Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons^™

Sustainable Mitigation Of Microplastic Pollutants Using Native Plant Species, Antonio De Jesus Martinez De La Rosa, Emily Lancaster

Research Papers

Microplastics (MPs) are defined as small plastic particles that come from the degradation of plastics [Ziani et al. 2023], that hold a regular or irregular shape, ranging from 1μm to 5 mm [Campanale et al. 2025]. This diminutive size makes them virtually impossible to remove once released into the environment[Lee et al. 2023]. Furthermore, biological, chemical, and physical processes break MP's further down in the environment, causing them to exist in nano-level sizes (1nm-1μm) [Lee et al. 2023], further exacerbating their threat to critical habitats. However, recent studies have shown MP contamination expands beyond the natural environment as recent studies …

Assessing The Influence Of Temperature And Water Level On Gill Disease In Goldfish, Moses Elijah Cadawas, Emmalie Turner, Darlene Panvini

SPARK Symposium Presentations

Gill disease in fish is a strong biological indicator of water quality and environmental stress. These diseases are commonly caused by bacterial or parasitic infections that target gill tissues and can lead to severe physiological impairment and ultimately mortality. Several environmental factors, including water level and temperature, play a critical role in determining fish susceptibility to these infections. Changes in these conditions can act as stressors that weaken immune defenses and promote pathogen proliferation. This study aimed to evaluate the relative impact of environmental stressors on the development of gill-associated disease in Carassius auratus (goldfish) under controlled conditions. Following exposure …

Enhancing Urban Garden Capacity By Linking Biodiversity And Ecosystem Function, Mary T. Nguyen, Carleen Rauh, Shelby Gresch, Charlotte Correiro, Heidi Elmendorf, Adriane Fugh-Berman, Gina Wimp, Alexandra L. Decandia

Virginia Journal of Science

Urban agriculture broadly describes food and plant cultivation in metropolitan areas. While biodiversity is thought to support ecosystem health and resilience, the relationship between above-ground and below-ground diversity has been understudied in urban green spaces. This study examines plant, animal, bacterial, and fungal diversity across three distinct urban habitats: a turf lawn, a forb garden, and a farming space. Using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS2 sequencing, soil nutrient analyses, and surveys of vegetation and wildlife, we connect diverse philosophies in urban agriculture to their role in advancing community diversity and ecosystem function. We found that different urban gardens support …

Imidacloprid Effects On The Survival And Cutaneous Microbiome Of Northern Leopard Frogs, Evelyn Margaret Osterloo

Honors Thesis

Amphibians are experiencing population declines due to habitat loss, climate change, and diseases, particularly chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Protection from this fungal infection stems from the cutaneous microbiome. Pesticides have been shown to affect amphibians in a variety of ways, including reducing survival, locomotor performance, and accumulation in body tissues. Pesticides may also lead to changes in the cutaneous microbiome affecting amphibians who rely on these organisms as an anti-Bd defense mechanism. To investigate the effect of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, Northern Leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens) were subjected to sublethal concentrations (control = …

Methane Consumption Rates By Coastal Virginia Beach Microbes, James R. Bailey Ii

Knowledge and Creativity Expo

This study measures whether microbial communities in the shallow coastal waters of Virginia Beach are capable of consuming methane in the water column. Using methane enrichment incubations and gas chromatography, we found no measurable methane oxidation of our samples over multi-day periods. These results suggest that these coastal waters may act as net sources of atmospheric methane.

