Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons^™

Arctic Health Research Center, U.S. Public Health Service, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A program of research in Alaska was initiated by the United States Public Health Service in 1948, with the establishment of a field station in temporary facilities located at Anchorage. This station, officially designated the Arctic Health Research Center in May 1950, was founded largely as the result of surveys of health conditions in Alaska conducted during 1946 and 1947 by two committees representing the American Medical Association. The reports of these committees led Congress to pass a special appropriation bill to support the investigation of health problems in Alaska.

Six research sections were set up within the first year. …

Viral Infections Of Domestic Animals, George A. Young

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

There is a strong tendency in current research on mammalian virus diseases to concentrate on virus activity at a cellular or subcellular level. This trend is summarized adequately by Enders in relation to viral replication as follows: ','The large and ever-increasing volume of published experimental work on viral replication strikingly reveals the central position of this phenomenon in contemporary virological research. There are good reasons, both biological and practical, underlying this intensive effort to understand, i n detail, how a virus particle, without energy transforming apparatus of its own, manages to utilize the metabolic equipment of the cell to produce …

The Seasonal Cycle Of Abundance Of Echinococcus Multilocularis In Naturally Infected Arctic Foxes, Francis H. Fay, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In some preliminary work on the ecology of Echinococcus multilocularis (Rudolphi, 1801) on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, Rausch and Schiller (1956. Parasitology, 46 (3 & 4): 395-419) noted that the percentage of arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus Linnaeus, harboring the adult cestodes seemed to vary annually in direct relation to the population density of tundra voles, Microtus oeconomus innuitus Merriam, the principal intermediate host. With the primary objective of examining this relationship in greater detail, an intensive, long-term ecologic investigation was begun on this island in 1955. Some of the results in the first 7 years are reported here.

A Review Of The Genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801, Robert L. Rausch, George S. Nelson

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

1. The genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801, is reviewed. The recorded measurements of all species are shown in tables, and their taxonomic status is discussed.

2. Three species of Echinococcus can be distinguished by morphological criteria and are considered valid: E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. oligarthrus. The status of E. felidis and E. patagonicus is uncertain, but both may be conspecific with E. granulosus. Six species are considered synonyms of E. granulosus: E. cameroni, E. intermedius, E. longimanubrius, E. lycaontis, E. minimus and E. ortleppi.

Echinococcus Infections In Man And Animals In Kenya, George S. Nelson, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

1. Hydatid cysts are found in more than 30 per cent of all cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya, but the disease is prevalent in man only in the semi-desert area of Turkana. Up to the time of the present investigation the life-cycle of the parasite in East Africa had not been studied, but it was suggested that wild carnivores, such as hyenas and jackals, might be the main hosts of the adult worms.

2. One hundred and forty-three carnivores, representing 23 species, have been examined. Echinococcus adults were found in 27 out of 43 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris …

Schizorchis Yamashitai Sp. N. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) From The Northern Pika Ochotona Hyperborea Pallas In Hokkaido, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Schizorchis yamashitai sp. n., from the northern pika in Hokkaido, is described and its morphological characteristics compared with those of the three previously known species of Schizorchis Hansen, 1948. The zoogeography of Schizorchis spp. in pikas is briefly discussed.

Arhythmorhynchus Capellae Sp. N. (Polymorphidae: Acanthocephala), A Parasite Of The Common Snipe Capella Gallinago Delicata, Gerald D. Schmidt

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Arhythmorhynchus capellae sp. n. is described. The description is based on seven males and seven females from the Common Snipe in northern Colorado. The species is contrasted with two similar species, A. comptus Van Cleave and Rausch, 1950 and A. eroliae (Yamaguti, 1939) Van Cleave and Rausch, 1950. It differs from the former in having 14 proboscis hooks per row rather than eight or nine, and from the latter in having no bursal rays and 16 rows of 14 hooks rather than 18 rows of 12 to 13 hooks.

Alveolar Hydatid Disease Of The Liver: Rationale And Technics Of Surgical Treatment, John T. West, F. J. Hillman, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cestodes of the genus Echinococcus cause two distinct diseases: the well-known cystic hydatid disease found in stock-raising areas, caused by E. granulosus, and the more rare alveolar hydatid disease, which is limited to the northern hemisphere and is caused by the biologically and morphologically distinct E. multilocularis.

Eight cases of alveolar hydatid disease of the liver are reported from Alaska, including three patients who underwent hemihepatectomy for advanced lesions. Radical resection is concluded to be the only rational treatment for this otherwise progressive and fatal disease.

A Review Of The Distribution Of Holarctic Recent Mammals, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A review of the distribution of Holarctic Recent mammals.

