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Articles 511 - 540 of 875

Full-Text Articles in Microbiology

Chloroviruses Encode A Bifunctional Dcmp-Dctp Deaminase That Produces Two Key Intermediates In Dttp Formation, Yuanzheng Zhang, Frank Maley, Gladys F. Maley, Garry Duncan, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten Jul 2007

Chloroviruses Encode A Bifunctional Dcmp-Dctp Deaminase That Produces Two Key Intermediates In Dttp Formation, Yuanzheng Zhang, Frank Maley, Gladys F. Maley, Garry Duncan, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The chlorovirus PBCV-1, like many large double-stranded DNA-containing viruses, contains several genes that encode putative proteins involved in nucleotide biosynthesis. This report describes the characterization of the PBCV-1 dCMP deaminase, which produces dUMP, a key intermediate in the synthesis of dTTP. As predicted, the recombinant protein has dCMP deaminase activity that is activated by dCTP and inhibited by dTTP. Unexpectedly, however, the viral enzyme also has dCTP deaminase activity, producing dUTP. Typically, these two reactions are catalyzed by proteins in separate enzyme classes; to our knowledge, this is the first example of a protein having both deaminase activities. Kinetic experiments …

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Epstein-Barr Virus Inhibits Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication In Primary Effusion Lymphomas, Dongsheng Xu, Jun Zhang, Tricia Coleman, Ashley Fagot, Catherine Kotalik, Lingjun Zhao, Pankaj Trivedi, Clinton J. Jones, Luwen Zhang Jun 2007

Epstein-Barr Virus Inhibits Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication In Primary Effusion Lymphomas, Dongsheng Xu, Jun Zhang, Tricia Coleman, Ashley Fagot, Catherine Kotalik, Lingjun Zhao, Pankaj Trivedi, Clinton J. Jones, Luwen Zhang

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The majority of AIDS-associated primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are latently infected with both Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). PELs harboring two viruses have higher oncogenic potential, suggesting functional interactions between EBV and KSHV. The KSHV replication and transcription activator (K-RTA) is necessary and sufficient for induction of KSHV lytic replication. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) is essential for EBV transformation and establishment of latency in vitro. We show EBV inhibits chemically induced KSHV lytic replication, in part because of a regulatory loop in which K-RTA induces EBV LMP-1 and LMP-1 in turn inhibits K-RTA expression and …

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The Transcriptional Repressor K-Rbp Modulates Rta-Mediated Transactivation And Lytic Replication Of Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, Zhilong Yang, Charles Wood Jun 2007

The Transcriptional Repressor K-Rbp Modulates Rta-Mediated Transactivation And Lytic Replication Of Kaposi’S Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, Zhilong Yang, Charles Wood

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus 8 functions as the key regulator to induce KSHV lytic replication from latency through activation of the lytic cascade of KSHV. Elucidation of the host factors involved in RTA-mediated transcriptional activation is pivotal for understanding the transition between viral latency and lytic replication. KSHV-RTA binding protein (K-RBP) was previously isolated as a cellular RTA binding protein of unknown function. Sequence analysis showed that K-RBP contains a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) at the N terminus and 12 adjacent zinc finger motifs. In similarity to other KRAB-containing zinc finger …

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The Nasal Cavity Is A Route For Prion Infection In Hamsters, Anthony E. Kincaid, Jason C. Bartz May 2007

The Nasal Cavity Is A Route For Prion Infection In Hamsters, Anthony E. Kincaid, Jason C. Bartz

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Animals that naturally acquire the prion diseases have a well-developed olfactory sense that they utilize for a variety of basic behaviors. To assess the potential for the nasal cavity to serve as a point of entry for prion diseases, a small amount of prion-infected brain homogenate was placed inferior to the nostrils of hamsters, where it was immediately sniffed into the nasal cavity. Hamsters extranasally inoculated with the HY strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent had an incubation period that was not significantly different from per os inoculation of the same dose of the HY TME agent. However, the …

