Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
Neuroscience and Neurobiology Commons™
Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Medicine and Health Sciences (24)
- Medical Sciences (21)
- Neurosciences (21)
- Law (16)
- Cognitive Neuroscience (13)
-
- Criminal Law (6)
- Behavioral Neurobiology (5)
- Criminology and Criminal Justice (4)
- Legal Studies (4)
- Privacy Law (4)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (4)
- Developmental Neuroscience (2)
- Mental and Social Health (2)
- Psychiatric and Mental Health (2)
- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment (1)
- Art and Design (1)
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (1)
- Arts and Humanities (1)
- Computational Neuroscience (1)
- Computer Sciences (1)
- Courts (1)
- Disability Law (1)
- Evidence (1)
- Genetics (1)
- Genetics and Genomics (1)
- Health Law and Policy (1)
- Juvenile Law (1)
- Law and Psychology (1)
- Institution
- Keyword
-
- Aplysia (6)
- Neurodiversity (5)
- Feeding (4)
- Neuroplasticity (4)
- Autism (3)
-
- Cognitive neuroscience (3)
- Monoamine oxidase (3)
- Pain (3)
- Virtual reality (3)
- Artificial intelligence (2)
- Behavior genetics (2)
- Biomechanics (2)
- Central pattern generator (2)
- Criminal behavior--Genetic aspects (2)
- Emotional regulation (2)
- Expert evidence (2)
- Genetics (2)
- Heteroclinic channel (2)
- Limit cycle (2)
- Multifunctionality (2)
- Neuroimaging (2)
- Neurosciences (2)
- Neurosciences--Moral and ethical aspects (2)
- Neurotechnology (Bioengineering) (2)
- Pattern generator (2)
- Serotonin (2)
- ADHD (1)
- ASD (1)
- Abortion (1)
- Adaptive behavior (1)
Articles 31 - 53 of 53
Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Robustness, Flexibility, And Sensitivity In A Multifunctional Motor Control Model, David N. Lyttle, Jeffrey P. Gill, Peter J. Thomas, Hillel J. Chiel
Robustness, Flexibility, And Sensitivity In A Multifunctional Motor Control Model, David N. Lyttle, Jeffrey P. Gill, Peter J. Thomas, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Motor systems must adapt to perturbations and changing conditions both within and outside the body. We refer to the ability of a system to maintain performance despite perturbations as “robustness,” and the ability of a system to deploy alternative strategies that improve fitness as “flexibility.” Different classes of pattern-generating circuits yield dynamics with differential sensitivities to perturbations and parameter variation. Depending on the task and the type of perturbation, high sensitivity can either facilitate or hinder robustness and flexibility. Here we explore the role of multiple coexisting oscillatory modes and sensory feedback in allowing multiphasic motor pattern generation to be …
Communication-Microelectrode Detection Of Cholesterol Efflux From The Human Buccel Mucosa, Xiaochun Yu, Thomas J. Kelley, Hillel J. Chiel, James D. Burgess
Communication-Microelectrode Detection Of Cholesterol Efflux From The Human Buccel Mucosa, Xiaochun Yu, Thomas J. Kelley, Hillel J. Chiel, James D. Burgess
Faculty Scholarship
It has previously demonstrated that cholesterol efflux from the cell plasma membrane is increased in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis (CF) compared to a wild-type control. A noninvasive means of characterizing plasma membrane cholesterol efflux at the surface of airway tissue of CF patients is needed to extend the trends found in animal models of CF to the human disease state. Microelectrode-induced cholesterol efflux from the plasma membrane of cells at the surface of tissue is proposed as a strategy to demonstrate increased cholesterol efflux for CF in human subjects. Data demonstrating detection of cholesterol efflux from the human …
Neuroscience And Behavioral Genetics In Us Criminal Law: An Empirical Analysis, Nita A. Farahany
Neuroscience And Behavioral Genetics In Us Criminal Law: An Empirical Analysis, Nita A. Farahany
Faculty Scholarship
The goal of this study was to examine the growing use of neurological and behavioral genetic evidence by criminal defendants in US criminal law. Judicial opinions issued between 2005–12 that discussed the use of neuroscience or behavioral genetics by criminal defendants were identified, coded and analysed. Yet, criminal defendants are increasingly introducing such evidence to challenge defendants’ competency, the effectiveness of defense counsel at trial, and to mitigate punishment.