Index Catalogue To Russian, Central And Eastern European, And Chinese Literature In Medical Entomology, Volume 1: Diptera, George Anastes

United States Naval Medical Research Unit 3: Publications

Over the past several years a large number of references from the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China have been collected dealing with arthropods of medical importance. These references were coded on keysort cards which made it possible to index as many as fifteen subject areas on one card. The usefulness of this indexing system was evident by the number of medical entomologists who used it in searching for references in their specialty. In response to requests from workers in the United States and other countries who did not have ready access to the index. it was decided to publish these …

Comparative Morphology In Nemic Phylogeny, Armand R. Maggenti

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In 1945 Simpson wrote: "Phylogeny cannot be observed. It is necessarily an inference from observations that bear on it, sometimes rather distantly, and that can usually be interpreted in more than one way." Certainly this applies to a study of nemic phylogeny where our reasoning is based upon degree of resemblance and subject to confusion by convergence and reversal. Many feel that, because fossil records are lacking, it is of little purpose to indulge in speculation on nemic phylogeny. Nemic taxonomy, however, requires such speculation when it is based upon comparative morphology. Our attempts in taxonomy are really an effort …

Helminths Of The Shrew-Mole Neürotrichus Gibbsii (Baird) In Oregon, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Helminths of the shrew-mole from Oregon are described. They include a cestode Hymenolepis neurotrichi sp. n., a trematode Microphallus aspalacis sp. n., and the third-stage larva of an undetermined species of Porrocaecum (nematode), probably P. depressum (Zeder, 1800), or P. angusticolle (Molin, 1860). Preserved viscera of ten animals were examined. Three were infected.

Worm Eggs: Cost You Money, E.F. Frolik, E.W. Janike

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Contents

One Million Eggs Daily.......... 3

Damaging Trip......... 4

Worm Remedies......... 5

Modern Worm Remedies......... 6

A Control Program.......... 8

Translation Of Peteshev, V. M. 1962. Hemosporidia Of Cattle In The North Of Kazakhstan [= Gemosporidii Rogatogo Skota Na Severe Kazakhstana] In Boev, S. N. Et Al., Editors. Parasites Of Farm Animals In Kazakhstan, I. [= Pararazity Sel'skhokzyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh Kazakhstana, I]. Izdat. Akademie Nauk Kazakh Ssr, Alma-Ata, Kazakh Ssr, Pp. 26-28, V. M. Peteshev, Frederick K. Plous Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Translation number 21, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, December 17, 1969 (4 pages)

Translation of Peteshev, V. M. 1962. Hemosporidia of cattle in the north of Kazakhstan [= Gemosporidii rogatogo skota na severe Kazakhstana] In Boev, S. N. et al., editors. Parasites of farm animals in Kazakhstan, I. [= Pararazity sel'skhokzyaistvennykh zhivotnykh Kazakhstana, I]. Izdat. Akademie Nauk Kazakh SSR, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, pp. 26-28

Translated from Russian to English by Frederick K. Plous, Jr., and edited by Norman D. Levine (notated NDL:cml)

Distributional Notes On Parasitic Mites, William F. Rapp Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Although much has been written on the systematics of mites little, to date, has been published regarding their distribution. Strandtman and Wharton (1958) have given distributional data on a large area basis i.e. United States, Mexico, etc., but have given only little specific distribution. Unfortunately much of our knowledge relative to mite distribution is limited to a knowledge of type localities. In the case of parasitic mites one cannot assume that the distribution of the parasite is the same as the host. Unfortunately at this time, we do not know what factors limit the distribution of parasitic mites.

The following …

Translation Of Levit, A. V. 1962. Some Results Of A Study Of Domestic Animals For Toxoplasmosis In The Alma-Ata Oblast [= Obsledovaniya No Toksoplazmoz Domashnikh Zhivotnykh V Alma-Atinstoi Oblasti]. In Boev, S. N., Et Al., Editors. Parasites Of Farm Animals In Kazakhstan, I [= Parazity Sel'skhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh Kazakhstana, I]. Izdat. Akademie Nauk Kazakh Ssr, Alma-Ata, Pp. 20-25, A. V. Levit, Frederick K. Plous Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Conclusions

1. Group biological probes on white mice were used to examine 64 dogs and 224 domestic cats. Toxoplasma was isolated from dogs in one test and from cats in another. In one case Toxoplasma was observed in a cerebrospinal fluid precipitate from cats.

2. In a CFR examination of blood sera from 1,132 domestic animals for toxoplasmosis, positive results were obtained from 25 (37.5%) dog sera, 28 (57.1%) rabbit sera, and 260 (33.4%) cattle sera.