Clay Minerals Do Not Influence Nitrous Oxide Production Via Denitrification In Simulated Oxygen Minimum Zones, Luke Rein

Dartmouth College Master’s Theses

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It has been proposed that export of organic carbon from the epipelagic zone to the seafloor can be increased by the addition of 20 mg L^{-1 …}

Impact Of Legacy Amf Communities On Vegetative Growth & Yield Of Soybean, Dylan Habeeb, Connor Morozumi, Natalie Christian

The Cardinal Edge

Soil microbial communities are increasingly recognized as an important factor in sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are key players in these communities, known to benefit their plant host in a number of ways, such as increased nutrient uptake. Plants can partner with multiple AMF species; however, little is known about how interactions between multispecies communities of AMF impact plant growth and yield. In an agricultural setting, the long-term development of these communities following practices such as rotational planting or cover cropping is also an important consideration, but there is little research on the long-term legacy of AMF communities or …

Seasonal Dynamics And Trends Of Environmental Conditions In Lake Louise, Georgia, Daniel Kwawuvi, James A. Nienow

Georgia Journal of Science

Lakes are important aquatic ecosystems that are extensively influenced by seasonal variations. In this study we investigate the seasonal dynamics and trends of three environmental variables, water temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen (DO), in Lake Louise, a sinkhole lake located in southern Georgia. These variables were measured in-situ along a depth profile from January 27, 2024 to January 17, 2025. We also accessed archived data from field campaigns in 2003, 2004, and 2017 in order to test whether a recent increase in the number of hurricanes impacting the region, five since August, 2017, may have significantly altered the seasonal dynamics …

Biofilm Architecture Determines Proliferation Of Phages And Plasmids, James B. Winans

Dartmouth College Ph.D Dissertations

This thesis explores how biofilm architecture determines the spread and ecological consequences for the bacteria-dependent genetic elements phages and plasmids. Using Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae as model microbes, and the genetic elements T7 phages, λ phages, and conjugative plasmid pED208, we investigate how spatial structure influences phage infection dynamics, plasmid transfer, and interbacterial interactions within biofilms. We show that densely packed biofilms can protect sensitive bacteria from phage exposure and modulate competitive outcomes between obligately lytic and temperate phages. We find that entirely different outcomes can coöccur within microns of each other dependent on biofilm structure. We also demonstrate …

The Role Of The Virb Ligand Ctp In The Molecular Mechanism Of Transcriptional Anti-Silencing In Shigella Flexneri, Taylor M. Gerson, Monika M A Karney, Helen Wing

Life Sciences Faculty Research

In bacteria, nucleoid-structuring proteins bind and constrain DNA, often leading to transcriptional silencing. In Shigella spp., the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein H-NS silences many genes on the large virulence plasmid. Upon a shift to human body temperature, VirB, a DNA-binding protein and key transcriptional regulator of the Shigella virulence cascade, is produced. VirB counteracts H-NS-mediated transcriptional silencing and belongs to a fast-evolving clade of the ParB superfamily. Like other ParB proteins, VirB binds the ligand CTP. While CTP is essential for the anti-silencing activity of VirB, the role of CTP in the mechanism of VirB-dependent anti-silencing has yet to be …

Isolated Bacillus Licheniformis Sp01 From Daqing Oilfield In Reducing Chromium(Iii) Crosslinked Polymer Residue And Enhancing Oil Recovery, Xiao Hui

Student Works (2020-2029)

After polymer gel formation, the residual partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and the crosslinker (Cr3+) caused plugging and decreased oil recovery. Microorganisms can degrade HPAM to address the issues, but Cr³⁺ inhibits the process and reduces oil recovery. This study explores the underexamined biodegradation of HPAM and improved oil recovery in the presence of Cr³⁺, offering new perspectives for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) after polymer gel formation. HPAM and crude oil were innovatively used as the sole nitrogen(N) and carbon(C) sources to isolate the best-growing strain from Daqing Oilfield produced water, identified as Bacillus licheniformis SP01. The oil displacement potential …

Waters At Risk: Preventive Methods Against Cyanobacteria Blooms In Rhode Island, Ryan Boline

CAFE Symposium 2026

This project analyzes the rise of cyanobacteria blooms in Rhode Island freshwater systems and identifies a policy gap in the state’s largely reactive management approach. Drawing on state reports and interviews with environmental experts, it highlights nutrient runoff, climate change, and limited public education as key drivers of bloom severity. To address this gap, I developed a prevention-focused public education poster designed for integration into existing state alert and outreach systems.

