Kinesiology Commons^™

Circuit Training Improves The Levels Of Β-Amyloid And Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Related To Cognitive Impairment Risk Factors In Obese Elderly Korean Women, Duwang Kang, Suhan Koh, Taekyu Kim, Eadric Bressel, Doyeon Kim

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of circuit training on β-amyloid, BDNF, and cognitive function in untrained obese elderly Korean women. Methods: The subjects for the study were aged 65–70 years and were each assigned to a circuit training group (EG, n = 12) or a control group (CG, n = 11). The 60 min combined exercise was performed 3 times per week for 16 weeks. The exercise intensity was progressively increased from a 40% heart rate reserve to a 70% heart rate reserve. The test data were analyzed using a paired t-test, an …

Suppressing A Blocked Balance Recovery Step: A Novel Method To Assess An Inhibitory Postural Response, David A. E. Bolton, Charlie C. Baggett Iv, Chase A. Mitton, Sara A. Harper, James K. Richardson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Stepping to recover balance is an important way we avoid falling. However, when faced with obstacles in the step path, we must adapt such reactions. Physical obstructions are typically detected through vision, which then cues step modification. The present study describes a novel method to assess visually prompted step inhibition in a reactive balance context. In our task, participants recovered balance by quickly stepping after being released from a supported forward lean. On rare trials, however, an obstacle blocked the stepping path. The timing of vision relative to postural perturbation was controlled using occlusion goggles to regulate task difficulty. Furthermore, …

Isokinetic Dynamometer Leg Extensor Peak Torque Measurement: A Time-Delayed Reliability And Score Selection Analysis Study, Brennan J. Thompson, Jennifer Xu

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The reliability of isokinetic peak torque (PT) has been reported mostly using a short-term ( < ~10 day) inter-trial testing time frame. However, many studies and programs utilize a long-term (several weeks to months) inter-trial testing period. Additionally, the methods by which the PT value is selected and reported from a multiple rep testing scheme have not been well investigated for both reliability and PT absolute performance comparisons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term reliability of isokinetic and isometric PT of the leg extensors with an emphasis on the differences among several PT score selection methods. Thirteen men and women (age = 19.5 years) underwent two testing trials separated by 28.8 (±1.8) days. Testing included maximal voluntary contractions of three sets of three reps for two isokinetic contraction conditions of 60 (Isok60) and 240 (Isok240) deg/s velocities, and three sets of one rep of isometric contractions for the leg extensors. The PT score was derived from seven different methods (see text for descriptions). Reliability as assessed from intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) varied widely across contraction conditions and PT score selection parameters. The Isok60 velocity overall had lower reliability (ICCs = 0.48–0.81) than Isok240 (0.77–0.87) across the conditions whereas the isometric PT variables showed moderate reliability (0.71–0.73). Overall the set 1 PT score selection parameters were generally lower (p ≤ 0.05) than those that involved sets two and three. Systematic error (p ≤ 0.05) was shown for 6 out of the 17 PT selection variables. On a subjective interpretation basis, when taking everything into account the best overall combination of time/trial efficiency, reliability, best/highest PT score parameter, and reduced risk of systematic bias appears to be the PT variable that uses the average of the highest two reps of the first two sets of three reps—i.e., averaging the highest two values of the six total reps from the first two sets.

Sport Management Study Abroad And International Exchange Program Innovation For A Post Covid-19 Era, James T. Morton, Chris Hanna, Jeffrey F. Levine

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The globalization of the sport industry has required sport management programs to create strategies for internationalizing students. Study abroad programs are a prominent example of those strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on study abroad programs in Spring of 2020. Many students had their study abroad experiences either cut short or canceled all together. The purpose of this essay is to discuss how the student learning process can continue during an interruption or cancellation of study abroad and international exchange programs due to a pandemic or other global issues. Using an observational study, we asked the following research …

Bioelectrical Impedance Changes Of The Trunk Are Opposite The Limbs Following Acute Hydration Change, Dale R. Wagner

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This study aimed to evaluate the changes in impedance and estimates of body composition variables obtained from segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (SMFBIA) following acute hydration change. All participants (N = 11 active adults) had SMFBIA measurements at baseline (euhydration), post-dehydration, and post-hyperhydration in an experimental repeated-measures design. Dehydration and hyperhydration trials were randomized with the opposite treatment given 24 h later. Dehydration was achieved via a heat chamber of 40 °C and 60% relative humidity. Hyperhydration was achieved by drinking lightly-salted water (30 mmol·L^-1 NaCl; 1.76 g NaCl·L^-1) within 30 min. Post-measurements were taken 30 min …

