Kinesiology Commons^™

Television Viewing And Long-Term Weight Maintenance: Results From The Natinoal Weight Control Registry, Douglas A. Raynor, Suzanne Phelan, James O. Hill, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: To examine the role of television (TV) viewing in long-term maintenance of weight loss.
Research Methods and Procedures: All subjects (N = 1422) were enrolled in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a national sample of adults who have maintained a minimum weight loss of 13.6 kg for at least 1 year. Participants self-reported the average number of hours of weekly TV viewing at entry into the NWCR and at a 1-year follow-up. Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were performed to determine the frequency of TV viewing and the extent to which TV viewing was independently associated with weight regain …

Changes In Ventilatory Threshold At High Altitude: Effect Of Antioxidants, Andrew W. Subudi, Kevin A. Jacobs, Todd A. Hagobian, Jill A. Fattor, Stephen R. Muza, Charles S. Fulco, Allen Cymerman, Anne L. Friedlander

Kinesiology and Public Health

Purpose: To investigate the effects of prolonged hypoxia and antioxidant supplementation on ventilatory threshold (VT) during high-altitude (HA) exposure (4300 m).
Methods: Sixteen physically fit males (25 ± 5 yr; 77.8 ± 8.5 kg) performed an incremental test to maximal exertion on a cycle ergometer at sea level (SL). Subjects were then matched on VO2peak, ventilatory chemosensitivity, and body mass and assigned to either a placebo (PL) or antioxidant (AO) supplement group in a randomized, double-blind manner. PL or AO (12 mg of β-carotene, 180 mg of α-tocopherol acetate, 500 mg of ascorbic acid, 100 μg of selenium, and 30 …

Acculturation And Breast Density In Foreign-Born, U.S. Chinese Women, Marilyn Tseng, Celia Byrne, Kathryn A. Evers, W. Thomas London, Mary B. Daly

Kinesiology and Public Health

The role of acculturation in the breast cancer risk increase among U.S. Chinese women is unclear. We examined the association between acculturation and breast density in a sample of foreign-born, U.S. Chinese women and examined factors that may explain such an association. Between January 2002 and May 2003, 212 Chinese women were recruited from Philadelphia region screening programs. Cranial-caudal mammographic images were classified into one of four categories ranging from ‘‘entirely fatty’’ to ‘‘extremely dense.’’ Questionnaires assessed information on sociodemographic, cultural, reproductive, and lifestyle factors. An index of acculturation was created based on self-reported English proficiency and within-and cross-ethnicity social …

Are The Eating And Exercise Habits Of Successful Weigh Losers Changing?, Suzanne Phelan, Holly R. Wyatt, James O. Hill, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether the diet and exercise behaviors of successful weight losers entering the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) have changed between 1995 and 2003.
Research Method and Procedures: Participants (N = 2708) were members of the NWCR who enrolled in intermittent years since 1995. Participants had lost an average of 33.1 kg and maintained a 13.6-kg loss for 5.8 years before enrollment. Evaluations of diet and physical activity were conducted at entry into the NWCR and prospectively over 1 year.
Results: From 1995 to 2003, the daily percentage of calories from fat …

Interactions Between Energy Surplus And Short-Term Exercise On Glucose And Insulin Responses In Healthy People With Induced, Mild Insulin Insensitivity, Todd A. Hagobian, Barry Braun

Kinesiology and Public Health

Short-term exercise can enhance insulin action, but the effect may be negated by the opposing action of energy surplus. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that a single exercise bout would increase insulin action, even when opposed by a concurrent energy surplus. After 2 days in energy balance without exercise, baseline glucose and insulin areas under the curve and the insulin sensitivity index (C-ISI) were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in 9 healthy, habitually active subjects (6 males, 3 females). A state of relative insulin insensitivity was then induced by systematic overfeeding (OF) to …

Cytokine Response At High Altitude: Effects Of Exercise And Antioxidants At 4300 M, Todd A. Hagobian, Kevin A. Jacobs, Andrew W. Subudhi, Jill A. Fattor, Paul B. Rock, Stephen R. Muza, Charles S. Fulco, Barry Braun, Ann Grediagin, Robert S. Mazzeo, Allen Cymerman, Anne L. Friedlander