3. In a CFR investigation of sera. from white mice used in bioprobes on domestic cats, toxoplasmosis antibodies were observed in 8 out of …

Translation Of Levchenko, N. G. 1962. Infection By Sarcosporidia (Genus Sarcocystis) In Farm Animals Of Southeast Kazakhstan [=Porazhenie Sarkosporidiyami (Roda Sarcocystis) Sel'skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh Yugo-Vostoka Kazakhstana]. In Boev, S. N. Et Al., Editors. Parasites Of Farm Animals In Kazakhstan, I. [= Parazity Sel'skhokozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh Kazakhstana, I]. Izdat. Akademie Nauk Kazakh Ssr, Alma-Ata, Kazakh Ssr, Pp. 56-62, A. V. Levit, Frederick K. Plous Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Conclusions

Farm animals in southeast Kazakhstan are widely infected with sarcosporidia: 96.9% of the sheep, 88% of the cattle, 70% of the camels, and 40% of the swine.

The muscles most often and most heavily infected are: in sheep, the heart, diaphragm, and median buttock muscle; in cattle, the heart and esophagus; in camels, the esophagus, diaphragm, and median buttock muscle; in swine, the heart, diaphragm, and median buttock.

The most objective data on infection of animals can be obtained by studying a minimum of 3 or 4 muscles of different muscular systems simultaneously.

Heavy infection of muscles by sarcosporidia, …

Translation Of Levchenko, N. G. 1962. Dynamics Of An Infection By Sarcocystis Tenella Sarcosporidia In Sheep In Southeast Kazakhstan [= Dinamika Zarazheniya Sarkosporidyami Sarcocystis Tenella Ovets Yugo-Vostoka Kazakhstana]. In Boev., S. N., Et Al., Editors. Parasites Of Farm Animals In Kazakhstan, I. [= Parazity Sel'skhokzyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh Kazakhstana, I]. Izdat. Akademie Nauk Kazakh Ssr, Alma-Ata, Kazakh Ssr, Pp. 63-68, N. G. Levchenko, Frederick K. Plous Jr.

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Conclusions

Sarcocystis tenellainfects sheep in southeast Kazakhstan starting in their second month of life. As the sheep age the extent and intensity of infection grows, by the tenth or eleventh month, 100% of the sheep are infected. Adult sheep more than 5 years old are all infected with sarcosporidia.

As the level of fatness decreases the extent and severity of sarcosporidial infection rises.

Females become infected oftener and more heavily than males.

Infection of sheep by sarcosporidia occurs throughout the year in southeast Kazakhstan, with a rise in the spring-summer and early autumn periods; its prevalence is somewhat less …

Notes On The Collared Pika, Ochotona Collaris (Nelson), In Alaska, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Maps showing the geographic range of the collared pika, Ochotona collaris (Nelson), have been published recently by Hall (1951) and by Hall and Kelson (1959). According to these, this mammal occurs in the mountains between the Tanana and Yukon Rivers, and in the Alaska Range as far west as Mt. McKinley. A specimen from the summit of the Chugach Mountains (Baker, 1951) was not included on the aforementioned maps. Osgood (1904) referred to two specimens collected by C. L. McKay in the Chogmit Mountains, east of Lake Clark at the base of the Alaska Peninsula, and also mentioned a sight …

Digenetic Trematodes Of Marine Fishes Of Puerto Rico, Ather H. Siddiqi, Raymond M. Cable

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Preface

This monograph reports the major part of an investigation begun by Raymond M. Cable in 1951, when he spent one year at the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, collecting and studying larval trematodes and the helminth parasites of shore birds and marine fishes. The work there was done under the auspices set forth in the Preface to Part 4, Volume 16, of this series; this part was facilitated especially by Virgilio Biaggi, N. T. Mattox, and Donald Erdman, who rendered invaluable assistance in the collection and identification of fishes. One trip …

Malaysian Parasites Xxxv-Xlix, W. W. Macdonald

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

This is the third Study of the series from this Institute on the external and internal parasites and the biting insects of the Malaysian region. The earlier two volumes were planned and edited by Dr. J.R. Audy, and on his departure from Malaya in the middle of 1959 Mr. W. W. Macdonald continued the work which had been begun and collated and edited the papers in this present Study.

In the two previous volumes (Study No. 26, 1954 and No. 28, 1957) the emphasis was on the taxonomy of Trombiculid mites. In the present volume the emphasis has changed, and …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxvil. Description Of Schizorchis Caballeroi N. Sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), With Notes On Other Parasites Of Ochotona, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Schizorchis caballeroi n. sp. has been described from the collared pika, Ochotona collaris (Nelson), from Alaska, and has been distinguished morphologically from its congeners, S. ochotonae Hansen, 1948, and S. altaica Gvozdev, 1951.