Houston College Sport Programs’ Hurricane Harvey Communication: A Twitter Content Analysis, Chris Hanna, Robert Thompson, James T. Morton

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This study provides a Twitter content analysis of tweets by Houston-based Division I college sport programs during Hurricane Harvey. A content analysis was performed on the tweets appearing on the main intercollegiate athletics Twitter pages of University of Houston, Houston Baptist University, Prairie View A&M University, Rice University, and Texas Southern University in response to Hurricane Harvey. The researchers based their study on grounded theory informed by a study conducted by Inoue and Havard (2015). While this study examined tweets rather than newspaper and magazine articles like Inoue and Havard (2015), this study confirmed the theme findings in Inoue and …

Interdevice Reliability Of A-Mode Ultrasound To Measure Body Composition, Megan Bigler, Dale R. Wagner, R. Stephan Lowry

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

A-mode ultrasound is a noninvasive, rapid method for measuring subcutaneous fat thickness and estimating body fat percentage (%BF). Validity and reliability of the BodyMetrix BX2000 A-mode ultrasound has been reported; however, this study aimed to compare results from two machines to determine interdevice reliability. Ultrasound measures were repeated with two BX2000 machines at 10 body sites (chest, biceps, triceps, scapula, lower back, hip, waist, thigh, calf, axilla) on 42 males of varying age and leanness (age: 28.6±11.9 y, BMI: 25.4±4.6 kg/m2). The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.939 to 0.998 with standard errors of measurement from 0.31 to 0.58 mm …

Organizational Effectiveness Measures And Their Relationship To Donor Contributions, James T. Morton, Chris Hanna

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organizational effectiveness measures and donor contributions for National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletic departments. For this study, donor contributions were used as a proxy for donors’ perception of organizational effectiveness for these athletic departments. Using a combination of the goals attainment model (Price, 1972) and the strategic constituencies model (Connolly, Conlon, & Deutsch, 1980) the effectiveness measures used were athletic performance, student athlete welfare, and student athlete academic success. The whole of Division I, as well as the three subdivisions, were examined for the five-year period from 2013 …

Interrater Reliability Of Novice Examiners Using A-Mode Ultrasound And Skinfolds To Measure Subcutaneous Body Fat, Dale R. Wagner, Masaru Teramoto

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Examiners with minimal training and skill are often called upon to make body composition assessments using field methods. This study compared the interrater reliability of novice examiners for the skinfold (SKF) and A-mode ultrasound (US) methods of body composition assessment. Undergraduate Kinesiology majors (48 males, 32 females) with minimal training took both SKF and US measurements at three sites (males: chest, abdomen, thigh; females: triceps, suprailiac, thigh). Interrater reliability was significantly better for US compared to SKF at the thigh (ICC_US = 0.975, ICC_SKF = 0.912) and abdomen (ICC_US = 0.984, ICC_SKF = 0.693) for men …

No More “Social Distancing” But Practice Physical Separation, Debasree Das Gupta, David W. S. Wong

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Though not a new term, “social distancing” exploded onto the global stage as an expression to publicize the only means currently available to control the transmission of COVID-19. This term is increasingly being adopted and translated into the vernacular to inform and guide public behavior in most, if not all, countries around the world. However, any effective global response requires direct and unambiguous communication and sharing of ideas across communities with different cultural backgrounds as well as between researchers and responders across the disciplinary spectrum. Unfortunately, social distancing is a misnomer. The current use of social distancing – separating ourselves …

How “Dependent” Are We? A Spatiotemporal Analysis Of The Young And The Older Adult Populations In The Us, Debasree Das Gupta, David W. S. Wong

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The shifting of a country’s age structure has far-reaching socioeconomic and policy implications. In the US, the changing age structure at the sub-national level has received little research attention. To address this gap, we examine age dependencies across states in the US between 1990 and 2010 using decennial census data. We find that dependency changes have been gradual with a distinct graying of states during this period. Within this overarching trend, the sources of states’ dependencies follow complicated trajectories without clear spatiotemporal patterns. Nevertheless, changes in states’ old-age dependency contributions to respective total dependencies are geographically clustered and the inverse …