"And If Your Friends Jumped Off A Bridge, Would You Do It Too?": How Developmental Neuroscience Can Inform Legal Regimes Governing Adolescents, Michael N. Tennison, Amanda C. Pustilnik
"And If Your Friends Jumped Off A Bridge, Would You Do It Too?": How Developmental Neuroscience Can Inform Legal Regimes Governing Adolescents, Michael N. Tennison, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Faculty Scholarship
Legal models of adolescent autonomy and responsibility in various domains of law span a spectrum from categorical prohibitions of certain behaviors to recognitions of total adolescent autonomy. The piecemeal approach to the limited decision-making capacity of adolescents lacks an empirical foundation in the differences between adolescent and adult decision-making, leading to counterintuitive and inconsistent legal outcomes. The law limits adolescent autonomy with respect to some decisions that adolescents are perfectly competent to make, and in other areas, the law attributes adult responsibility and imposes adult punishments on adolescents for making decisions that implicate their unique volitional vulnerabilities. As developmental neuroscientists …
Preparing The Periphery For A Subsequent Behavior: Motor Neuronal Activity During Biting Generates Little Force But Prepares A Retractor Muscle To Generate Larger Forces During Swallowing In Aplysia, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Miranda J. Cullins, Hillel J. Chiel
Preparing The Periphery For A Subsequent Behavior: Motor Neuronal Activity During Biting Generates Little Force But Prepares A Retractor Muscle To Generate Larger Forces During Swallowing In Aplysia, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Miranda J. Cullins, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Some behaviors occur in obligatory sequence, such as reaching before grasping an object. Can the earlier behavior serve to prepare the musculature for the later behavior? If it does, what is the underlying neural mechanism of the preparation? To address this question, we examined two feeding behaviors in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, one of which must precede the second: biting and swallowing. Biting is an attempt to grasp food. When that attempt is successful, the animal immediately switches to swallowing to ingest food. The main muscle responsible for pulling food into the buccal cavity during swallowing is the I3 …
The Significance Of Dynamical Architecture For Adaptive Responses To Mechanical Loads During Rhythmic Behavior, Kendrick M. M. Shaw, David N. Lyttle, Jeffrey P. Gill, Miranda J. Cullins, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hui Lu, Peter J. Thomas, Hillel J. Chiel
The Significance Of Dynamical Architecture For Adaptive Responses To Mechanical Loads During Rhythmic Behavior, Kendrick M. M. Shaw, David N. Lyttle, Jeffrey P. Gill, Miranda J. Cullins, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hui Lu, Peter J. Thomas, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Many behaviors require reliably generating sequences of motor activity while adapting the activity to incoming sensory information. This process has often been conceptually explained as either fully dependent on sensory input (a chain reflex) or fully independent of sensory input (an idealized central pattern generator, or CPG), although the consensus of the field is that most neural pattern generators lie somewhere between these two extremes. Many mathematical models of neural pattern generators use limit cycles to generate the sequence of behaviors, but other models, such as a heteroclinic channel (an attracting chain of saddle points), have been suggested. To explore …
Modeling Of The Dorsal Gradient Across Species Reveals Interaction Between Embryo Morphology And Toll Signaling Pathway During Evolution, Priscilla Ambrosi, Juan Sebastian Chahda, Hannah R. Koslen, Hillel J. Chiel, Claudia Mieko Mizutani
Modeling Of The Dorsal Gradient Across Species Reveals Interaction Between Embryo Morphology And Toll Signaling Pathway During Evolution, Priscilla Ambrosi, Juan Sebastian Chahda, Hannah R. Koslen, Hillel J. Chiel, Claudia Mieko Mizutani
Faculty Scholarship
Morphogenetic gradients are essential to allocate cell fates in embryos of varying sizes within and across closely related species. We previously showed that the maternal NF-κB/Dorsal (Dl) gradient has acquired different shapes in Drosophila species, which result in unequally scaled germ layers along the dorso-ventral axis and the repositioning of the neuroectodermal borders. Here we combined experimentation and mathematical modeling to investigate which factors might have contributed to the fast evolutionary changes of this gradient. To this end, we modified a previously developed model that employs differential equations of the main biochemical interactions of the Toll (Tl) signaling pathway, which …