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Effect Of Farnesol On A Mouse Model Of Systemic Candidiasis, Determined By Use Of A Dpp3 Knockout Mutant Of Candida Albicans, Dhammika H.M.L.P. Navarathna, Jacob M. Hornby, Navasona Krishnan, Anne M. Parkhurst, Gerald E. Duhamel, Kenneth W. Nickerson Apr 2007

Effect Of Farnesol On A Mouse Model Of Systemic Candidiasis, Determined By Use Of A Dpp3 Knockout Mutant Of Candida Albicans, Dhammika H.M.L.P. Navarathna, Jacob M. Hornby, Navasona Krishnan, Anne M. Parkhurst, Gerald E. Duhamel, Kenneth W. Nickerson

Papers in Microbiology

This work extends our previous observation that the fungus Candida albicans secretes micromolar levels of farnesol and that accumulation of farnesol in vitro prevents the yeast-to-mycelium conversion in a quorumsensing manner. What does farnesol do in vivo? The purpose of this study was to determine the role of farnesol during infection with a well-established mouse model of systemic candidiasis with C. albicans A72 administered by tail vein injection. This question was addressed by altering both endogenous and exogenous farnesol. For endogenous farnesol, we created a knockout mutation in DPP3, the gene encoding a phosphatase which converts farnesyl pyrophosphate to farnesol. …

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In Vivo And In Vitro Anaerobic Mating In Candida Albicans, Raluca Dumitru, Dhammika H.M.L.P. Navarathna, Camile P. Semighini, Christian G. Elowsky, Razvan Dumitru, Daniel Dignard, Malcom Whiteway, Audrey L. Atkin, Kenneth W. Nickerson Mar 2007

In Vivo And In Vitro Anaerobic Mating In Candida Albicans, Raluca Dumitru, Dhammika H.M.L.P. Navarathna, Camile P. Semighini, Christian G. Elowsky, Razvan Dumitru, Daniel Dignard, Malcom Whiteway, Audrey L. Atkin, Kenneth W. Nickerson

Papers in Microbiology

Candida albicans cells of opposite mating types are thought to conjugate during infection in mammalian hosts, but paradoxically, the mating-competent opaque state is not stable at mammalian body temperatures. We found that anaerobic conditions stabilize the opaque state at 37°C, block production of farnesol, and permit in vitro mating at 37°C at efficiencies of up to 84%. Aerobically, farnesol prevents mating because it kills the opaque cells necessary for mating, and as a corollary, farnesol production is turned off in opaque cells. These in vitro observations suggest that naturally anaerobic sites, such as the efficiently colonized gastrointestinal (GI) tract, could …

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Protection Against Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Prrsv) Infection Through Passive Transfer Of Prrsv-Neutralizing Antibodies Is Dose Dependent, O. J. Lopez, M. F. Oliveira, E. Alvarez Garcia, Byung Joon Kwon, Alan R. Doster, Fernando A. Osorio Mar 2007

Protection Against Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Prrsv) Infection Through Passive Transfer Of Prrsv-Neutralizing Antibodies Is Dose Dependent, O. J. Lopez, M. F. Oliveira, E. Alvarez Garcia, Byung Joon Kwon, Alan R. Doster, Fernando A. Osorio

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that passive transfer of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-neutralizing antibodies (NA) protected pregnant sows against reproductive failure and conferred sterilizing immunity in sows and offspring. We report here on the dose requirement for protection by passive transfer with NA in young weaned pigs. The presence of a 1:8 titer of PRRSV-NA in serum consistently protected pigs against viremia. Nevertheless, their lungs, tonsils, buffy coat cells, and peripheral lymph nodes contained replicating PRRSV similar to the infected control group. Likewise, these animals excreted infectious virus to sentinels similar to the infectivity control animals. …

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathobiology Studied In Humanized Balb/C-Rag2-/- ΓC-/- Mice, Santhi Gorantla, Hannah Seller, Lisa Walters, John G. Sharp, Samuel Pirruccello, John T. West, Charles Wood, Stephen Dewhurst, Howard Gendelman, Larisa Poluektova Mar 2007

