Manisha Patel, Paco S Herson, D Ryan Ormond

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Stroke-induced cerebral ischemia is a major cause of death and disability. The disruption of blood flow results in neuronal and glial cell death leading to brain injury. Reperfusion restores oxygen to the affected tissue, but can also cause damage through an enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This study examines mitochondrial transfer from MSC to neurons and the role it plays in neuronal preservation after oxidant injury. We observed the transfer of mitochondria from MSC to mouse neurons in vitro following hydrogen peroxide exposure. The observed transfer was dependent on cell-to-cell contact and led to increased neuronal survival and improved …

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Imaging Of Neurotransmitters And Small Molecules In Brain Tissues Using Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Assisted With Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles., Chaochao Chen, Steven R Laviolette, Shawn N Whitehead, Justin B Renaud, Ken K-C Yeung Mar 2021

Imaging Of Neurotransmitters And Small Molecules In Brain Tissues Using Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Assisted With Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles., Chaochao Chen, Steven R Laviolette, Shawn N Whitehead, Justin B Renaud, Ken K-C Yeung

Chemistry Publications

Inorganic nanostructured materials such as silicon, carbon, metals, and metal oxides have been explored as matrices of low-background signals to assist the laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of small molecules, but their applications for imaging of small molecules in biological tissues remain limited in the literature. Titanium dioxide is one of the known nanoparticles (NP) that can effectively assist LDI MS imaging of low molecular weight molecules (LMWM). TiO2 NP is commercially available as dispersions, which can be applied using a chemical solution sprayer. However, aggregation of NP can occur in the dispersions and the aggregated NP …

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Receptors And Channels Associated With Alcohol Use: Contributions From Drosophila, Kristin M. Scaplen, Emily Petruccelli Mar 2021

Receptors And Channels Associated With Alcohol Use: Contributions From Drosophila, Kristin M. Scaplen, Emily Petruccelli

Applied Psychology Department Faculty Journal Articles

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a debilitating disorder that manifests as problematic patterns of alcohol use. At the core of AUD’s behavioral manifestations are the profound structural, physiological, cellular, and molecular effects of alcohol on the brain. While the field has made considerable progress in understanding the neuromolecular targets of alcohol we still lack a comprehensive understanding of alcohol’s actions and effective treatment strategies. Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for investigating the neuromolecular targets of alcohol because flies model many of the core behavioral elements of AUD and offer a rich genetic toolkit to precisely reveal the in vivo …

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Use Of A Zebrafish Model To Identify Anticonvulsant Properties Of Cannabinoid And Terpenoid Extracts And Mixtures, Courtney Murr Mar 2021

Use Of A Zebrafish Model To Identify Anticonvulsant Properties Of Cannabinoid And Terpenoid Extracts And Mixtures, Courtney Murr

LSU Master's Theses

Epilepsy is a complex group of neurological disorders affecting approximately 65 million people worldwide. Animal models reveal the activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2 reduces the severity of seizures associated with epilepsy. Trials of phytocannabinoids in mammals demonstrate their efficacy of reducing the severity of epileptic seizures. Numerous terpenoid compounds are present in Cannabis plants but most have yet to be clinically investigated. The goal of this research was to use zebrafish (Danio rerio) to identify the potential anticonvulsive properties of phytocannabinoid and terpenoid compounds. During acute cannabinoid exposures, 7-days-post-fertilization (7 dpf) zebrafish larvae were …

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Effects Of The Antidepressant Drug Vortioxetine On Ventral Pallidal Neuronal Activity, Respiration, And Heart Rate In The Rat, Piper Rogers Mar 2021

Effects Of The Antidepressant Drug Vortioxetine On Ventral Pallidal Neuronal Activity, Respiration, And Heart Rate In The Rat, Piper Rogers

Theses and Dissertations

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental illness that affects millions of people worldwide. People diagnosed with MDD are often prescribed antidepressant drugs. Most antidepressants increase levels of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the synapses between neurons. Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), one class of antidepressants, do this by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin released into the synapse. Serotonin neurons from the brainstem raphe nuclei affect a wide range of areas throughout the brain. Among these areas is the ventral pallidum (VP), located in the basal forebrain. Citalopram, an SSRI, has been found to increase the firing rate of action potentials of …