Alternating Current And Infrared Produce An Onset-Free Reversible Nerve Block, Emilie H. Lothet, Kevin L. Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, Narendra Bhadra, Tina Vrabec, Yves T. Wang, Michael W. Jenkins, Hillel J. Chiel
Alternating Current And Infrared Produce An Onset-Free Reversible Nerve Block, Emilie H. Lothet, Kevin L. Kilgore, Niloy Bhadra, Narendra Bhadra, Tina Vrabec, Yves T. Wang, Michael W. Jenkins, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Nerve block can eliminate spasms and chronic pain. Kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) produces a safe and reversible nerve block. However, KHFAC-induced nerve block is associated with an undesirable onset response. Optical inhibition using infrared (IR) laser light can produce nerve block without an onset response, but heats nerves. Combining KHFAC with IR inhibition [alternating current and infrared (ACIR)] produces a rapidly reversible nerve block without an onset response. ACIR can be used to rapidly and reversibly provide onset-free nerve block in the unmyelinated nerves of the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and may have significant advantages over either modality alone. …
Painful Disparities, Painful Realities, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Painful Disparities, Painful Realities, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Faculty Scholarship
Legal doctrines and decisional norms treat chronic claims pain differently than other kinds of disability or damages claims because of bias and confusion about whether chronic pain is real. This is law’s painful disparity. Now, breakthrough neuroimaging can make pain visible, shedding light on these mysterious ills. Neuroimaging shows these conditions are, as sufferers have known all along, painfully real. This Article is about where law ought to change because of innovations in structural and functional imaging of the brain in pain. It describes cutting-edge scientific developments and the impact they should make on evidence law and disability law, and, …
Transient And Selective Suppression Of Neural Activity With Infrared Light, Michael W. Jenkins, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hillel J. Chiel
Transient And Selective Suppression Of Neural Activity With Infrared Light, Michael W. Jenkins, Hui Lu, Jeffrey M. Mcmanus, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Analysis and control of neural circuitry requires the ability to selectively activate or inhibit neurons. Previous work showed that infrared laser light selectively excited neural activity in endogenous unmyelinated and myelinated axons. However, inhibition of neuronal firing with infrared light was only observed in limited cases, is not well understood and was not precisely controlled. Using an experimentally tractable unmyelinated preparation for detailed investigation and a myelinated preparation for validation, we report that it is possible to selectively and transiently inhibit electrically- initiated axonal activation, as well as to both block or enhance the propagation of action potentials of specific …
Paved With Good Intentions: Sentencing Alternatives From Neuroscience And The Policy Of Problem-Solving Courts, Emily R. Murphy
Paved With Good Intentions: Sentencing Alternatives From Neuroscience And The Policy Of Problem-Solving Courts, Emily R. Murphy
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Prospective, Open-Label Trial Measuring Satisfaction And Convenience Of Two Formulations Of Lamotrigine In Subjects With Mood Disorders, Martha Sajatovic
Prospective, Open-Label Trial Measuring Satisfaction And Convenience Of Two Formulations Of Lamotrigine In Subjects With Mood Disorders, Martha Sajatovic
Faculty Scholarship
Background: Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant drug indicated for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder and for various types of epilepsy. An orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of lamotrigine was developed to provide a formulation option that might increase patient convenience and satisfaction. Methods: Subjects with mood disorders who reported difficulty swallowing currently prescribed lamotrigine immediate-release medication (baseline) were enrolled and treated with lamotrigine ODT for three weeks (end of treatment). Subject satisfaction and convenience were measured using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM). Also measured were global psychopathology using the Clinical Global Impression severity index (CGI-S) and depressive symptoms …
