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Articles 61 - 86 of 86
Full-Text Articles in Immunology and Infectious Disease
Mast Cells In Kainate Receptor Knockout Mice, Andrea J. Elkovich
Mast Cells In Kainate Receptor Knockout Mice, Andrea J. Elkovich
Theses and Dissertations
Kainate receptor knockout mice have unique differences within their immune system. They exhibit an attenuated TH2 branch, while maintaining a robust TH1 response. Specifically, blocking the formation of functional kainate receptors affects mast cells and their related pathologies. While they seem to develop and activate normally in vivo and in vitro, KAR KO mast cells release more inflammatory mediators upon degranulation. These mice experience severe anaphylactic shock due to two compounding abnormalities. First, KAR KO mast cells release significantly more histamine in vivo upon IgE-mediated activation. Second, the animals over-respond to exogenous histamine with drastic …
The Effect Of Dexamethasone On Il-33-Mediated Mast Cell Activation, Oksana I. Chernushevich
The Effect Of Dexamethasone On Il-33-Mediated Mast Cell Activation, Oksana I. Chernushevich
Theses and Dissertations
Dexamethasone has been shown to inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation, and the present research investigated its role in suppressing IL-33-mediated mast cell activation. We have found that micromolar concentrations of Dexamethasone are capable of suppressing IL-33-mediated mast cell cytokine production, on several genetic backgrounds, and in not only bone marrow derived mast cells, but also peritoneal mast cells. Intracellular staining demonstrated that Dexamethasone significantly reduces expression of the IL-33 receptor, T1/ST2, in mast cells; however, the cytokine suppression is independent of T1/ST2 downregulation. At the same time, Dexamethasone pretreatment significantly reduced ERK phosphorylation, but our data suggests that inhibition occurs …
The Role Of Adam10, Adam17, And Spag6 In Humoral Immunity And Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Architecture, Lauren Folgosa Cooley
The Role Of Adam10, Adam17, And Spag6 In Humoral Immunity And Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Architecture, Lauren Folgosa Cooley
Theses and Dissertations
ADAM10, ADAM17, and SPAG6 contribute significantly to humoral immunity and secondary lymphoid tissue architecture. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two closely related zinc-metalloproteinases. Through cleavage of their ligands CD23 and TNF, respectively, they greatly influence IgE production and secondary lymphoid tissue architecture maintenance. Th1 prone WT strains initially exhibit increased ADAM17 and TNF yet reduced ADAM10 relative to Th2 prone WT strains. In the absence of B cell ADAM10, a compensatory increase in ADAM17 and TNF cleavage is noted only in Th1 prone C57Bl/6, not Th2 prone Balb/c. B cell TNF homeostasis is important for maintaining secondary lymphoid tissue architecture. We …
The Effect Of Lactic Acid On Mast Cell Function, Andrew J. Spence
The Effect Of Lactic Acid On Mast Cell Function, Andrew J. Spence
Theses and Dissertations
This study shows for the first time the effect that L-(+)-lactic acid has on mast cell activation. Lactic acid is a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis and is associated with inflammatory environments such as wounds, tumors and, asthma. In this study, pre-treatment with lactic acid altered cytokine production by bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). Specifically, lactic acid enhanced cytokine secretion following IgE cross-linking, but decreased IL-33 mediated cytokine production. These effects were altered by genetic background, since C57BL/6 mast cells demonstrated the aforementioned result, but lactic acid had no effect on IgE-mediated cytokine production in 129/SvJ mast cells. The affected cytokines …
The Effect Of Fluvastatin On Mast Cell Function: Genotype Dependence, Elizabeth M. Kolawole
The Effect Of Fluvastatin On Mast Cell Function: Genotype Dependence, Elizabeth M. Kolawole
Theses and Dissertations
Fluvastatin, the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor known for its role in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease, has more recently been shown to play a role in the immune response. Given the critical role that mast cells play in allergy and inflammatory diseases such as asthma, which effects one third of America’s population, we assessed the effect of fluvastatin on mast cell and basophils function. We demonstrate that fluvastatin downregulated IgE-mediated cytokine production. Additionally, in vivo studies showed that fluvastatin suppressed IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Interestingly, the effects of fluvastatin showed dependence on genetic background, as C57BL/6 mast cells were sensitive, while …
The Role Of Toll-Like Receptor 9 In Periodontitis, Paul Kim
The Role Of Toll-Like Receptor 9 In Periodontitis, Paul Kim
Theses and Dissertations