Kinesiology and Public Health

Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that antioxidant supplementation would attenuate plasma cytokine (IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at rest and in response to exercise at 4300-m elevation.
Methods: A total of 17 recreationally trained men were matched and assigned to an antioxidant (N = 9) or placebo (N = 8) group in a double-blinded fashion. At sea level (SL), energy expenditure was controlled and subjects were weight stable. Then, 3 wk before and throughout high altitude (HA), an antioxidant supplement (10,000 IU β-carotene, 200 IU α-tocopherol acetate, 250 mg ascorbic …

Cd4+ Cell Count, Viral Load, And Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Use Are Independent Predictors Of Body Composition Alterations In Hiv-Infected Adults: A Longitudinal Study, Ann Y. Mcdermott, Norma Terrin, Christine Wanke, Sally Skinner, Eric Tchetgen, Abby H. Shevitz

Kinesiology and Public Health

To understand the concurrent effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the immune system, and antiretroviral therapy on body composition alterations, we examined annualized composition changes in HIV-infected adults who were receiving stable antiretroviral therapy.

Mypyramid.Gov, Ann Y. Mcdermott

Kinesiology and Public Health

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has un-unveiled a new symbol and an interactive "food guidance system" called "MyPyramid: Steps to a Healthier You," which replaces the 13-year-old Food Guide Pyramid. The new program aims to support the eating and physical activity habits necessary to promote health and prevent such common diseases as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and some cancers. Over the past few decades, population-specific scientific evidence of the effects of nutrition, activity, and body weight on health outcomes has become available. The scientific literature allowed the formulation of new and more detailed recommendations. The USDA's new system …

Correlates Of Soy Food Consumption In Women At Increased Risk For Breast Cancer, Carolyn Y. Fang, Marilyn Tseng, Mary B. Daly

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objectives The objectives of the present study were to examine sociodemographic correlates of soy food consumption among women at increased risk of breast cancer, describe factors influencing soy food consumption or nonconsumption, and identify women’s sources of information about soy foods. Design A cross-sectional, self-report survey was used to assess frequency of and factors influencing soy food consumption. Soy food intake was reported for the past year. Subjects/setting Participants were 452 women with family histories of breast cancer who were enrolled in a cancer risk assessment program. Statistical analyses performed Comparisons between consumers and nonconsumers of soy foods were performed …

Obesity In Women, Suzanne Phelan, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

No abstract provided.

The National Weight Control Registry: Is It Useful In Helping Deal With Our Obesity Epidemic?, James O. Hill, Holly Wyatt, Suzanne Phelan, Rena Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

The National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) consists of over 4800 individuals who have been successful in long-term weight loss maintenance. The purpose of establishing the NWCR was to identify the common characteristics of those who succeed in long-term weight loss maintenance. We found very little similarity in how these individuals lost weight but some common behaviors in how they are keeping their weight off. To maintain their weight loss NWCR participants report eating a relatively low-fat diet, eating breakfast almost every day, weighing themselves regularly, and engaging in high levels (about 1 hour/day) of physical activity. Because this is not …

Comparison Of Intakes Of Us Chinese Women Based On Food Frequency And 24-Hour Recall Data, Marilyn Tseng, Teresita Hernandez

Kinesiology and Public Health

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare dietary reports from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for US Chinese women with 24-hour recall estimates. The subjects were 56 women recruited through organizations in Philadelphia’s Chinese community. Spearman correlations were used to describe FFQ estimates of food servings per month and nutrient intake per day vs estimates from three 24-hour recalls over 1 month. On average, women reported at least weekly consumption of 28 of 96 FFQ food items. The three most frequently consumed were rice (38 times/month), tea (29 times/ month), and dark green, leafy vegetables (18 times/ month). …