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Comparative Effects Of Event Detection Methods On The Analysis And Interpretation Of Ca2+ Imaging Data, Austin Neugornet, Bernadette O’Donovan, Pavel I. Ortinski Mar 2021

Comparative Effects Of Event Detection Methods On The Analysis And Interpretation Of Ca2+ Imaging Data, Austin Neugornet, Bernadette O’Donovan, Pavel I. Ortinski

Neuroscience Faculty Publications

Calcium imaging has gained substantial popularity as a tool to profile the activity of multiple simultaneously active cells at high spatiotemporal resolution. Among the diverse approaches to processing of Ca2+ imaging data is an often subjective decision of how to quantify baseline fluorescence or F0. We examine the effect of popular F0 determination methods on the interpretation of neuronal and astrocyte activity in a single dataset of rats trained to self-administer intravenous infusions of cocaine and compare them with an F0-independent wavelet ridgewalking event detection approach. We find that the choice of the processing …

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The Influence Of Autism Linked Gene Topoisomerase 3b (Top3b) On Neural Development In Zebrafish, Sydney Doolittle Mar 2021

The Influence Of Autism Linked Gene Topoisomerase 3b (Top3b) On Neural Development In Zebrafish, Sydney Doolittle

Honors College Theses

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a class of developmental disabilities characterized by a spectrum of social, communication, and behavioral impairments in affected individuals. Studies have shown these defects stem from abnormal brain development during critical periods during early development. The underlying genetic cause of these impairments is not well understood but is believed to be a combination of a complex pairing of genetic and environmental factors. One of the genetic factors that has been recognized to influence the phenotypic symptoms of ASD is the enzyme topoisomerase 3β (top3β.) Topoisomerases are responsible for the prevention of supercoiling during DNA replication. Top3β is …

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Cortical Representation And Excitability Increases For A Thenar Muscle Mediate Improvement In Short-Term Cellular Phone Text Messaging Ability, Anthony W. Meek, Joselyn Perez, Brach Poston, Zachary A. Riley Mar 2021

Cortical Representation And Excitability Increases For A Thenar Muscle Mediate Improvement In Short-Term Cellular Phone Text Messaging Ability, Anthony W. Meek, Joselyn Perez, Brach Poston, Zachary A. Riley

Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences Faculty Research

Cortical representations expand during skilled motor learning. We studied a unique model of motor learning with cellular phone texting, where the thumbs are used exclusively to interact with the device and the prominence of use can be seen where 3200 text messages are exchanged a month in the 18–24 age demographic. The purpose of the present study was to examine the motor cortex representation and input–output (IO) recruitment curves of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle of the thumb and the ADM muscle with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), relative to individuals’ texting abilities and short-term texting practice. Eighteen individuals performed …

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Creatine Supplementation On Cognitive Performance Following Exercise In Female Muay Thai Athletes, Lawert A.M. Pires, Scott C. Forbes, Darren G. Candow, Marco Machado Mar 2021

Creatine Supplementation On Cognitive Performance Following Exercise In Female Muay Thai Athletes, Lawert A.M. Pires, Scott C. Forbes, Darren G. Candow, Marco Machado

Journal for Sports Neuroscience

BACKGROUND: Creatine supplementation has some beneficial effects on cognitive processing in healthy adults, including athletes; however the effects on cognitive function following exhaustive exercise in athletes is unknown. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the effects of 28 days of creatine supplementation on tasks of cognitive performance immediately following exhaustive exercise in Muay Thai female athletes compared to placebo. METHODS: Using a repeated measures, double-blind, placebo controlled design, 26 female Muay Thai athletes (age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass: 65.1 ± 6.6 kg; height: 162 ± 5 cm; training experience: 2.6 ± 0.6 years) were randomized to supplement with …

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Creatine And Cognitive Functioning: What Is The Role Of Exercise Frequency?, Jonathan B. Banks, Jose Antonio, Amanda S. Holtzman, Mykola Marang, Catherine Weber, Alexsandra Alvarez-Beaton, Aysha Patel, Jaime Tartar Mar 2021