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathobiology Studied In Humanized Balb/C-Rag2-/- ΓC-/- Mice, Santhi Gorantla, Hannah Seller, Lisa Walters, John G. Sharp, Samuel Pirruccello, John T. West, Charles Wood, Stephen Dewhurst, Howard Gendelman, Larisa Poluektova

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The specificity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) for human cells precludes virus infection in most mammalian species and limits the utility of small animal models for studies of disease pathogenesis, therapy, and vaccine development. One way to overcome this limitation is by human cell xenotransplantation in immune-deficient mice. However, this has proved inadequate, as engraftment of human immune cells is limited (both functionally and quantitatively) following transplantation of mature human lymphocytes or fetal thymus/liver. To this end, a human immune system was generated from umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells in BALB/c-Rag2-/- γc-/- …

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix A: Gene Names B002r – B797r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix A: Gene Names B002r – B797r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix A: Gene Names b002R – b797R

Document shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptide Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix B: Gene Names M001l Through M807r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix B: Gene Names M001l Through M807r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix B: Gene Names M001L through M807R

Document, in spreadsheet format, shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptid e Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix C: Gene Names C001r – C814l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix C: Gene Names C001r – C814l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix C: Gene Names c001R – c814L

Document shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptide Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix B: Gene Names B001l – B886r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix B: Gene Names B001l – B886r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, William C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix B: Gene Names B001L – B886R

Document shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptide Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Viruses MT325 and FR483, members of the family Phycodnaviridae, genus Chlorovirus, infect the fresh water, unicellular, eukaryotic, chlorella-like green alga, Chlorella Pbi. The 314,335-bp genome of MT325 and the 321,240-bp genome of FR483 are the first viruses that infect Chlorella Pbi to have their genomes sequenced and annotated. Furthermore, these genomes are the two smallest chlorella virus genomes sequenced to date, MT325 has 331 putative protein-encoding and 10 tRNA-encoding genes and FR483 has 335 putative protein-encoding and 9 tRNA-encoding genes. The protein-encoding genes are almost evenly distributed on both strands, and intergenic space is minimal. Approximately 40% of …

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix A: Gene Names M002r Through M843l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix A: Gene Names M002r Through M843l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix A: Gene Names m002R through m843L

Document, in spreadsheet format, shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptid e Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix C: Gene Names N001l Through N849r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix C: Gene Names N001l Through N849r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix C: Gene Names n001L through n849R

Document, in spreadsheet format, shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptid e Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, Willaim C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, Willaim C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Viruses NY-2A and AR158, members of the family Phycodnaviridae, genus Chlorovirus, infect the fresh water, unicellular, eukaryotic, chlorella-like green alga, Chlorella NC64A. The 368,683-bp genome of NY-2A and the 344,690-bp genome of AR158 are the two largest chlorella virus genomes sequenced to date; NY-2A contains 404 putative protein-encoding and 7 tRNA-encoding genes and AR158 contains 360 putative protein-encoding and 6 tRNA-encoding genes. The protein-encoding genes are almost evenly distributed on both strands, and intergenic space is minimal. Two of the NY-2A genes encode inteins, the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and a superfamily II helicase. These are the …

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix D: Gene Names N003l Through N847r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 314-Kb Mt325 And The 321-Kb Fr483 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Pbi”: Appendix D: Gene Names N003l Through N847r, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, James Hartigan, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix D: Gene Names N003L through N847R

Document, in spreadsheet format, shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptid e Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix D: Gene Names C006r – C815l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, Willaim C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten Feb 2007

Supplementary Data For “Sequence And Annotation Of The 369-Kb Ny-2a And The 345-Kb Ar158 Viruses That Infect Chlorella Nc64a”: Appendix D: Gene Names C006r – C815l, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Michael V. Graves, Xiao Li, Tamara Feldblyum, Willaim C. Nierman, James L. Van Etten

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Appendix D: Gene Names C006R – C815L

Document shows Gene Name, Genome Position, A.A. length, Peptide Mw, pI, CDD Hit Number, COGs, COG Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, Hit from-to, BLASTp Hit Number, Hit Accession, BLASTp Definition, Bit Score, E-value, % Identity, % Positive, Query from-to, and Hit from-to.