Antimicrobial Resistance Of Cultivable Bacteria Isolated From Sorcerer’S Cave In Texas, Jennifer R. Huddleston, David E. Sanderson, Braden J. Smith, Joshua M. Brokaw, Evan M. Babb, Jeffrey T. Wooliscroft

International Journal of Speleology

Studying caves with minimal human contact offers insights into antimicrobial resistance before human influence. In this study, we isolated 315 bacterial strains from Sorcerer’s Cave in Texas and evaluated their resistance to seven common antimicrobials. Under half (41.4%) of the Gram-positive isolates and 68.4% of the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. The two most common genera identified were Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Compared to bacteria isolated in previous cave studies, Sorcerer’s Cave bacteria exhibited more extensive antimicrobial resistance. This study underscores the importance of minimally disturbed cave environments in advancing our knowledge of antimicrobial resistance present …

Environmental Detection And Genetic Profiling Of Staphylococcus Sp. At Taal Volcano Island, Ray Albert E. La Rosa, Shaun Michael C. Basco, Martin Gabriel Z. Dela Cruz, Iluminada A. Ronio

The Lasallian Journal of Health

Taal Volcano Island’s hydrothermal environment supports extremophilic microbial communities. This study isolated, biochemically characterized, and genetically profiled Staphylococcus sp. from shoreline soils. Soil samples were collected near active vents and cultured on acidified gelatin agar (pH 5.0). Biochemical tests—Methyl Red, Spirit Blue Agar, Motility, and Acrolein—were performed. DNA extraction and 16S rRNA sequencing identified Staphylococcus candidatus, with 99 % sequence similarity to GenBank entries JN794602.1 and KX250303.1. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the isolate with S. ureilyticus, S. cohnii, and S. equorum. The organism’s presence in volcanic soils demonstrates adaptation to acidic, thermophilic conditions and suggests potential applications in bioremediation and enzyme …

Exploring Alkaline Protease Activity Of Bacillus Strain Isolated From Sidon Dumpsite Lebanon, Zahra Farroukh, Dalia El-Badan, Jamilah Borjac

BAU Journal - Science and Technology

Proteases are crucial hydrolytic enzymes present in all organisms, performing essential physiological and industrial tasks. This study was conducted to screen and isolate protease-producing bacteria from soil and water samples collected from Sidon dumpsite in Lebanon. Bacterial samples were cultured onto skim milk agar medium to identify the alkaline protease-producing ones. In this study, we report on the partial purification and characterization of one of the isolated alkaline protease-producing bacteria. The bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis Z3 based on 16S rRNA sequencing. The molecular weight of the partially purified protease was approximately 55 kDa, estimated by sodium dodecyl sulphate …

The Ecological Consequences Of Horizontal Transmission Of Symbionts, Bibek Singh Parajuli

Biology Dissertations

Most multicellular organisms depend on their microbial symbionts for various functions, such as digestion, nutrient supplementation, pesticide degradation, and defense. While many insects acquire their symbionts vertically from their parents, thousands of species of true bugs (Hemiptera) across different families acquire their microbial symbiont, Caballeronia, from the environment each generation. Acquiring symbionts from the environment (horizontal transmission) has various ecological consequences for the host. In this study, I used the bug-Caballeronia model 1) to understand whether the free-living symbionts benefit from association with multicellular hosts, 2) to evaluate whether host specialization on symbiont strains varies across taxonomic levels, …

Effects Of Fermented Soybean Products On The Human Gut Microbiome, Microbial Metabolism, And Host Physiology, Shannon Moncier

Biology Dissertations

Fermented soybean products (FSPs) contain soybean-derived substrates, fermentation-associated microorganisms, and bioactive compounds that may interact with the human gut microbiome and host physiology. However, despite the growing interest in FSPs, longitudinal human studies specifically evaluating traditional Korean-FSPs (K-FSPs), particularly among United States-based populations, remain limited. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of three K-FSPs, including Cheonggukjang, Gochujang, and Doenjang, on host physiological responses, gut microbial community structure, predicted microbial functional potential, and fecal butyrate responses in healthy adults. Three independent dietary intervention cohorts were conducted using FSP formulations produced either by traditional artisan methods (Product A) …

