Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons^™

Investigating Vital Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Pathogen Response In Neutropenic Individuals, Ryan Illig

Thinking Matters Symposium

Neutrophils, also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), constitute the majority of innate immune cells. These cells possess a complex arsenal of functions that allow them to detect and eliminate a broad spectrum of pathogens. Neutropenia is characterized by decreased levels of neutrophils in the bloodstream, typically falling below the normal range. Moderate to severe neutropenia can increase the risk of pathogenic infections and without treatment can be life-threatening. Although the concentration of neutrophils in neutropenic individuals is decreased, upon activation, neutrophils still release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are pivotal in combating a spectrum of pathogens through their non-selective nature. Overreactive …

Randomized Phase 2 Trial Of Tremelimumab And Durvalumab In Combination Versus Sequentially In Recurrent Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer, Emily M Hinchcliff, Anne Knisely, Naomi Adjei, Bryan Fellman, Ying Yuan, Ami Patel, Cai Xu, Shannon N Westin, Anil K Sood, Pamela T Soliman, Aaron Shafer, Nicole D Fleming, David M Gershenson, Raghunandan Vikram, Tharakeswara Bathala, David Vining, Dhakshina M Ganeshan, Karen H Lu, Charlotte C Sun, Larissa A Meyer, Amir A Jazaeri

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

BACKGROUND: Single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated limited responses in recurrent ovarian cancer; however, 30%-40% of patients achieve stable disease. The primary objective was to estimate progression-free survival (PFS) after sequential versus combination cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death ligand 1 ICIs in patients with platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

METHODS: Patients were randomized to a sequential arm (tremelimumab followed by durvalumab on progression) or a combination arm (tremelimumab plus durvalumab, followed by durvalumab) via a Bayesian adaptive design that made it more likely for patients to be randomized to the more effective arm. The primary end …

Remodeling Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer's Aggressive Profile And Metabolic Signature By Natural Alkaloid Berberine, Tara Elizabeth Jarboe

NYMC Student Theses and Dissertations

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare, fatal cancer with a five-year survival of 4%. Universally diagnosed at stage IV, anaplastic thyroid cancer is characterized by its lack of differentiation, rapid proliferative rate, highly inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and metabolic dysregulation. Refractory to all established therapies, anaplastic thyroid cancer requires a novel therapeutic approach that targets all of these drivers of anaplastic thyroid cancer carcinogenesis. We propose natural alkaloid berberine as a therapeutic with multitarget efficacy to alter mitochondrial metabolism and reprogram anaplastic thyroid cancer’s aggressive phenotype. Our in vitro model uses monocyte cell line U937, anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines T238 …

Safety, Efficacy And Determinants Of Response Of Allogeneic Cd19-Specific Car-Nk Cells In Cd19+ B Cell Tumors: A Phase 1/2 Trial, David Marin, Ye Li, Rafet Basar, Hind Rafei, May Daher, Jinzhuang Dou, Vakul Mohanty, Merve Dede, Yago Nieto, Nadima Uprety, Sunil Acharya, Enli Liu, Jeffrey Wilson, Pinaki Banerjee, Homer A Macapinlac, Christina Ganesh, Peter F Thall, Roland Bassett, Mariam Ammari, Sheetal Rao, Kai Cao, Mayra Shanley, Mecit Kaplan, Chitra Hosing, Partow Kebriaei, Loretta J Nastoupil, Christopher R Flowers, Sadie Mae Moseley, Paul Lin, Sonny Ang, Uday R Popat, Muzaffar H Qazilbash, Richard E Champlin, Ken Chen, Elizabeth J Shpall, Katayoun Rezvani

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

There is a pressing need for allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapies that are safe, effective and affordable. We conducted a phase 1/2 trial of cord blood-derived natural killer (NK) cells expressing anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor and interleukin-15 (CAR19/IL-15) in 37 patients with CD19+ B cell malignancies. The primary objectives were safety and efficacy, defined as day 30 overall response (OR). Secondary objectives included day 100 response, progression-free survival, overall survival and CAR19/IL-15 NK cell persistence. No notable toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity or graft-versus-host disease were observed. The day 30 and day 100 OR rates were …