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Effects Of Turnip Crinkle Virus Infection On The Structure And Function Of Mitochondria And Expression Of Stress Proteins In Turnips, James A. Blake, Kit W. Lee, Thomas Jack Morris, Thomas Elthon Feb 2007

Effects Of Turnip Crinkle Virus Infection On The Structure And Function Of Mitochondria And Expression Of Stress Proteins In Turnips, James A. Blake, Kit W. Lee, Thomas Jack Morris, Thomas Elthon

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

We have investigated the effect of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) infection on mitochondrial structure and function in turnips (Brassica rapa cultivar “Just Right”). TCV infection resulted in plants with small, mottled leaves with severely crinkled edges, and in a 46% reduction in storage root mass. TCV infection resulted in specific vesicularization of mitochondrial outer membranes where TCV replication is thought to occur, with no apparent affect on other cellular membrane systems. Immunoblot analysis of mitochondrial proteins from storage roots indicated that the TCV p28 protein, which is essential for viral replication, was associated with mitochondria and that mitochondrial heat …

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The Cost Of Reproduction: The Devil In The Details, Lawrence G. Harshman, Anthony J. Zera Feb 2007

The Cost Of Reproduction: The Devil In The Details, Lawrence G. Harshman, Anthony J. Zera

Anthony Zera Publications

The cost of reproduction is of fundamental importance in life-history evolution. However, our understanding of its mechanistic basis has been limited by a lack of detailed functional information at all biological levels. Here, we identify, evaluate and integrate recent studies in five areas examining the proximate mechanisms underlying the cost of reproduction. Rather than being alternate explanations, hormonal regulation and intermediary metabolism act in concert and have an overarching influence in shaping the cost of reproduction. Immune function is compromised by reproduction, as is resistance to environmental stress. These studies not only provide new information about mechanisms that comprise “the …

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Bird Movement Predicts Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Insect Vectors, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Amy T. Moore, Nicholas Komar Jan 2007

Bird Movement Predicts Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Insect Vectors, Charles R. Brown, Mary Bomberger Brown, Amy T. Moore, Nicholas Komar

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Predicting the spatial foci of zoonotic diseases is a major challenge for epidemiologists and disease ecologists. Migratory birds are often thought to be responsible for introducing some aviozoonotic pathogens such as West Nile and avian influenza viruses to a local area, but most information on how bird movement correlates with virus prevalence is anecdotal or indirect. We report that the prevalence of Buggy Creek virus (BCRV) infection in cimicid swallow bugs (Oeciacus vicarius), the principal invertebrate vector for this virus, was directly associated with the likelihood of movement by cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), an amplifying host …

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Ecological Correlates Of Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Oeciacus Vicarius, Southwestern Nebraska, 2004, Amy T. Moore, Eric A. Edwards, Mary Bomberger Brown, Nicholas Komar, Charles R. Brown Jan 2007

Ecological Correlates Of Buggy Creek Virus Infection In Oeciacus Vicarius, Southwestern Nebraska, 2004, Amy T. Moore, Eric A. Edwards, Mary Bomberger Brown, Nicholas Komar, Charles R. Brown

School of Natural Resources: Faculty Publications

Buggy Creek virus (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, BCRV) is an alphavirus within the western equine encephalitis virus complex whose primary vector is the swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), an ectoparasite of the colonially nesting cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, that is also a frequent host for the virus.We investigated ecological correlates of BCRV infection in 100-bug pools at 14 different swallow colony sites in southwestern Nebraska from summer 2004, by using plaque assay on Vero cells to identify cytopathic virus and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to identify noncytopathic viral RNA. We found 26.7% of swallow bug pools …