Nine species of helminths have been described 10 dale from North American pikas, O. collaris and O. princeps (Richardson). These mammals are markedly allopatric and do not share any species of helminth. Nematodes of two genera, Eugenuris Shults and Labiostomum Akhtar, 1941, occur in O. collaris as weIl as in palearctic species of Ochotona. This, along with other pertinent information, is taken to suggest that O. …

Trichinosis In The Arctic, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Trichinella spiralis (Owen, 1835) is a common parasite of mammals in the Arctic. High rates of infection have been recorded in terrestrial carnivores (particularly Canidae, Ursidae, and Mustelidae), but representatives of several other groups, including marine mammals, have been found infected. From existing information, it appears that the natural cycles have at least three ecologicaIIy distinct patterns, described in this note.

Translation Of Karapetyan, A. E. 1960. A Method Of Cultivation Of Lamblia. Cytology 2: 379-384. Transliteration: Metodika Kul'tivirovaniya Iamblii. Tsitologiya 2: 379-384, A. E. Karapetyan, Virginia Ivens

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

Translation number 6, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States (6 pages)

Translation of Karapetyan, A. E. 1960. A method of cultivation of Lamblia. Cytology 2: 379-384. Transliteration: Metodika kul'tivirovaniya Iamblii. Tsitologiya 2: 379-384

Reported November 25, 1959, at the Leningrad Parasitological Society Conference, Leningrad, USSR

Translated from Russian to English by Virginia Ivens, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, February 6, 1961 (notated: VI/s)

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxvi. Parasites Of The Wolverine, Gulo Gulo L., With Observations On The Biology Of Taenia Twitchelli Schwartz, 1924, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Natural biotic relationships already had been severely disrupted in the United States by the time significant interest had developed in faunistic helminthology. Some mammalian species, particularly the larger carnivores, had been extirpated or were represented only by scattered individuals in the few remaining wilderness areas. Thus, it is not remarkable that the helminths of such species as the wolverine, Gulo gulo Linnaeus, have been little studied. Fortunately, however, much of arctic and subarctic North America has endured in its primitive state, and here it is still possible to undertake basic biological studies under undisturbed conditions.

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxiv. The Parasites Of Wolves, Canis Lupus L., Robert L. Rausch, Francis Williamson

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

It is generally recognized that canine animals comprise an important reservoir of parasites and diseases transmissible to man. These animals, including the domestic dog, have unusual economic importance in arctic and subarctic North America, particularly for the Eskimos and Indians living in more remote regions. These aboriginal peoples continually have close association with canine animals and would appear to be quite vulnerable to infection from this source. That this is true is already evident, although data on morbidity from animal-borne diseases are far from complete. At the present time, at least in Alaska, these people have little ability to lessen …

Studies On The Helminth Fauna Of Alaska. Xxxv. On The Identity Of Certain Cestodes (Taeniidae) From Foxes, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Some species of the genus Taenia Linnaeus, 1758, are morphologically so similar in the adult stage that their separation is very difficult. Complicating this problem is the questionable validity of certain of these species which have been insufficiently characterized. There are two species, however, the adults of which possess well defined morphological difference but which have been repeatedly confused despite their having been adequately described by early investigators. These cestodes, Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800) and T. polyacantha Leuckart, 1856, have for many years been recognized solely by their larval characteristics under the misconception that the adults were indistinguishable.

Biometric Comparisons Between North American And European Mammals. I. A Comparison Between Alaskan And Fennoscandian Wolverine (Gulo Gulo Linnaeus), Björn Kurtén, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A comparison between the Alaskan and Fennoscandian wolverine (Gulo gulo Linnaeus).

Notes On The Prevalence Of Hydatid Disease In Alaskan Moose, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

In conjunction with current moose-management studies in south-central Alaska; 124 pairs of lungs of moose (Alces alces) have been collected and examined for the presence of hydatid cysts, the larval stage of the cestode, Echinococcus granulosus. The lungs were collected in the Cook Inlet region between January 1, 1956 and January 1, 1958, mostly from animals accidentally killed by trains or cars.

The presence or absence of the tapeworm cyst was determined by visual inspection, palpation, and finally by sectioning the lungs into slices approximately % in. thick. Hydatid larvae do not always localize in the lungs …

Biometric Comparisons Between North American And European Mammals. Ii. A Comparison Between The Northern Lynxes Of Fennoscandia And Alaska, Björn Kurtén, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A comparison between the northern lynxes, (Felis (Lynx) spp.), of Fennoscandia and Alaska.