Combining Crispr And Nanoasv To Uncover The Rare Bacterial Communities Of The Human Oral Microbiome, Gilma Ruth Sevilla Alvarez

Master's Projects

Studying the oral microbiome is vital because its health implications are not contained to the mouth. Cariogenic bacteria cause tooth demineralization and oral microbes that translocate to extra-oral organ systems are linked to conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Some of these pathogens belong to the most abundant phyla in the oral cavity: Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, Spirochaetota, and Fusobacteriota, which together comprise 94% of the oral microbiome. This project uses CRISPR-Cas9 to deplete sequences from highly abundant phyla and the Eubacteria domain, enriching the remaining 6% of rarer taxa. Paired with NanoASV for single-nucleotide resolution, this …

Remediation Impacts Metal Concentrations And Metal Tolerant Bacteria In Soils Of The Missouri Tri-State Mining District, Ophelia R. Pettington

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

After over 100 years of Zn and Pb mining in the Tri-State mining district (TSMD), former mines continue to be sources of metals. Metal contaminated soils can be remediated using plant-microbe interactions. Plants manipulate their microbiome and recruit microbes to increase metal tolerance. Remediating bacteria are site-specific and identifying native microbes can accelerate remediation efforts. Studies relating microbes and metal concentrations in remediated areas in the TSMD are scarce. I collected root and bulk zone soils associated with Andropogon virginicus from remediated and non-remediated sites in Webb City, MO. I used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to evaluate the bacterial …

Exploring The Link Between Soil Microbes, And Land Use Through A One Health Lens, Yaw A. Antwi

Master's Theses or Doctor of Nursing Practice

The diversity of microbes within the soil plays an essential role in soil ecosystem

functioning. However, these microbes may also serve as environmental reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes. The study examined the diversity of bacteria that are found in soil across Rural/Agricultural and Rural/Nonagricultural landscapes within some selected counties in Kansas and its associated antibiotic resistance genes taxa. A total of twenty-four soil samples was collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing which targeted the V3-V4 regions. Statistical analysis revealed that the alpha diversity metrics (Chao1 richness and Shannon evenness) showed no significant difference in microbial structure (p=0.693, …

Microbial Community Structure In Global Soils, Matthew Jabro

CMC Senior Theses

Soil harbors the most diverse microbial communities on Earth, yet whether predictable community types exist across biomes and whether taxonomic composition encodes habitat of origin remain open questions at global scale. This thesis addresses both questions by applying unsupervised clustering and supervised classification to transformed 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) amplicon profiles from two independent datasets: the global topsoil survey of Bahram et al. (193 samples) and the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) soil subset of Thompson et al. (2,209 samples). Application of a sample clustering method based on a mixture of Gaussian Graphical Models (MixGGM) identified 19 clusters in the topsoil …

Lead Biosorption By Oceanobacillus Profundus Kbz 3-2: Strategies For Bioremediation Systems In Kabwe, Danielle S. Desmarteau

Scripps Senior Theses

Lead contamination remains a significant global public health concern, particularly in Kabwe, Zambia, the site of a former lead mining operation. Bioremediation, which utilizes biological materials and processes to remove environmental contaminants, represents a promising approach for addressing lead pollution. However, the development of effective bioremediation systems requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying metal removal and the feasibility of implementation in low-resource settings. Oceanobacillus profundus KBZ 3-2, a bacterium isolated from Kabwe mine waste, has demonstrated the ability to remove lead from aqueous environments. This study proposes to investigate the mechanism of lead biosorption by this organism, …

Exploring The Interplay Of Operational Conditions, Microbial Communities, And Water Quality In Drinking Water Ozone-Biofiltration, Kara Yvonne Cunningham