Creatine And Cognitive Functioning: What Is The Role Of Exercise Frequency?, Jonathan B. Banks, Jose Antonio, Amanda S. Holtzman, Mykola Marang, Catherine Weber, Alexsandra Alvarez-Beaton, Aysha Patel, Jaime Tartar

Journal for Sports Neuroscience

Creatine consumption appears to have a positive impact on cognitive function in different populations but the effects of creatine in a young, healthy population are mixed. Additionally, exercise appears to benefit cognitive processes in young and older adults. The present study explored the ways in which exercise frequency may moderate the effect of creatine consumption on working memory, sustained attention, mind wandering, and speed of processing, in a young, healthy, adult population. Forty-two individuals were randomly assigned to a creatine condition (n = 20) or a control condition (n = 22). For each session, participants completed the Symmetry …

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The Effects Of Myelin On Macrophage Activation Are Phenotypic Specific Via Cpla2 In The Context Of Spinal Cord Injury Inflammation, Timothy J. Kopper, Bei Zhang, William M. Bailey, Kara E. Bethel, John C. Gensel Mar 2021

The Effects Of Myelin On Macrophage Activation Are Phenotypic Specific Via Cpla2 In The Context Of Spinal Cord Injury Inflammation, Timothy J. Kopper, Bei Zhang, William M. Bailey, Kara E. Bethel, John C. Gensel

Physiology Faculty Publications

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces chronic, pro-inflammatory macrophage activation that impairs recovery. The mechanisms driving this chronic inflammation are not well understood. Here, we detail the effects of myelin debris on macrophage physiology and demonstrate a novel, activation state-dependent role for cytosolic phospholipase-A2 (cPLA2) in myelin-mediated potentiation of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. We hypothesized that cPLA2 and myelin debris are key mediators of persistent pro-inflammatory macrophage responses after SCI. To test this, we examined spinal cord tissue 28-days after thoracic contusion SCI in 3-month-old female mice and observed both cPLA2 activation and intracellular accumulation of lipid-rich myelin …

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Intepirdine As Adjunctive Therapy To Donepezil For Mild-To-Moderate Alzheimer’S Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial (Mindset), Frederick M. Lang, Yi Mo, Marwan Sabbagh, Paul Solomon, Merce Boada, Roy W. Jones, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Timo Grimmer, Bruno Dubois, Mark Harnett, Sarah R. Friedhoff, Shari Coslett, Jeffrey L. Cummings Mar 2021

Intepirdine As Adjunctive Therapy To Donepezil For Mild-To-Moderate Alzheimer’S Disease: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Clinical Trial (Mindset), Frederick M. Lang, Yi Mo, Marwan Sabbagh, Paul Solomon, Merce Boada, Roy W. Jones, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Timo Grimmer, Bruno Dubois, Mark Harnett, Sarah R. Friedhoff, Shari Coslett, Jeffrey L. Cummings

Brain Health Faculty Research

Introduction: A previous phase 2b study supported the use of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist intepirdine as adjunctive therapy to donepezil for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. A phase 3 study, MINDSET, was performed to test this hypothesis. Methods: MINDSET was a global, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 1315 mild-to-moderate AD dementia patients on stable donepezil. Patients received 35 mg/day intepirdine or placebo for 24 weeks. The co-primary endpoints were change from baseline to week 24 on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between intepirdine …

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Gap Junction-Mediated Glycinergic Inhibition Ensures Precise Temporal Patterning In Vocal Behavior, Boris P. Chagnaud, Jonathan T. Perelmuter, Paul M. Forlano, Andrew H. Bass Mar 2021

Gap Junction-Mediated Glycinergic Inhibition Ensures Precise Temporal Patterning In Vocal Behavior, Boris P. Chagnaud, Jonathan T. Perelmuter, Paul M. Forlano, Andrew H. Bass

Publications and Research

Precise neuronal firing is especially important for behaviors highly dependent on the correct sequencing and timing of muscle activity patterns, such as acoustic signaling. Acoustic signaling is an important communication modality for vertebrates, including many teleost fishes. Toadfishes are well known to exhibit high temporal fidelity in synchronous motoneuron firing within a hindbrain network directly determining the temporal structure of natural calls. Here, we investigated how these motoneurons maintain synchronous activation. We show that pronounced temporal precision in population-level motoneuronal firing depends on gap junction-mediated, glycinergic inhibition that generates a period of reduced probability of motoneuron activation. Super-resolution microscopy confirms …