Periodontitis is a biofilm-initiated inflammatory disease, resulting in soft tissue damage and alveolar bone loss. A nucleic acid sensor, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), has been recently implicated in periodontal inflammation. This study utilized an in vivo periodontitis model using TLR9 knockout (TLR9-/-) mice to assess the role of TLR9 in periodontitis. Significant bone loss was observed in wild type, but not in TLR9-/- mice. Further experiments using ex vivo assays revealed significantly higher IL-6 production in splenocytes of wild type mice compared to knockout cells in response to Porphyromonas gingivalis (a keystone pathogen for periodontitis) challenge. In conclusion, TLR9 contributes …
Identification Of Peptidases In Highly-Pathogenic Versus Weakly-Pathogenic Naegleria Fowleri Amebae, Ishan Vyas
Identification Of Peptidases In Highly-Pathogenic Versus Weakly-Pathogenic Naegleria Fowleri Amebae, Ishan Vyas
Theses and Dissertations
Naegleria fowleri, a free-living ameba, is the causative agent of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. Highly-pathogenic mouse-passaged amebae (Mp) and weakly-pathogenic axenically-grown (Ax) N. fowleri were examined for peptidase activity. Zymography and azocasein peptidase activity assays demonstrated that Mp and Ax N. fowleri exhibited a similar peptidase pattern. Prominent for whole cell lysates, membranes and conditioned medium from Mp and Ax amebae were the presence of an activity band of approximately 58kDa and 100 kDa bands susceptible to the action of cysteine and metallopeptidase inhibitors, respectively. Further roles of the peptidases during the invasion process were examined by in vitro invasion assays …
Molecular Analysis Of The Localization And Function Of Caspase-Like Proteins In Dictyostelium Discoideum And The Parasitic Protozoan Acanthamoeba Castellanii, Entsar Jabbar Saheb Kano
Molecular Analysis Of The Localization And Function Of Caspase-Like Proteins In Dictyostelium Discoideum And The Parasitic Protozoan Acanthamoeba Castellanii, Entsar Jabbar Saheb Kano
Theses and Dissertations
Two novel families of caspase-like proteins, metacaspases and paracaspases, have been discovered but have remained poorly characterized. Metacaspase type-1 (Acmcp) has been identified in Acanthamoeba castellanii , which is an opportunistic protozoan parasite that causes several diseases in humans. On the other hand, paracaspase (Ddpcp) has been found in the protozoan Dictyostelium discoideum . D. discoideum is well-researched model organism that is appropriate for studying these caspase-like proteins. In this study, we investigated the localization and molecular function of metacaspase and paracaspase proteins by over-expressing them in D. discoideum . Separate cell lines over-expressing a GFP-tagged version of the full …
Gliotoxin Production In Aspergillus Fumigatus, Susan Musyimi
Gliotoxin Production In Aspergillus Fumigatus, Susan Musyimi
Theses and Dissertations
Aspergillus fumigalus is a ubiquitous fungus that causes an infection called aspergillosis in immune-compromised surgery patients (Latge, 2001, 384; Bok et al. 2006). Aspergillosis cases have increased in the past decade due to the increasing number of patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy and receiving organ transplants (Bok et al. 2006). Although there is still disagreement as to the causative agent of the symptoms accompanying aspergillosis, many scientists suspect that the compound, gliotoxin, plays a major role, hi this study, we compared the amounts of gliotoxin produced from clinical and environmental isolates of A. fumigatus. We hypothesized that the amount of gliotoxin …
Endoparasites Of Cats In Two Central Utah Communities, Thomas W. Sawyer
Endoparasites Of Cats In Two Central Utah Communities, Thomas W. Sawyer
Theses and Dissertations
A survey of the endoparasites of 100 stray cats in central Utah was conducted. Each cat was euthanized, and the entire alimentary tract, gall bladder, bile duct, heart, respiratory and excretory systems were excised and examined for endoparasites. Fecal samples were examined by a sugar flotation technique. Parasites identified and number of cats infected were: Isospora felis 5; I. rivolta, 4; Dipylidium caninum, 1; Hydatigera taeniaformis, 10; Toxocara mystax, 43; and Physaloptera sp., 2. One ectoparasite, Cheyletiella parasitivorax, was identified in the feces of 4 cats. Dipylidium caninum and T. mystax are known to cause accidental infection in humans and …
Efficacy Of Bunamidine Hydrochloride Against Immature And Mature Stages Of Echinococcus Granulosus, Lauritz A. Jensen
Efficacy Of Bunamidine Hydrochloride Against Immature And Mature Stages Of Echinococcus Granulosus, Lauritz A. Jensen
Theses and Dissertations
A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against the immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus found in Utah. Twenty-seven dogs were obtained from local animal shelters and experimentally infected with the parasite. The drug was given at dosage levels of 25 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg of bodyweight. It was from 85.9 to 98.8% effective against the immature stage, and 100% effective against the adult stage. The results suggest that this drug can feasibly be used under field conditions where hydatid disease is endemic.