Amount Of Food Group Variety Consumed In The Diet And Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance, Hollie A. Raynor, Robert W. Jeffery, Suzanne Phelan, James O. Hill, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: Decreases in variety of foods consumed within high-fat-dense food groups and increases in variety of foods consumed within low-fat-dense food groups are associated with lower energy intake and greater weight loss during obesity treatment and may assist with weight loss maintenance. This study examined food group variety in 2237 weight loss maintainers in the National Weight Control Registry, who had lost 32.2 ± 18.0 kg (70.9 ± 39.5 lbs) and maintained a weight loss of at least 13.6 kg (30 lbs) for 6.1 ± 7.7 years.
Research Methods and Procedures: At entry into the registry, registry members completed a …

Involving Support Partners In Obesity Treatment, Amy Gorin, Suzanne Phelan, Deborah Tate, Nancy Sherwood, Robert Jeffery, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

In this study, the authors examined whether the number or success of weight loss partners influences participants' outcomes in behavioral weight loss treatment. Overweight participants (n = 109) assigned to an exercise intensive group in a larger trial were encouraged to invite up to 3 partners to attend treatment. Weight losses at 6, 12, and 18 months were not associated with the number of partners (0-3) but were associated with the weight loss success of the partners. Participants with at least 1 successful partner (weight loss ≥10% at 6 months) lost significantly (p = .004) more weight at 6, 12, …

A Comparison Of The Clinical And Cost-Effectiveness Of 3 Intervention Strategies For Aids Wasting, Abby H. Shevitz, Ira B. Wilson, Ann Y. Mcdermott, Donna Spiegelman, Sarah C. Skinner, Kristina Antonsson, Jennifer E. Layne, Aaron Beaston-Blaakman, Donald S. Shepard, Sherwood L. Gorbach

Kinesiology and Public Health

To compare oxandrolone (OX) or strength training with nutrition alone (NA) for AIDS wasting.

Effects Of Heat Removal Through The Hand On Metabolism And Performance During Cycling Exercise In The Heat, Andrew R. Hsu, Todd A. Hagobian, Kevin A. Jacobs, Hamdee Attallah, Anne L. Friedlander

Kinesiology and Public Health

OBJECTIVE: This two-part study tested the hypotheses that the use of a new cooling device, purported to extract heat from the body core through the palm of the hand, would (a) attenuate core temperature rise during submaximal exercise in the heat, thereby suppressing exercise-associated metabolic changes, and (b) facilitate a higher sustained workload, thus shortening the completion time of a time-trial performance test. METHODS: In Study 1, 8 male triathletes (age 27.9 ± 2.0 yrs, mass 77.2 ± 3.1 kg, VO₂peak 59.0 ± 4.1 ml x min^-1 x kg^-1) cycled for 1 hr at the …

Medical Triggers Are Associated With Better Short- And Long-Term Weight Loss Outcomes, Amy A. Gorin, Suzanne Phelan, James O. Hill, Rena R. Wing

Kinesiology and Public Health

Background. Medical events are often reported as triggers for weight loss, but it is unknown whether medical triggers result in better short- and long-term weight control.
Methods. The relationship between medical triggers and weight loss was examined in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), a database of individuals who have lost ≥30 lbs and kept it off for ≥1 year. Recall of weight loss triggers may become difficult over time, thus participants were limited to those reporting weight loss (1) participants with medical triggers (N = 207), (2) participants with nonmedical triggers (N = 539), and (3) participants …

From Colorblindness To Intercultural Sensitivity: Infusing Diversity Training In Pete Programs, Joe W. Burden Jr., Samuel R. Hodge, Camille P. O'Bryant, Louis Harrison Jr.