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Pornography: Social, Emotional And Mental Implications Among Adolescents, William Kelly Canady Mar 2021

Pornography: Social, Emotional And Mental Implications Among Adolescents, William Kelly Canady

National Youth Advocacy & Resilience Conference

This presentation will explain the historical development of pornography. It will highlight four segments: 1- Porn’s impact on brain development of reward pathways, ultimately increasing the appetite for more porn. 2- Porn can be a false substitute for real intimacy, resulting in decreased sexual satisfaction with a real person and increased verbal and physical aggression. 3- Porn promotes sex trafficking, promotes multiple sex partners and reduced STD prevention. 4- A review of interventions available to assist clients in navigating a lifestyle away from pornography.

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Predicting Vasovagal Responses: A Model-Based And Machine Learning Approach, Theodore Raphan, Sergei B. Yakushi Mar 2021

Predicting Vasovagal Responses: A Model-Based And Machine Learning Approach, Theodore Raphan, Sergei B. Yakushi

Publications and Research

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) or neurogenically induced fainting has resulted in falls, fractures, and death. Methods to deal with VVS are to use implanted pacemakers or beta blockers. These are often ineffective because the underlying changes in the cardiovascular system that lead to the syncope are incompletely understood and diagnosis of frequent occurrences of VVS is still based on history and a tilt test, in which subjects are passively tilted from a supine position to 20◦ from the spatial vertical (to a 70◦ position) on the tilt table and maintained in that orientation for 10–15 min. Recently, is has been shown …

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Deep-Learning-Based Multivariate Pattern Analysis (Dmvpa): A Tutorial And A Toolbox, Karl M. Kuntzelman, Jacob M. Williams, Phui Cheng Lim, Ashtok Samal, Prahalada K. Rao, Matthew R. Johnson Mar 2021

Deep-Learning-Based Multivariate Pattern Analysis (Dmvpa): A Tutorial And A Toolbox, Karl M. Kuntzelman, Jacob M. Williams, Phui Cheng Lim, Ashtok Samal, Prahalada K. Rao, Matthew R. Johnson

Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior: Faculty Publications

In recent years, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) has been hugely beneficial for cognitive neuroscience by making new experiment designs possible and by increasing the inferential power of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and other neuroimaging methodologies. In a similar time frame, “deep learning” (a term for the use of artificial neural networks with convolutional, recurrent, or similarly sophisticated architectures) has produced a parallel revolution in the field of machine learning and has been employed across a wide variety of applications. Traditional MVPA also uses a form of machine learning, but most commonly with much simpler techniques based on …

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Promoting The Well-Being Of People With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Through Trauma-Informed Supports, Jenny Birkholz, Katy Hemberger, Brianna Jonason, Stephanie Nelson Mar 2021

Promoting The Well-Being Of People With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Through Trauma-Informed Supports, Jenny Birkholz, Katy Hemberger, Brianna Jonason, Stephanie Nelson

Master of Social Work Student Policy Advocacy Briefs

Minnesota must take an honest look at the widespread practice of managing the behavior of people with neurodevelopmental and other disabilities (NDD) through Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). This approach fails to honor the unique qualities, ways of knowing, lived experiences, and self-determination of people with NDD. Even though Minnesota aims to provide positive behavioral supports, the focus is still on changing the person who is misbehaving. Neuroscience is changing our understanding of behavior, including how distress, fear, and trauma are expressed. Minnesota must stop using harmful behavior management practices, admit the pain it has caused, and invest in a trauma-informed …

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Multimodal Single-Cell/Nucleus Rna Sequencing Data Analysis Uncovers Molecular Networks Between Disease-Associated Microglia And Astrocytes With Implications For Drug Repurposing In Alzheimer’S Disease, Jielin Xu, Pengyue Zhang, Yin Huang, Yadi Zhou, Yuan Hou, Lynn M. Bekris, Justin Lathia, Chien-Wei Chiang, Lang Li, Andrew A. Pieper, James B. Leverenz, Jeffrey Cummings, Feixiong Cheng Feb 2021