Cinemicrography Of Selected Parasites Of Fishes And Of Free-Living Stages Of Haemonchus Contortus, Stephen Homer Hilton
Cinemicrography Of Selected Parasites Of Fishes And Of Free-Living Stages Of Haemonchus Contortus, Stephen Homer Hilton
Theses and Dissertations
Two 16 mm color films were made to help fill a general need for instructional motion pictures in the area of Parasitology. One film "Haemonchus contortus, a Sheep Stomach Worm," deals with a nematode parasite of sheep, showing all stages of its external development and including a time-lapse sequence of the embryonation of the egg. The other film, "Some Parasites of Freshwater Fishes," shows six parasites; Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cotylurus erraticus, Dactylogyrus sp., Lernaea cyprinacea, Trichodina sp., and Diplostomum spathaceum for the first time in motion pictures. The films were photographed through a Wild dissecting scope and a Reichert Universal Camera …
The Effects Of Temperature On The Oocysts Of Isospora Canis, Ray Loveless
The Effects Of Temperature On The Oocysts Of Isospora Canis, Ray Loveless
Theses and Dissertations
Oocysts of Isospora canis, an important protozoan parasite of dogs, must sporulate in the external environment in order to become infective. To determine the tolerance of these oocysts to different temperatures, oocysts ware collected from freshly passed feces, cleaned, and subsequently stored in unsporulated, partially sporulated, and completely sporulated conditions at temperatures ranging from +50 C to -50 C. Observations on survival for each group were determined periodically thereafter at intervals up to 64 days. The rate of sporulation was followed at 6 hr intervals for temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 38 C. Completely sporulated oocysts ware more resistant …
The Effect Of Haloxon And Thiabendazole On The Free-Living Stages Of Haemonchus Contortus, Gary Mccallister
The Effect Of Haloxon And Thiabendazole On The Free-Living Stages Of Haemonchus Contortus, Gary Mccallister
Theses and Dissertations
This study was undertaken to determine the effect of thiabendazole and haloxon on the free-living stages of Haemonchus contortus and to determine the suitability of the free-living stages for their use in primary drug evaluation for chemotherapy or for chemical control of free-living stages. Cleaned unembryonated ova, embryonated ova, first-, second-, third-, and exsheathed third-stage larvae were exposed to suspensions of 5.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.12%, 0.05%, and water soluble concentrations of each drug for exposure times of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 hours at pH 7.0 and 25° C. Survival was assessed by observing any subsequent …
A Proposed Mechanism Of Action For In Vitro Excystation Of Two Species Of Coccidia, William Ronald Jolley
A Proposed Mechanism Of Action For In Vitro Excystation Of Two Species Of Coccidia, William Ronald Jolley
Theses and Dissertations
Excystation of coccidian oocysts is accomplished in vitro by altering wall permeability with CO2 and a reducing agent, then activating the enclosed sporozoites with a solution of trypsin and bile. Elucidation of the mechanism of action of the CO2-reducing agent treatment was the basic intent of this study. Oocysts of Eimeria stiedae (rabbit) and E. tenella (chicken) were tested for the presence of an excystation-associated enzyme by incubating sporulated oocysts in fluids extracted from variously treated oocysts, and by carbon-14 labelling; the effect of CO2 -reducing agent treatment on oocyst walls was investigated by titration with acid or base for …
The Effects Of Different Gases On Excystation Of Coccidian Oocysts, James B. Jensen
The Effects Of Different Gases On Excystation Of Coccidian Oocysts, James B. Jensen
Theses and Dissertations
Excystation of coccidian oocysts is a diphasic process where CO2 and suitable reducing agents cause changes in oocyst wall permeability (phase I) allowing the entrance of trypsin and bile which activate the sporozoites (phase II). This project was an indirect study of the mechanism of CO2 action by the substitution of NO, NO2, N2O, H2S, SO2 , CH4, NH3 and 8M urea in place of CO2. Changes in oocyst wall permeability of Eimeria stiedae, E. bovis and E. tenella were determined by incubation with the reagents and cysteine HCl followed by treatment with trypsin and bile to initiate activation of …
The Effects Of Temperatures And Chemicals On The Oocysts Of Eimeria Stiedae, Charles Larry Keehner
The Effects Of Temperatures And Chemicals On The Oocysts Of Eimeria Stiedae, Charles Larry Keehner
Theses and Dissertations