Pain As Fact And Heuristic: How Pain Neuroimaging Illuminates Moral Dimensions Of Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Pain As Fact And Heuristic: How Pain Neuroimaging Illuminates Moral Dimensions Of Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Faculty Scholarship
Legal statuses, prohibitions, and protections often turn on the presence and degree of physical pain. In legal domains ranging from tort to torture, pain and its degree do important definitional work by delimiting boundaries of lawfulness and of entitlements. The omnipresence of pain in law suggests that the law embodies an intuition about the ontological primacy of pain. Yet, for all the work done by pain as a term in legal texts and practice, it has had a confounding lack of external verifiability. As with other subjective states, we have been able to impute pain’s presence but have not been …
The Brain In Its Body: Motor Control And Sensing In A Biomechanical Context, Hillel J. Chiel
The Brain In Its Body: Motor Control And Sensing In A Biomechanical Context, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Although it is widely recognized that adaptive behavior emerges from the ongoing interactions among the nervous system, the body, and the environment, it has only become possible in recent years to experimentally study and to simulate these interacting systems. We briefly review work on molluscan feeding, maintenance of postural control in cats and humans, simulations of locomotion in lamprey, insect, cat and salamander, and active vibrissal sensing in rats to illustrate the insights that can be derived from studies of neural control and sensing within a biomechanical context. These studies illustrate that control may be shared between the nervous system …
Bad Nature, Bad Nurture, And Testimony Regarding Maoa And Slc6a4 Genotyping In Murder Trials, Nita A. Farahany, William Bernet, Cindy L. Vnencak-Jones, Stephen A. Montgomery
Bad Nature, Bad Nurture, And Testimony Regarding Maoa And Slc6a4 Genotyping In Murder Trials, Nita A. Farahany, William Bernet, Cindy L. Vnencak-Jones, Stephen A. Montgomery
Faculty Scholarship
Recent research—in which subjects were studied longitudinally from childhood until adulthood—has started to clarify how a child’s environment and genetic makeup interact to create a violent adolescent or adult. For example, male subjects who were born with a particular allele of the monoamine oxidase A gene and also were maltreated as children had a much greater likelihood of manifesting violent antisocial behavior as adolescents and adults. Also, individuals who were born with particular alleles of the serotonin transporter gene and also experienced multiple stressful life events were more likely to manifest serious depression and suicidality. This research raises the question …
Neuromechanics Of Multifunctionality During Rejection In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Neuromechanics Of Multifunctionality During Rejection In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
How are the same muscles and neurons used to generate qualitatively different behaviors? We studied this question by analyzing the biomechanical and neural mechanisms of rejection responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica and compared these mechanisms with those used to generate swallowing responses (Ye et al., 2006). During rejection, the central grasper of the feeding structure closes to push inedible food out of the buccal cavity. This contrasts with swallowing, during which the grasper is open as it moves toward the jaws (protracts). We examined how the shape change of the grasper during rejection mechanically reconfigured the surrounding musculature. …
Neuromechanics Of Coordination During Swallowing In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Neuromechanics Of Coordination During Swallowing In Aplysia Californica, Hui Ye, Douglas W. Morton, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
Bernstein (1967) hypothesized that preparation of the periphery was crucial for correct responses to motor output. To test this hypothesis in a behaving animal, we examined the roles of two identified motor neurons, B7 and B8, which contribute to feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron B7 innervates a hinge muscle and has no overt behavioral effect during smaller-amplitude (type A) swallows, because the hinge muscle is too short to exert force. Neuron B8 activates a muscle (I4) that acts solely to grasp material during type A swallows. During larger-amplitude (type B) swallows, the behavioral actions of both …
Broad, Deep And Indirect: The Potential Influence Of Neuroscience In Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Broad, Deep And Indirect: The Potential Influence Of Neuroscience In Law, Amanda C. Pustilnik
Faculty Scholarship
No abstract provided.