Multimodal Single-Cell/Nucleus Rna Sequencing Data Analysis Uncovers Molecular Networks Between Disease-Associated Microglia And Astrocytes With Implications For Drug Repurposing In Alzheimer’S Disease, Jielin Xu, Pengyue Zhang, Yin Huang, Yadi Zhou, Yuan Hou, Lynn M. Bekris, Justin Lathia, Chien-Wei Chiang, Lang Li, Andrew A. Pieper, James B. Leverenz, Jeffrey Cummings, Feixiong Cheng

School of Medicine Faculty Research

Because disease-associated microglia (DAM) and disease-associated astrocytes (DAA) are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we systematically identified molecular networks between DAM and DAA to uncover novel therapeutic targets for AD. Specifically, we develop a network-based methodology that leverages single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing data from both transgenic mouse models and AD patient brains, as well as drug-target network, metaboliteenzyme associations, the human protein-protein interactome, and large-scale longitudinal patient data. Through this approach, we find both common and unique gene network regulators between DAM (i.e., PAK1, MAPK14, and CSF1R) and DAA (i.e., NFKB1, FOS, and JUN) that are significantly enriched …

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Physiological Consequences Of Neuromodulation And The Cellular Properties That Underlie Them, Margaret Louise Demaegd Feb 2021

Physiological Consequences Of Neuromodulation And The Cellular Properties That Underlie Them, Margaret Louise Demaegd

Theses and Dissertations

Neuronal activity is a product of more than the underlying neuronal connections. Modulatory influences like changes in the animal’s environment, the animals physiological state, or the release of neuromodulators can dramatically alter neuronal activity. Modulatory influences can be beneficial for the animal because they are a source of neuronal and behavioral plasticity, and they can provide neuronal circuits with the robustness needed to continue to function in new conditions, states, or tasks.However, malfunctions of the modulatory system can disrupt neuronal activity and lead to pathologies. Predicting how modulatory influences will alter neuronal activity is challenging because the underlying cellular and …

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Female Rats Display Greater Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Cellular Activation Of A Central Portion Of The Interpeduncular Nucleus Versus Males: A Study Of Fos Immunoreactivity Within Provisionally Assigned Interpeduncular Subnuclei, Felix Matos-Ocasio, Veronika Espinoza, Paola Correa-Alfonzo, Arshad Khan, Laura O'Dell Feb 2021

Female Rats Display Greater Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Cellular Activation Of A Central Portion Of The Interpeduncular Nucleus Versus Males: A Study Of Fos Immunoreactivity Within Provisionally Assigned Interpeduncular Subnuclei, Felix Matos-Ocasio, Veronika Espinoza, Paola Correa-Alfonzo, Arshad Khan, Laura O'Dell

Selected Works Temporary Series

No abstract provided.

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Female Rats Display Greater Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Cellular Activation Of A Central Portion Of The Interpeduncular Nucleus Versus Males: A Study Of Fos Immunoreactivity Within Provisionally Assigned Interpeduncular Subnuclei, Matos-Ocasio, Veronika Espinoza, Paola Correa-Alfonzo, Arshad Khan, Laura O'Dell Feb 2021

Female Rats Display Greater Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Cellular Activation Of A Central Portion Of The Interpeduncular Nucleus Versus Males: A Study Of Fos Immunoreactivity Within Provisionally Assigned Interpeduncular Subnuclei, Matos-Ocasio, Veronika Espinoza, Paola Correa-Alfonzo, Arshad Khan, Laura O'Dell

Departmental Papers (Biology)

No abstract provided.

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The Genomics Of Ecological Flexibility, Large Brains, And Long Lives In Capuchin Monkeys Revealed With Fecalfacs., Joseph D Orkin, Michael J Montague, Daniela Tejada-Martinez, Marc De Manuel, Javier Del Campo, Saul Cheves Hernandez, Anthony Di Fiore, Claudia Fontsere, Jason A Hodgson, Mareike C Janiak, Lukas F K Kuderna, Esther Lizano, Maria Pia Martin, Yoshihito Niimura, George H Perry, Carmen Soto Valverde, Jia Tang, Wesley C Warren, João Pedro De Magalhães, Shoji Kawamura, Tomàs Marquès-Bonet, Roman Krawetz, Amanda D Melin Feb 2021