A study was made of the effects of temperatures and chemicals on the unsporulated and sporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedae. In general, oocysts were affected by temperatures lower than -10 C and above +39 C, while normal development occurred between these temperatures. Unsporulated oocysts were more tolerant to temperature extremes, as they survived up to 8 days at 39 C and 12 days at -28 C. Sporulated oocysts were killed after 24 hours storage at 39 C and 4 days at -28 C. Oocyst resistance to low temperatures was not improved if unsporulated and sporulated oocysts were conditioned before and …
The Reproductive Biology Of The Leech Helobdella Stagnalis (Linnaeus) In Utah Lake, David L. Tillman
The Reproductive Biology Of The Leech Helobdella Stagnalis (Linnaeus) In Utah Lake, David L. Tillman
Theses and Dissertations
The reproductive biology of the brooding leech Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus) in Utah Lake was studied for an 18 month period from June 1970 to December 1971. In determining the annual reproductive cycle, the number of adult leeches carrying eggs or young were counted at weekly intervals during the reproductive season and monthly during the rest of the year. Gonadal staging data from histological sections were correlated with the field collection data. It was found that two broods of young were produced by the adult animals during the reproductive season. Continuous water temperatures were recorded at the study site throughout the …
Post-Mortem Examination Of Cattle And Sheep For Parasitic Helminths, Phil Duke Wright
Post-Mortem Examination Of Cattle And Sheep For Parasitic Helminths, Phil Duke Wright
Theses and Dissertations
A survey of helminth parasites of sheep and cattle was conducted to determine the incidence and distribution of these parasites that could be detected by post-mortem examination. Animals were obtained from local abattoirs within the valley, and the viscera were examined for the presence of helminth parasites. Parasites identifies from sheep in order of highest incidence were: Haemonchus contorus, Ostertagia cicumcinta, Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus spathiger, Trichostongylus colubriformis, Thysanosoma actinioides, Trichuris ovis, N. filicollis, Echinococcus granulosus, Strongyloides papillosus, O. ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, Cysticercus tenuicollis, Fasciola hepatica, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Moniezia expansa, and M. benedieni. Those recovered from cattle in order of highest …
The Effect Of The Parasite Hymenolepis Diminuta On Iodine Economy In The Rat, David Gourdon Holmes
The Effect Of The Parasite Hymenolepis Diminuta On Iodine Economy In The Rat, David Gourdon Holmes
Theses and Dissertations
A balance of iodine within the rats is important for the maintenance of normal thyroid function. Because of Hymenolepis d[imi]nuta's affinity for certain nutrients, it may upset norma[l] iodine balance in the rat. To determine this, tapeworm-infected and non-infected rats were given 125Iodide orally and the percent uptake of iodide by the thyroid and the amount of radioac[tiv]ity in the tapeworms was determined. The percent distribution of the radio-iodinated compounds in the thyroid, tapeworms and feces was also determined. These procedures were repeated except 125Thyroxine was administered orally. There was a decrease in percent iod[id]e uptake by thyroids of tapeworm-infected …
A Survey Of The Helminth Parasites And Coccidia Of Cattle And Sheep In Utah Valley, Joseph Carl Fox
A Survey Of The Helminth Parasites And Coccidia Of Cattle And Sheep In Utah Valley, Joseph Carl Fox
Theses and Dissertations
A survey of gastro-intestinal parasites in cattle and sheep in Utah Valley was conducted. Cattle in the valley were not seriously parasitized by helminths, whereas sheep usually had heavy helminth infections. Ten genera of helminths and 8 species of coccidia were identified in cattle in the valley, and 14 genera of helminths and 8 species of coccidia were identified in sheep. In conjunction with the survey, meteorologic studies were conducted May through September, 1909, to ascertain the effects which irrigation had upon micro-environments on grass pastures in relation to the development of free-Iiving stages of gastro-intestinal nematodes of ruminants. The …
Ticks Of The Genus Haemaphysalis In The Western United States, Joe M. Merino
Ticks Of The Genus Haemaphysalis In The Western United States, Joe M. Merino
Theses and Dissertations
Two species of Haemaphysalis occurring in the western United States were studied with respect to geographical distribution, seasonal occurrence, host-parasite association and external anatomy and morphology. H. leporispalustris is widely distributed in the west. Abundant records for some states are lacking and should be provided to extend the knowledge of this tick's distribution.