Kinesiology and Public Health

In this paper, we advocate infusing diversity training across physical education teacher education (PETE) programs and curricula (DeSensi, 1995). Specifically, we call for PETE programs to provide curriculum content and professional socialization experiences that enhance intercultural sensitivity to better prepare novice teachers for working effectively with students of various cultures and ethnicities (DeSensi, 1995; Hodge, 2003). We discuss (a) changing demographics in society and schools with implications for preparing teachers, (b) moving from ethnocentricism to ethnorelativism of intercultural sensitivity, (c) implementing NCATE diversity initiatives, (d) infusing diversity training in PETE programs, and (e) understanding physical activity and sport participation patterns …

Foot Cooling Reduces Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia In Men With Spinal Cord Injury, Todd A. Hagobian, Kevin A. Jacobs, B Jenny Kiratli, Anne L. Friedlander

Kinesiology and Public Health

The number of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) participating in sports at recreational and elite levels is on the rise. However, loss of autonomic nervous system function below the lesion can compromise thermoregulatory capacity and increase the risk of heat stress relative to able-bodied (AB) individuals.
Purpose: To test the hypotheses that exercise in a heated environment would increase tympanic temperature (TTY) more in individuals with SCI than AB individuals, and that foot cooling using a new device would attenuate the rise in TTY during exercise in both groups.
Methods: Six subjects with SCI (lesions C5–T5) and six AB …

Exercise And The Elderly: Guidelines And Practical Prescription Applications For The Clinician, Ann Y. Mcdermott, Heather Mernitz

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: To review the components of exercise prescription and approaches to developing an exercise prescription for older persons. Methods: Case studies and qualitative review of the literature. Results: Effective exercise programs specify the appropriate mode, intensity, duration, frequency, and progression of training. According to the American College of Sports Medicine, patients should participate in aerobic exercise 3 to 5 days per week, maintaining target heart rate for 20 to 60 minutes. Resistance training should be performed at least twice per week and should target the 7 major muscle groups. Proper technique is necessary and speed and breathing should be controlled. …

Exercise And The Elderly: A Scientific Rationale For Exercise Prescription, Heather Mernitz, Ann Y. Mcdermott

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: To review the benefits of exercise intervention in older persons and the role of exercise in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Methods: Qualitative assessment of the literature focusing on randomized controlled trials. Results: Participation in regular physical activity, including aerobic exercise and strength training, can improve health, functional ability, and quality of life in older persons. Higher levels of aerobic activity are associated with increased physical fitness, decreased total mortality, and improvements in cardiovascular risk profile. Resistance training combats myopathy and osteopenia and increases muscle endurance and function. Additional benefits from exercise include improved bone health and …

Promoting Long-Term Weight Control: Does Dieting Consistency Matter?, Amy A. Gorin, Suzanne Phelan, Rena R. Wing, James O. Hill

Kinesiology and Public Health

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether long-term weight loss maintenance is enhanced by maintaining the same diet regimen across the week and year or by dieting more strictly on weekdays and nonholiday periods than at other times.
METHOD: National Weight Control Registry participants (N¼1429) indicated on an eight-point scale whether they dieted more strictly on weekends than weekdays, adhered to the same diet regimen throughout the week, or dieted more strictly on weekdays. Participants responded to a similar question about holiday and vacation eating. Participants were then followed prospectively to determine whether scores on these questions were related to self-reported …

Promoting More Modest Weight Losses: A Pilot Study, Gary D. Foster, Suzanne Phelan, Thomas A. Wadden, Debra Gill, Jenna Ermold, Elizabeth Didie

Kinesiology and Public Health

Objective: This pilot study assessed the short- and long-term effects of a modified cognitive behavioral treatment designed to facilitate obese patients' acceptance of a 5% to 10% reduction in initial weight.
Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 17 women with a mean age of 46.5 ± 9.7 years and BMI of 34.7 ± 2.9 kg/m². They participated in a 40-week program that included four phases. The first discussed the benefits of modest weight losses and the potential adverse effects of unrealistic expectations. Phase II provided instruction in traditional cognitive behavioral methods of weight control Phase III focused on …

Development Of A Multi-Disciplinary Ecological Model For Childhood Obesity, David W. Hey

Kinesiology and Public Health

During the past two decades the prevalence of childhood obesity has steadily increased in the United States. An ecological model of health behavior change has been recommended to address the rise in childhood obesity. The purpose of this study was to build a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary, ecological childhood obesity model by examining past theory and research in 25 journals covering five disciplines over a decade (1993-2002).