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Ensuring reliable access to safe drinking water is a growing global challenge as water utilities face variable source water quality driven by population growth, land‑use change, and climate change impacts. To address these challenges, utilities are implementing advanced treatment technologies designed to improve reliability under variable source water conditions. Ozone-biofiltration has emerged as a treatment approach that can reduce a wide range of natural and anthropogenic contaminants. However, despite its increased use, there is limited insight into the biological processes shaping filter function or how they respond to operational and environmental changes. Advances in molecular microbiology and high-throughput sequencing now …

Characterizing Gut Microbial Communities And Symbiont-Mediated Detoxification In Herbivorous Insects, Rachel C. Vargas

Biology Dissertations

Insect gut bacteria are vital contributors to host physiology, yet the broader prevalence and fitness implications of symbiont-mediated detoxification remain poorly understood. This thesis investigates these dynamics across three research chapters. Chapter 1 uses 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize how grasshopper gut microbial communities vary across species, dietary breadths, and gastrointestinal segments. Chapter 2 evaluates the detoxification capacity of over 150 bacterial isolates from diverse herbivores against the plant allelochemicals phenethyl isothiocyanate, rutin, and chlorogenic acid to determine if host dietary specialization predicts microbial metabolic ability. Finally, Chapter 3 employs fitness bioassays to test whether inoculating generalist herbivores with detoxifying …

Exploring The Application Of Wastewater Monitoring To Determine The Prevalence And Diversity Of Influenza On The Campus Of West Virginia University, Lakyn Renee Sanders

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Influenza viruses (IV) affect populations globally, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that IV are responsible for an estimated 3-5 million infections and 290,000 – 650,000 deaths annually^1–3. More specifically, the 2019-2020 IV season is associated with an estimated 38 million illnesses and 22,000 deaths in the United States alone⁴. IV are rapidly spread between individuals through direct contact with infected individuals, contaminated surfaces, or aerosolized virus particles². Traditional IV infection monitoring relies on clinical screening of patients presenting influenza-like symptoms, commonly through the use of multi-target panel tests such as the BioFire …

Pipeline Corrosion And Relevant Microbial Influence, Renee E. Bamberger

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

This study investigated the role of microbial activity and oxygen availability in the corrosion of carbon steel pipelines with a focus on microbially influenced corrosion (MIC). Sediment collected from Old Woman Creek, Ohio, was used to simulate natural soil conditions, and carbon steel coupons were incubated under four treatments: nonsterile oxic, nonsterile anoxic, autoclaved oxic, and autoclaved anoxic over 85 days. Corrosion was assessed through mass loss measurements and the analysis of pH, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved iron concentrations. The greatest mass loss was observed in autoclaved oxic conditions, contrary to the initial hypothesis that microbial activity would greatly enhance …

Environmental Monitoring In Shallow Lakes: Public Health Threats In Urban Waters, Kyleigh E. Johnson

Theses and Dissertations

Lakes are an integral part of urban and suburban communities, providing ecological, recreational, and public health benefits. Many of these lakes are located in densely populated areas and are subject to urban influences on water quality. Algal toxins and Escherichia coli are two common recreational concerns. Algal toxins come from harmful algal blooms that are influenced by nutrient availability and temperature, while bacteria are often introduced through run-off and animal waste. Sampling every 3-4 weeks from May-October 2025 allowed for the assessment of seasonal patterns and site-specific differences across nine lakes in the Richmond area. The highest bacterial concentrations appeared …

Assessing The Impact Of Storing Water Samples At Ambient Temperature On Plankton Metabarcoding, Stephanie N. Lievano

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Increasing incidence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) has led to fish kills, air quality hazards, and economic impacts. One economic impact is on tourism, one of the main sources of Florida’s income, where billions of dollars are lost to such events. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWC-FWRI), with the help of collaborators, collects water samples from across the state for HAB monitoring. These samples are stored at ambient temperature for up to 24 hours which could directly affect data analyses. Here, in collaboration with FWRI-FWC, I investigated whether this storage technique affects plankton …

Plant Invasion Patterns In Understory And Soil Microbial Communities Of North Central West Virginia Mixed Hardwood Forests, Isabelle Marie Uganski