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Poxviral B1 Kinase Overcomes Barrier To Autointegration Factor, A Host Defense Against Virus Replication, Matthew S. Wiebe, Paula Traktman Jan 2007

Poxviral B1 Kinase Overcomes Barrier To Autointegration Factor, A Host Defense Against Virus Replication, Matthew S. Wiebe, Paula Traktman

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) is a DNA-binding protein found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that functions to establish nuclear architecture during mito-sis. Herein, we demonstrate a cytoplasmic role for BAF in host defense during poxviral infections. Vaccinia is the prototypic poxvirus, a family of DNA viruses that replicate ex-clusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Mutations in the vaccinia B1 kinase (B1) com-promise viral DNA replication, but the mechanism by which B1 achieves this has remained elusive. We now show that BAF acts as a potent inhibitor of poxvirus replication unless its DNA-binding activity is blocked …

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Aids-Associated Viral Oncogenesis: Overview, Charles Wood Jan 2007

Aids-Associated Viral Oncogenesis: Overview, Charles Wood

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

It has been 25 years since the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first described and over 23 years since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with the disease was first discovered. In spite of the tremendous progress that was made in understanding both the disease and the virus, there are still millions of people infected, died, or living with the disease. As for the year 2005 alone, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (http://www.UNAIDS.org) estimates that there are about 40 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and approximately 3 million people died from AIDS in the year. Globally, it …

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Modulation Of Retroviral Restriction And Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant Turnover By Changes In The Trim5Α B-Box 2 Domain, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Alak Kar, Michel Perron, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hassan Javanbakht, Xing Li, Joseph Sodroski Jan 2007

Modulation Of Retroviral Restriction And Proteasome Inhibitor-Resistant Turnover By Changes In The Trim5Α B-Box 2 Domain, Felipe Diaz-Griffero, Alak Kar, Michel Perron, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hassan Javanbakht, Xing Li, Joseph Sodroski

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

An intact B-box 2 domain is essential for the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α. We modeled the structure of the B-box 2 domain of TRIM5α based on the existing three-dimensional structure of the B-box 2 domain of human TRIM29. Using this model, we altered the residues predicted to be exposed on the surface of this globular structure. Most of the alanine substitutions in these residues exerted little effect on the antiretroviral activity of human TRIM5αhu or rhesus monkey TRIM5αrh. However, alteration of arginine 119 of TRIM5αhu or the corresponding arginine 121 of TRIM5αrh diminished the abilities of …

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Viral Diseases Of The Fetus, Clayton L. Kelling Jan 2007

Viral Diseases Of The Fetus, Clayton L. Kelling

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most commonly encountered and economically important pathogens of cattle in North America. Since the mid-20th century, BVDV has been recognized as a significant cause of disease of the gastrointestinal system. The impact of BVDV on reproduction was not perceived for another 30 years, when the occurrence of persistent infection in imunotolerant cattle was described.

BVDV infections may occur in cattle as acute illness- that is, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)-or as a generally chronic condition-mucosal disease. When susceptible regnant cattle are infected with BVDV, transplacental infections usually occur. Transplacental infections may lead …

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Prion Interference Is Due To A Reduction In Strain-Specific PrpSc Levels, Jason C. Bartz, Michelle L. Kramer, Meghan H. Sheehan, Jessica A. L. Hutter, Jacob I. Ayers, Richard A. Bessen, Anthony E. Kincaid Jan 2007

Prion Interference Is Due To A Reduction In Strain-Specific PrpSc Levels, Jason C. Bartz, Michelle L. Kramer, Meghan H. Sheehan, Jessica A. L. Hutter, Jacob I. Ayers, Richard A. Bessen, Anthony E. Kincaid