To identify environmental antecedents, this study collapsed 10 existing ecological models of obesity prevention and divided resultant antecedents (n=94) into five ecological categories (social norms/national policies, community factors, school factors, family/peer or interpersonal …

Dietary Patterns And Prostate Cancer Risk In The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiological Follow-Up Study Cohort, Marilyn Tseng, Rosalind A. Breslow, Robert F. Devillis, Regina G. Ziegler

Kinesiology and Public Health

Ecological studies implicate a “Western” diet in prostate cancer development, but whether dietary patterns measured in individuals are associated with risk has not been studied previously. We examined this issue using prospective data from the nationally representative United States Health Examination Epidemiological Follow-up Study. Among 3,779 men followed from 1982– 84 to 1992, 136 incident cases were identified. Using principal component analysis on responses to a 105-item dietary questionnaire, the following three distinct patterns were identified: a vegetable-fruit pattern; a red meat-starch pattern characterized by red meats, potatoes, cheese, salty snacks, and desserts; and a Southern pattern characterized by such …

Nutrition Treatment For Hiv Wasting: A Prescription For Food As Medicine, Ann Y. Mcdermott, Abby Shevitz, Aviva Must, Susan Harris, Ronenn Roubenoff, Sherwood Gorbach

Kinesiology and Public Health

The optimal nutrition approach for the promotion of weight gain in HIV-infected adults with wasting remains unclear. Previous dietary interventions report minimal success and provide inadequate information regarding the counseling approach, contact time, session format, and issues addressed with the subject. The methods we report were incorporated in a 12-week intervention trial for the reversal of HIV-wasting. Methods: All subjects involved in the intervention trial for the reversal of HIV-wasting received weekly, customized, one-on-one counseling and an oral nutrition supplement (480 kcal/d with 30 g protein). The nutrition aims were to (1) increase caloric intake to surpass daily energy requirements …

Assessment Of Quality Of Life In Obese Individuals, Thomas A. Wadden, Suzanne Phelan

Kinesiology and Public Health

No abstract provided.

The Role Of Adherence In Mediating The Relationship Between Depression And Health Outcomes, Rena R. Wing, Suzanne Phelan, Deborah Tate

Kinesiology and Public Health

Depression has been linked to poor health outcome in a number of studies; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship has received little attention. This paper explores the possibility that adherence mediates the relationship between depression and outcome. Principal findings regarding the relationship between depression, adherence, and outcome are reviewed. The data suggest that depression is related, at least moderately, to poorer adherence to a variety of treatment components. The relationship between adherence and outcome is more difficult to establish. In addition, current data, albeit limited, do not support the hypothesis that adherence mediates the relationship between depression and outcome. An …

An Assessment Of The Factors That Influence The Promotion And Delivery Of Sport, Fitness, And Health Courses: Contributions Of Marketing To Physical Education, Ketra L. Armstrong, Camille O'Bryant, Carla Costa

Kinesiology and Public Health

The factors that influence students' enrollment in sport, fitness, and health courses, and their evaluation of the quality of service they receive continues to be of interest. A case study exposed a variety of factors influencing the promotion and delivery of sport, fitness. and health courses. While most of the factors identified were only minimally influential, the most prominent reasons for enrolling in sport, fitness, and health courses were related to skill development or enhancement of knowledge about health anti fitness. The "performance of the instructor" received the highest raring relating to course delivery quality, and "improvement in fitness" received …

Dietary Patterns And Prostate Cancer Risk In The Nhefs Cohort, Marilyn Tseng

Kinesiology and Public Health

We examined the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk using data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. The study population included 3,779 men followed 1982-4 to 1992, with 136 prostate cancer cases identified during the follow-up. Principal components analysis on responses to a lOS-item diet questionnaire in 1982-84 was used to identify dietary patterns, and scores representing level of intake of each pattern were categorized into tertiles. Three distinct patterns were identified: a vegetable-fruit pattern, a red meat-starch pattern characterized by intake of beef, pork, potatoes, and sweets, and a southern pattern characterized …