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Invasive plants alter forest ecosystems by reducing species richness, habitat heterogeneity, and nutrient cycling as they rapidly displace native plants. Invasive plant composition can influence soil health through altering soil microbial associations and communities. By studying the mechanisms in which invasives alter above- and below-ground communities, we can better understand whole-ecosystem impacts and inform management decisions. This study examined the relationships between co-occurring invasion on above and belowground communities of mixed hardwood forests of north central West Virginia. Despite distinctive associations with aboveground characteristics (native diversity, native tree regeneration, and leaf litter density) we detected limited changes to soil microbial …

กฎหมายการหมุนเวียนทรัพยากรพลาสติกของญี่ปุ่น : พัฒนาการ กลไกเชิงสถาบัน และบทเรียนเชิงนโยบายต่อประเทศไทย, พรนภัส สุวลักษณ์ วอห์น, สุจิตรา วาสนาดำรงดี

Thai Environment

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์พัฒนาการของกฎหมายญี่ปุ่นด้านการจัดการพลาสติกโดยมุ่งเน้นพระราชบัญญัติส่งเสริมการหมุนเวียนทรัพยากรพลาสติก ค.ศ. 2021 (Act on Promotion of Resource Circulation for Plastics) และกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้อง การศึกษานี้ใช้การวิเคราะห์เชิงเอกสารภายใต้กรอบแนวคิดเศรษฐกิจหมุนเวียน (Circular economy) หลักลำดับขั้นการจัดการขยะ (Waste hierarchy) และแนวคิดการจัดการตลอดวัฏจักรชีวิตผลิตภัณฑ์ (Life-cycle approach) เพื่ออธิบายโครงสร้างและกลไกทางกฎหมายในการกำกับการหมุนเวียนทรัพยากรพลาสติก

ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ระบบกฎหมายของญี่ปุ่นได้พัฒนาจากการกำกับการจัดการของเสียแบบปลายทางไปสู่การกำกับการหมุนเวียนทรัพยากรตลอดวัฏจักรชีวิตผลิตภัณฑ์ โดยบูรณาการมาตรการด้านการออกแบบผลิตภัณฑ์ การลดการใช้พลาสติกแบบใช้ครั้งเดียว การจำหน่าย การเก็บรวบรวม การคัดแยกและการรีไซเคิลไว้ภายใต้กรอบกฎหมายเดียวกัน จุดเด่นของระบบกฎหมายญี่ปุ่นอยู่ที่การกำหนดบทบาทของรัฐ องค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น ผู้ประกอบการ และประชาชนอย่างเป็นระบบในลักษณะการกำกับหลายระดับ รวมทั้งการใช้มาตรการทางกฎหมายควบคู่กับแรงจูงใจทางเศรษฐศาสตร์และการปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมของผู้บริโภค ซึ่งสะท้อนแนวปฏิบัติที่ดีในการขับเคลื่อนเศรษฐกิจหมุนเวียนด้านพลาสติก อย่างไรก็ตาม ผลการศึกษายังพบข้อจำกัดบางประการของระบบญี่ปุ่น เช่น การพึ่งพาการเผาขยะเพื่อผลิตพลังงานในสัดส่วนสูงและความท้าทายในการลดการใช้พลาสติกอย่างเป็นรูปธรรม

ข้อค้นพบจากการศึกษานำไปสู่ข้อเสนอแนะสำหรับประเทศไทยว่า ควรมีการพัฒนากฎหมายแม่บทด้านเศรษฐกิจหมุนเวียน การพัฒนาระบบความรับผิดชอบที่เพิ่มขึ้นของผู้ผลิต (Extended Producer Responsibility: EPR) การกำหนดมาตรฐานการออกแบบเชิงนิเวศ (Eco-design) การพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานด้านการคัดแยกและรีไซเคิลและการจัดทำระบบข้อมูลเพื่อสนับสนุนการกำกับการหมุนเวียนทรัพยากรอย่างยั่งยืน