Behavioural Genetics In Criminal Cases: Past, Present And Future, Nita A. Farahany, William Bernet
Behavioural Genetics In Criminal Cases: Past, Present And Future, Nita A. Farahany, William Bernet
Faculty Scholarship
Researchers studying human behavioral genetics have made significant scientific progress in enhancing our understanding of the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in observed variations in human behavior. Quickly outpacing the advances in the science are its applications in the criminal justice system. Already, human behavioral genetics research has been introduced in the U.S. criminal justice system, and its use will only become more prevalent. This essay discusses the recent historical use of behavioral genetics in criminal cases, recent advances in two gene variants of particular interest in the criminal law, MAOA and SLC6A4, the recent expert testimony on …
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Can Modulate The Outputs Of Buccal-Cerebral Interneurons In Aplysia Via Presynaptic Inhibition, Hillel J. Chiel
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Can Modulate The Outputs Of Buccal-Cerebral Interneurons In Aplysia Via Presynaptic Inhibition, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
We have identified 2 buccal-cerebral interneurons (BCIs), B17 and B18, that appear to be involved in the coordination of feeding behavior in Aplysia. The BCIs have their cell bodies in the buccal ganglion, but send axons to the cerebral ganglion via the cerebral-buccal connectives. The BCIs appear to make monosynaptic connections with neurons in the cerebral ganglion that modulate extrinsic muscles involved in feeding behavior. B17 and B18 are activated antiphasically during a motor program induced by stimulating the esophageal nerve and appear to 'read out' different phases of the buccal program to different cells in the cerebral ganglion. B17 …
Sensory Function And Gating Of Histaminergic Neuron C2 In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Sensory Function And Gating Of Histaminergic Neuron C2 In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
This paper explores the possible sensory function of the identified histaminergic neuron C2. Mechanical stimulation of a narrow region around the mouth of the animal (perioral zone) elicits brief depolarizing potentials in C2. Extracellular recordings from the peripheral axons of C2 indicate that the depolarizing potentials are due to action potentials that are conveyed from the periphery but do not invade the cell body, since they fail at a region with a low safety factor within the cerebral ganglion. These blocked axonal spikes (A- spikes) function as if they were excitatory synaptic inputs to C2, since the synaptic output of …
Activity Of An Identified Histaminergic Neuron, And Its Possible Role In Arousal Of Feeding Behavior In Semi-Intact Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Activity Of An Identified Histaminergic Neuron, And Its Possible Role In Arousal Of Feeding Behavior In Semi-Intact Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
The possible functions of histaminergic neuron C2 were studied in an isolated head preparation from which it was possible to obtain intracellular recordings while the buccal mass exhibited feeding-like responses. Application of food to the lips of the isolated head preparation elicited rhythmic buccal movements that appeared to be ingestion responses, since they moved seaweed into the buccal cavity and towards the esophagus, and their frequency and regularity was similar to the ingestion responses studied in a group of intact animals. The ingestion responses of the buccal mass consisted of 2 main phases of movement of the radula from a …
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Modulates Feeding Motor Circuitry In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
An Identified Histaminergic Neuron Modulates Feeding Motor Circuitry In Aplysia, Hillel J. Chiel
Faculty Scholarship
An identified histaminergic neuron, C2, in the marine mollusk Aplysia is a complex mechanoafferent which appears to contribute to the maintenance of food arousal by means of its synaptic connections to the metacerebral cell (MCC). Because C2 also has extensive synaptic outputs to neurons other than the MCC, we studied its possible motor functions. We identified several synaptic followers of C2 and found that some were excitatory motor neurons for extrinsic muscles of the buccal mass, while others were modulatory motor neurons that inhibited contractions. In addition, we found that these neurons and other synaptic followers of C2 received powerful …