Choice‐Based Reminder Cues: Findings From An Mhealth Study To Improve Tuberculosis (Tb) Treatment Adherence Among The Urban Poor In India, Debasree Das Gupta, Amit Patel, Deepak Saxena, Naoru Koizumi, Poonam Trivedi, Krupali Patel, Devang Raval, Andrew King, Kerianne Chandler

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Poor treatment outcomes due to nonadherence and consequent high levels of drug resistance continue to challenge efforts to combat tuberculosis (TB) in India. Mobile health‐ or mHealth‐based reminder cues have been considered in multiple health behavior modification interventions, including TB treatment nonadherence. We conducted a quasi‐experimental study in Ahmedabad, India, to examine the effectiveness of mHealth‐based reminder cues customized to meet diverse patient needs. Results from this experiment indicate that the potential of customized mHealth reminder cues may remain unrealized unless addressed in conjunction with the multifaceted drivers of TB treatment nonadherence. The perspective we present here has broad relevance …

Case Study: Effect Of Surgical Metal Implant On Single Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Measures Of An Athlete, Dale R. Wagner

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This case study examined the influence of a surgical metal implant on the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) readings of an athlete. Single‐frequency BIA using a tetrapolar electrode configuration was applied to both the right and left sides of a 23‐year‐old female jumper who had an 8 × 345 mm titanium alloy nail implanted in her left tibia. The metal implant reduced BIA resistance and reactance on the implanted side by 27 and 6 ohms, respectively. This reduction in impedance resulted in a 0.4 kg–1.9 kg increase in the estimate of fat‐free mass (FFM) depending on the prediction formula used. There …

A Modified Lean And Release Technique To Emphasize Response Inhibition And Action Selection In Reactive Balance, David A.E. Bolton, Manhoud Mansour

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would …

Comparison Of A-Mode And B-Mode Ultrasound For Measurement Of Subcutaneous Fat, Dale R. Wagner, Masaru Teramoto, Trenton Judd, Joshua P. Gordon, Casey Mcpherson, Adrianna Robison

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

With lower-cost devices and technologic advancements, ultrasound has been undergoing a resurgence as a method to measure subcutaneous adipose tissue. We aimed to determine whether a low-cost, 2.5-MHz amplitude (A-mode) ultrasound, designed specifically for body composition assessment, could produce subcutaneous fat thickness measurements comparable to an expensive, 12-MHz brightness (B-mode) device. Fat thickness was measured on 40 participants (20 female, 20 male; 29.7 ± 11.1 y of age; body mass index 24.9 ± 4.5 kg/m²) at 7 sites (chest, subscapula, mid-axilla, triceps, abdomen, suprailiac and thigh) with both devices. Intraclass correlations exceeded 0.75 at all measurement sites. Mean …

Camp Organizational Support For Creativity Among New And Returning Camp Counselors, Myles L. Lynch, Cindy L. Hartman, Nate E. Trauntvein, Cari A. E. Moorhead

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Creativity supports interest, imagination, empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and overall engagement. Satisfied employees, who are supported in their creativity, have increased performance, motivation, and commitment. Residential summer camp is a demanding 24-hour job in which camp counselors use creativity on a regular basis via lesson planning, teaching activities, resolving conflict, and living within close proximity to coworkers. The purpose of the current study was to explore organizational support for creativity among first-year and returning staff at the beginning and end of one season of employment. Camp counselors (n = 113) participated in the current study utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative …

Forecasting Issues In Ncaa Division I Fbs Athletics, James T. Morton, Donna L. Pastore

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and its member institutions have been faced with significant changes in the recent past. This study was used to predict issues, caused by some of these changes, which will impact leaders of NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) athletic departments over the next five to seven years. The Delphi technique was employed to obtain expert opinions for the forecast. The expert panel consisted of sport management faculty who were surveyed over three rounds to determine what issues were likely to occur and whether or not those issues would have a significant impact. The …

Asea Redox Supplement Fails To Improve Aerobic Capacity And Ventilatory Threshold: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, Dale R. Wagner, Kyle Shegrud, Korry J. Hintze

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The ASEA redox cell signaling supplement beverage has been commercially available for the past decade. Despite the market longevity of this supplement, athletic sponsorship, and anecdotal ergogenic claims, there is no independent, peer-reviewed research on its efficacy. The purpose of this study was to determine if ASEA improves aerobic capacity (VO₂ max) and/or ventilatory threshold (VT) of physically active subjects. Eleven (6 females, 5 males) young adults (21.9 ± 3.9 yrs) performed 3 VO₂ max tests: (a) baseline; (b) after 2 wks of supplementing with ASEA; and (c) after 2 wks of taking a placebo in a cross-over …