The Genomics Of Ecological Flexibility, Large Brains, And Long Lives In Capuchin Monkeys Revealed With Fecalfacs., Joseph D Orkin, Michael J Montague, Daniela Tejada-Martinez, Marc De Manuel, Javier Del Campo, Saul Cheves Hernandez, Anthony Di Fiore, Claudia Fontsere, Jason A Hodgson, Mareike C Janiak, Lukas F K Kuderna, Esther Lizano, Maria Pia Martin, Yoshihito Niimura, George H Perry, Carmen Soto Valverde, Jia Tang, Wesley C Warren, João Pedro De Magalhães, Shoji Kawamura, Tomàs Marquès-Bonet, Roman Krawetz, Amanda D Melin

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers

Ecological flexibility, extended lifespans, and large brains have long intrigued evolutionary biologists, and comparative genomics offers an efficient and effective tool for generating new insights into the evolution of such traits. Studies of capuchin monkeys are particularly well situated to shed light on the selective pressures and genetic underpinnings of local adaptation to diverse habitats, longevity, and brain development. Distributed widely across Central and South America, they are inventive and extractive foragers, known for their sensorimotor intelligence. Capuchins have among the largest relative brain size of any monkey and a lifespan that exceeds 50 y, despite their small (3 to …

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The Neural Correlates Of Cued Reward Omission, Jessica A. Mollick, Luke J. Change, Anjali Krishnan, Thomas E. Hazy, Kai A. Krueger, Guido K. W. Frank, Tor D. Wager, Randall C. O'Reilly Feb 2021

The Neural Correlates Of Cued Reward Omission, Jessica A. Mollick, Luke J. Change, Anjali Krishnan, Thomas E. Hazy, Kai A. Krueger, Guido K. W. Frank, Tor D. Wager, Randall C. O'Reilly

Publications and Research

Compared to our understanding of positive prediction error signals occurring due to unexpected reward outcomes, less is known about the neural circuitry in humans that drives negative prediction errors during omission of expected rewards. While classical learning theories such as Rescorla–Wagner or temporal difference learning suggest that both types of prediction errors result from a simple subtraction, there has been recent evidence suggesting that different brain regions provide input to dopamine neurons which contributes to specific components of this prediction error computation. Here, we focus on the brain regions responding to negative prediction error signals, which has been well-established in …

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Pyramidal Neurons Of The Zebrafish Tectum Receive Highly Convergent Input From Torus Longitudinalis, Elisabeth Demarco, Alexander L. Tesmer, Bruna Hech, Koichi Kawakami, Estuardo Robles Feb 2021

Pyramidal Neurons Of The Zebrafish Tectum Receive Highly Convergent Input From Torus Longitudinalis, Elisabeth Demarco, Alexander L. Tesmer, Bruna Hech, Koichi Kawakami, Estuardo Robles

Neuroscience: Faculty Publications

The torus longitudinalis (TL) is a midbrain structure unique to ray finned fish. Although previously implicated in orienting behaviors elicited by changes in ambient lighting, the role of TL in visual processing is not well-understood. TL is reciprocally connected to tectum and is the only known source of synaptic input to the stratum marginalis (SM) layer of tectal neuropil. Conversely, tectal pyramidal neurons (PyrNs) are the only identified tectal neuron population that forms a dendrite in SM. In this study we describe a zebrafish gal4 transgenic that labels TL neurons that project to SM. We demonstrate that the axonal TL …

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Methodological Advances For Studying Gamma Motor Neurons, Katherine A. Wilkinson Feb 2021

Methodological Advances For Studying Gamma Motor Neurons, Katherine A. Wilkinson

Faculty Publications, Biological Sciences

The muscle spindle is an important sense organ for motor control and proprioception. Specialized intrafusal fibers are innervated by both stretch sensitive afferents and γ motor neurons that control the length of the spindle and tune the sensitivity of the muscle spindle afferents to both dynamic movement and static length. γ motor neurons share many similarities with other skeletal motor neurons, making it challenging to identify and specifically record or stimulate them. This short review will discuss recent advances in genetic and molecular biology techniques, electrophysiological recording, optical imaging, computer modelling, and stem cell culture techniques that have the potential …