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

When two prion strains infect a single host, one strain can interfere with the ability of the other to cause disease but it is not known whether prion replication of the second strain is also diminished. To further investigate strain interference, we infected hamsters in the sciatic nerve with the long-incubation-period transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent DY TME prior to superinfection of hamsters with the short-incubation-period HY TME agent. Increases in the interval between TME agent inoculations resulted in an extension of the incubation period of HY TME or a complete block of the ability of the HY TME agent …

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Traditional Practices And Exposure To Bodily Fluids In Lusaka, Zambia, Janet M. Wojcicki, Chipepo Kankasa, Charles Mitchell, Charles Wood Jan 2007

Traditional Practices And Exposure To Bodily Fluids In Lusaka, Zambia, Janet M. Wojcicki, Chipepo Kankasa, Charles Mitchell, Charles Wood

Papers in Virology

Objectives To ascertain if there are specific sociocultural and behavioral practices associated with the exposure to saliva, semen and vaginal fluids, particularly through child-rearing practices and the use of traditional medicine in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods We conducted 11 focus group discussions with men and women from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds (n = 105) in Lusaka, Zambia in March 2004. We also conducted a brief sociodemographic survey of all focus group participants. Results Discussions indicated that saliva was used while engaging in home health care practices associated with childcare and the use of traditional medicine. Additionally, semen and vaginal …

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Structural Definition Of A Conserved Neutralization Epitope On Hiv-1 Gp120, Tongqing Zhou, Ling Xu, Barna Dey, Ann J. Hessell, Donald Van Ryk, Shi-Hua Xiang, Xinzhen Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, Peter D. Kwong Jan 2007

Structural Definition Of A Conserved Neutralization Epitope On Hiv-1 Gp120, Tongqing Zhou, Ling Xu, Barna Dey, Ann J. Hessell, Donald Van Ryk, Shi-Hua Xiang, Xinzhen Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, Peter D. Kwong

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The remarkable diversity, glycosylation and conformational flexibility of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env), including substantial rearrangement of the gp120 glycoprotein upon binding the CD4 receptor, allow it to evade antibody-mediated neutralization. Despite this complexity, the HIV-1 Env must retain conserved determinants that mediate CD4 binding. To evaluate how these determinants might provide opportunities for antibody recognition, we created variants of gp120 stabilized in the CD4-bound state, assessed binding of CD4 and of receptor-binding-site antibodies, and determined the structure at 2.3Å resolution of the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 in complex with gp120. b12 binds to a conformationally …

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Structures Of The Ccr5 N Terminus And Of A Tyrosine-Sulfated Antibody With Hiv-1 Gp120 And Cd4, Chih-Chin Huang, Son N. Lam, Priyamvada Acharya, Min Tang, Shi-Hua Xiang, Syed Shahzad-Ul Hussan, Robyn L. Stanfield, James Robinson, Ian A. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, Carole A. Bewley, Peter D. Kwong Jan 2007

Structures Of The Ccr5 N Terminus And Of A Tyrosine-Sulfated Antibody With Hiv-1 Gp120 And Cd4, Chih-Chin Huang, Son N. Lam, Priyamvada Acharya, Min Tang, Shi-Hua Xiang, Syed Shahzad-Ul Hussan, Robyn L. Stanfield, James Robinson, Ian A. Wilson, Richard Wyatt, Carole A. Bewley, Peter D. Kwong

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The CCR5 co-receptor binds to the HIV-l gp120 envelope glycoprotein and facilitates HIV-l entry into cells. Its N terminus is tyrosine-sulfated, as are many antibodies that react with the co-receptor binding site on gp120. We applied nuclear magnetic resonance and crystallographic techniques to analyze the structure of the CCR5 N terminus and that of the tyrosine-sulfated antibody 412d in complex with gp120 and CD4. The conformations of tyrosine-sulfated regions of CCR5 (α-helix) and 412d (extendedloop) are surprisingly different. Nonetheless, a critical sulfotyrosine on CCR5 and on 412d induces similar structural rearrangements in gp120. These results now provide a framework for …

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