An Examination Of The Present And Predictions For The Future Of Intercollegiate Athletics, James T. Morton, Donna L. Pastore

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This study forecasts future issues in NCAA Division I FBS intercollegiate athletics. The research design employed the Delphi technique to survey an expert panel, consisting of 12 athletic directors and associate athletic directors from FBS institutions, over three rounds to ascertain what issues are likely to occur over the next five to seven years and whether or not these issues will have a significant impact on the way intercollegiate athletics operates. Results of the study revealed eight issues that were likely to occur over the next five to seven years. Four of these issues related to the economic sector of …

College Choice Factors And Organizational Effectiveness In Intercollegiate Athletics, James T. Morton

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to find out if winning could be predicted by spending on facilities and coaches’ salaries by NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic departments. Using the goals attainment model (Price, 1972) approach, winning, as measured by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Cup Points, was used as the measure of organizational effectiveness for intercollegiate athletic departments. The results of a hierarchical multiple linear regression suggest that a significant proportion of the total variation in Directors’ Cup points was predicted by the combination of total annual debt service, total outstanding debt, average men’s head …

Stop-Signal Reaction Time Correlates With A Compensatory Balance Response, Garrett Rydalch, Hayden B. Bell, K. L. Ruddy, David A.E. Bolton

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Background

Response inhibition involves suppressing automatic, but unwanted action, which allows for behavioral flexibility. This capacity could theoretically contribute to fall prevention, especially in the cluttered environments we face daily. Although much has been learned from cognitive psychology regarding response inhibition, it is unclear if such findings translate to the intensified challenge of coordinating balance recovery reactions.

Research question

Is the ability to stop a prepotent response preserved when comparing performance on a standard test of response inhibition versus a reactive balance test where compensatory steps must be occasionally suppressed?

Methods

Twelve young adults completed a stop signal task and …

Motor Preparation For Compensatory Reach-To-Grasp Responses When Viewing A Wall-Mounted Safety Handle, David A.E. Bolton, David M. Cole, Jixun Zhan, Manhoud Mansour, Garrett Rydalch, Douglas W. Mcdannald, Sarah E. Schwartz

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The present study explored how motor cortical activity was influenced by visual perception of complex environments that either afforded or obstructed arm and leg reactions in young, healthy adults. Most importantly, we focused on compensatory balance reactions where the arms were required to regain stability following unexpected postural perturbation. Our first question was if motor cortical activity from the hand area automatically corresponds to the visual environment. Affordance-based priming of the motor system was assessed using single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to determine if visual access to a wall-mounted support handle influenced corticospinal excitability. We evaluated if hand actions were …

Staying Upright By Shutting Down? Evidence For Global Suppression Of The Motor System When Recovering Balance, Caleigh Goode, David M. Cole, David A.E. Bolton

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Background

When automatic, yet unwanted action is quickly inhibited, short-lived suppression throughout the motor system ensues. This effect is referred to as global suppression. Although response inhibition is essential for behavioral flexibility, widespread motor suppression may delay action reprogramming. In reactive balance control, even fleeting suppression of the motor system could interfere with our ability to adapt compensatory reactions quickly enough to avoid a fall.

Research Question

Is muscle activity in the hand suppressed when a prepotent compensatory step becomes suddenly blocked in a balance recovery task?

Methods

Nineteen young adults were tested using a lean and release apparatus. …

Interlimb Transfer And Generalisation Of Learning In The Context Of Persistent Failure To Accomplish A Visuomotor Task, David A.E. Bolton, A. R. Buick, T. J. Carroll, R. G. Carson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Transfer, in which capability acquired in one situation influences performance in another is considered, along with retention, as demonstrative of effectual learning. In this regard, interlimb transfer of functional capacity has commanded particular attention as a means of gauging the generalisation of acquired capability. Both theoretical treatments and prior empirical studies suggest that the successful accomplishment of a physical training regime is required to bring about generalised changes that extend to the untrained limb. In the present study, we pose the following question: Does interlimb transfer occur if and only if the training movements are executed? We report findings from …