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White-Matter Tract Connecting Anterior Insula To Nucleus Accumbens Predicts Greater Future Motivation In Adolescents, Josiah K. Leong, Tiffany C. Ho, Natalie L. Colich, Lucinda Sisk, Brian Knutson, Ian H. Gotlib Feb 2021

White-Matter Tract Connecting Anterior Insula To Nucleus Accumbens Predicts Greater Future Motivation In Adolescents, Josiah K. Leong, Tiffany C. Ho, Natalie L. Colich, Lucinda Sisk, Brian Knutson, Ian H. Gotlib

Psychological Science Faculty Publications and Presentations

The motivation to approach or avoid incentives can change during adolescence. Advances in neuroimaging allow researchers to characterize specific brain circuits that underlie these developmental changes. Whereas activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) can predict approach toward incentive gain, activity in anterior insula (AIns) is associated with avoidance of incentive loss. Recent research characterized the structural white-matter tract connecting the two brain regions, but the tract has neither been characterized in adolescence nor linked to functional activity during incentive anticipation. In this study, we collected diffusion MRI and characterized the tract connecting the AIns to the NAcc for the first …

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The Zebrafish Visual System Transmits Dimming Information Via Multiple Segregated Pathways, Estuardo Robles, Nicholas P. Fields, Herwig Baier Feb 2021

The Zebrafish Visual System Transmits Dimming Information Via Multiple Segregated Pathways, Estuardo Robles, Nicholas P. Fields, Herwig Baier

Neuroscience: Faculty Publications

Vertebrate retinas contain circuits specialized to encode light level decrements. This information is transmitted to the brain by dimming-sensitive OFF retinal ganglion cells (OFF-RGCs) that respond to light decrements with increased firing. It is known that OFF-RGCs with distinct photosensitivity profiles form parallel visual channels to the vertebrate brain, yet how these channels are processed by first- and higher order brain areas has not been well characterized in any species. To address this question in the larval zebrafish visual system, we examined the visual response properties of a genetically identified population of tectal neurons with a defined axonal projection to …

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Cognitive Changes Caused By Lps-Induced Neuroinflammation, Nancy De La Torre Feb 2021

Cognitive Changes Caused By Lps-Induced Neuroinflammation, Nancy De La Torre

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

The brain performs cognitive processes finely orchestrated by timely precise action of neurons. Neurons functioning at their highest standard communicate with each other through perfectly functioning synapses. Microglia, as part of the immune system assist synaptic processing and have the ability to affect cognition. Indeed, microglia play a role in cognition. To investigate the link between microglia and cognition we utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to pharmacologically activate microglia. LPS, normally present in the environment on the wall of Gram-negative bacteria is a pharmacological agent used to cause microglia activation in mice. LPS is a typical model to study changes induced by …

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Caffeine Modulation Of Attention And Focus In Task Performance, Claudia R. Berger Feb 2021

Caffeine Modulation Of Attention And Focus In Task Performance, Claudia R. Berger

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Caffeine has been a heavily researched drug for decades given its prevalence in global consumption, as well as its large impacts on metabolic and executive function research alike. The present study aims to combine a behavioral study (Experiment 1) with a feasibility study (Experiment 2) to test the impacts of variable caffeine consumption on task performance. For both studies, participants filled out a questionnaire regarding caffeine use. Experiment 1 examined whether caffeine modulated attention in an online behavioral task in which participants were asked to identify a target (e.g., female “ahpa”). Participants were tested twice once after consuming 12 ounces …

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Influence Of Demographic, Clinical, And Neuroimaging Variables On Neuropsychological Recovery Trajectories After Moderate-To-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Elizabeth J. Leif Feb 2021

Influence Of Demographic, Clinical, And Neuroimaging Variables On Neuropsychological Recovery Trajectories After Moderate-To-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Elizabeth J. Leif

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is prevalent in people of all ages and all walks of life. Cognitive deficits are common after TBI and the recovery patterns are known to be variable across individuals. The current study investigates diffuse axonal injury (DAI), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and focal lesions, in addition to post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), as possible predictors of cognitive trajectory in moderate-to-severe TBI patients. Cognitive trajectory was evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tests that were combined into three domains: processing speed, verbal learning, and executive function. Patients (N=44) were tested three times at 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury. …

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