Dermacentor Andersoni And Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever In National Forest Recreational Sites Of Utah, C. Selby Herrin
Dermacentor Andersoni And Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever In National Forest Recreational Sites Of Utah, C. Selby Herrin
Theses and Dissertations
The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the prevalence of adult ticks of Dermacentor andersoni in national forest recreational sites of Utah, and (2) the incidence of spotted fever rickettsia, Rickettsia rickettsii, in the ticks of these areas. With the use of a white flannel cloth, 358 adult D. andersoni (135 males and 223 females) were collected from 48 recreational sites during the spring and summer of 1964. Ticks from each collection were put in pools, preserved in non-fat skim milk at -30° C, and subsequently tested for the presence of spotted fever rickettsia by guinea pig inoculations. …
A Morphological Study Of Some Larval Ticks Of The Genus Dermacentor With Emphasis On Structures Of Possible Taxonomic Importance, Richard Grant Robertson
A Morphological Study Of Some Larval Ticks Of The Genus Dermacentor With Emphasis On Structures Of Possible Taxonomic Importance, Richard Grant Robertson
Theses and Dissertations
This study was undertaken to evaluate and determine morphological characteristics which might prove valuable in the identification of the larvae of the following species of ticks of the genus Dermacentor Koch: D. albipictus Packard, D. andersoni Stiles, D. hunteri Bishop, D. parumapertus Neuman, and D. variabilis Say. A taxonomic key for the identification of all of the Canadian and United States species of the larvae of the genus Dermacentor Koch cannot be constructed until specimens of D. halli and D. occidentalis have been examined. However, the followng conclusions were reached regarding the species studied: 1. Position of setae is of …
Identification Of Larval Ticks Of The Genus Ixodes Known To Occur In Utah, Leland D. White
Identification Of Larval Ticks Of The Genus Ixodes Known To Occur In Utah, Leland D. White
Theses and Dissertations
The purpose of this study is to present an analysis and key to the larvae of the nine species of Ixodes known to occur in Utah. These are I. kingi, I. muris, I. texanus, I. pacificus, I. spinipalpis, I. marmotae, I. ochotonoe, I angustus, and I. sculptus. Larvae from the first five of these nine species used in this study were reared in the laboratory by worked cited in the secion on Analysis of Species. those of the remaining four were identified on the basis of their presence with identifiable numphal and adult forms. Host specificity, although certainly variable with …
Oviposition Habits Of The Tick Dermacentor Parumapertus Neumann And Factors Influencing Egg Development, Clive D. Jorgensen
Oviposition Habits Of The Tick Dermacentor Parumapertus Neumann And Factors Influencing Egg Development, Clive D. Jorgensen
Theses and Dissertations
This paper includes data concerning the influence of relative humidity, temperature, and percentage of engorgement on the pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, post-oviposition period, and incubation period of the tick Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann. The influence of the percentage of engorgement on the oviposition period, oviposition rate, and egg number is considered. Data on the disposition and number of eggs in nature are discussed.