Priming Of Grasping Muscles When Viewing A Safety Handle Is Diminished With Age, David A.E. Bolton, Sarah E. Schwartz, Manhoud Mansour, Garrett Rydalch, Douglas W. Mcdannald

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Merely viewing objects within reachable space can activate motor cortical networks and potentiate movement. This holds potential value for smooth interaction with objects in our surroundings, and could offer an advantage for quickly generating targeted hand movements (e.g. grasping a support rail to maintain stability). The present study investigated if viewing a wall-mounted safety handle resulted in automatic activation of motor cortical networks, and if this effect changes with age. Twenty-five young adults (18–30 years) and seventeen older adults (65+ years) were included in this study. Single-pulse, transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the motor cortical hand representation of young …

Relationships Between Neuromuscular Function And Functional Balance Performance In Firefighters, Jacob A. Mota, Timothy J. Barnette, Gena R. Gerstner, Hayden K. Giuliani, Andrew J. Tweedell, Craig R. Kleinberg, Brennan J. Thompson, Brian Pietrosimone, Eric D. Ryan

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between neuromuscular function and functional balance performance in firefighters. Fifty career firefighters (35.1±7.5yr) performed isometric leg extension and flexion muscle actions to examine peak torque (PT), and absolute (aTQ) and normalized (nTQ; %PT) rapid torque variables at 50, 100, 150, and 200ms. A performance index (PI) was determined from the functional balance assessment completion time. Partial correlations were used to examine the relationship between the PI and the maximal and rapid TQ variables for each muscle and the composite value, while controlling for demographic data related to the PI. …

Effect Of A Flying Versus Stationary Start On Wingate Test Outcomes Using An Electromagnetically-Braked Cycle Ergometer In Advanced Resistance-Trained Males, Nicolas W. Clark, Dale R. Wagner, Edward M. Heath

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

The purpose of this study was to compare power outputs of the flying start to the stationary start method on an electromagnetically–braked cycle ergometer. Twenty advanced resistance-trained men (age 24.6 ± 4.5 years; 25.4 ± 2.5 kg/m²) volunteered to participate in this study. A counter-balanced, repeated-measures design was utilized to randomly assign participants to either the flying start or the stationary start for their first Wingate test. Paired t tests were used to evaluate mean differences between start methods. Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), total work (TW), peak cadence (PC), mean cadence (MC), and time to reach …

Comparison Of Motor Skill Learning, Grip Strength And Memory Recall On Land And In Chest-Deep Water, Eadric Bressel, Michiel N. Vakula, Youngwook Kim, David A.E. Bolton, Chris J. Dakin

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Immersion in chest-deep water may augment explicit memory in healthy adults however, there is limited information on how this environment might affect implicit memory or motor learning. The purpose of this study was to compare the speed and accuracy for learning a motor skill on land and in chest-deep water. Verbal word recall and grip strength were included to gain a more complete understanding of the intervention. Sixty-two younger adults (age = 23.3 ± 3.59 yrs.) were randomly assigned to either a water group immersed to the xiphoid or a land group. Participants in both groups completed the same eight …

Motor Affordance For Grasping A Safety Handle, Douglas W. Mcdannald, Manhoud Mansour, Garrett Rydalch, David A.E. Bolton

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Mere observation of objects in our surroundings can potentiate movement, a fact reflected by visually-primed activation of motor cortical networks. This mechanism holds potential value for reactive balance control where recovery actions of the arms or legs must be targeted to a new support base to avoid a fall. The present study was conducted to test if viewing a wall-mounted safety handle – the type of handle commonly used to regain balance – results in activation of motor cortical networks. We hypothesized that the hand area of the primary motor cortex would be facilitated shortly after visual access to a …

Summer Camp As A Force For 21st Century Learning: Exploring Divergent Thinking In A Residential Camp Setting, Myles L. Lynch, C. Boyd Hegarty, Nate E. Trauntvein, Jonathan Plucker

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

This study investigated change in divergent thinking (DT), an indicator of creative potential, at two gender-specific residential summer camps. Additionally, this study examined whether the change in DT varied by gender and by the type of activities campers self-select. Quantitative methods, using a quasi-experimental design was used in order to understand differences in camper scores. A total of 189 youth, 100 girls, 89 boys, between the ages of 9 and 14 years participated in the current study. Participants were administered a modified version of Guilford's (1967) alternate uses task, a measure of DT, in which respondents were asked questions such …