Gamma Delta T Cells In Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Biology And Emerging Therapeutic Strategies, Adishwar Rao, Akriti Agrawal, Gautam Borthakur, Venkata Lokesh Battula, Abhishek Maiti

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

γδ T cells play an important role in disease control in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and have become an emerging area of therapeutic interest. These cells represent a minor population of T lymphocytes with intrinsic abilities to recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and functionally straddle the innate and adaptive immunity interface. AML shows high expression of phosphoantigens and UL-16 binding proteins that activate the Vδ2 and Vδ1 subtypes of γδ T cells, respectively, leading to γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Insights from murine models and clinical data in humans show improved overall survival, leukemia-free survival, reduced risk of …

Immunotherapy Resistance In Solid Tumors: Mechanisms And Potential Solutions, Daniel Lefler, Steven Manobianco, Babar Bashir

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

While the emergence of immunotherapies has fundamentally altered the management of solid tumors, cancers exploit many complex biological mechanisms that result in resistance to these agents. These encompass a broad range of cellular activities - from modification of traditional paradigms of immunity via antigen presentation and immunoregulation to metabolic modifications and manipulation of the tumor microenvironment. Intervening on these intricate processes may provide clinical benefit in patients with solid tumors by overcoming resistance to immunotherapies, which is why it has become an area of tremendous research interest with practice-changing implications. This review details the major ways cancers avoid both natural …

Rapid Anti-Myeloma Activity By T Cells Expressing An Anti-Bcma Car With A Human Heavy-Chain-Only Antigen-Binding Domain, Lekha Mikkilineni, Danielle A Natrakul, Norris Lam, Elisabet E Manasanch, Jennifer Mann, Katherine A Weissler, Nathan Wong, Jennifer N Brudno, Stephanie L Goff, James C Yang, Micaela Ganaden, Rashmika Patel, Zhili Zheng, Jared J Gartner, Kathryn R Martin, Hao-Wei Wang, Constance M Yuan, Tyler Lowe, Irina Maric, Lipei Shao, Ping Jin, David F Stroncek, Steven L Highfill, Steven A Rosenberg, James N Kochenderfer

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a rarely curable malignancy of plasma cells. MM expresses B cell maturation antigen (BCMA). We developed a fully human anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with a heavy-chain-only antigen-recognition domain, a 4-1BB domain, and a CD3ζ domain. The CAR was designated FHVH33-CD8BBZ. We conducted the first-in-humans clinical trial of T cells expressing FHVH33-CD8BBZ (FHVH-T). Twenty-five patients with relapsed MM were treated. The stringent complete response rate (sCR) was 52%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 78 weeks. Of 24 evaluable patients, 6 (25%) had a maximum cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) grade of 3; no patients had CRS of greater …

Tumor-Associated Antigen Targets For Novel Immune-Based Strategies In Prostate Cancer, Amman Bhasin, Patrick Mille, Aditya Eturi, Andrew Iskander, William Tester, Kevin Zarrabi

Kimmel Cancer Center Faculty Papers

Prostate cancer remains the most common malignancy among men in the United States. Advancements in androgen receptor signaling blockade have led to landmark approvals for its use in patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. However, additional novel therapeutic strategies for both hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant diseases remain ongoing areas of study. Thus, we turn to the growth of immuno-oncology, which has led to improved treatment outcomes for a variety of hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Prostate cancers have shown only modest results with immune checkpoint inhibition in published trials, and innovative strategies are now looking into enhancing cytotoxic T-cell activity …

The Development Of A Rabies Virus-Vectored Vaccine Against Borrelia Burgdorferi, Targeting Bbi39, Shantel Rios, Bibek Bhattachan, Kruthi Vavilikolanu, Chrysoula Kitsou, Utpal Pal, Matthias J. Schnell

Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty Papers

Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States (U.S.), Europe, and Asia. Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete bacterium transmitted by the tick vector Ixodes scapularis, causes LD in the U.S. If untreated, Lyme arthritis, heart block, and meningitis can occur. Given the absence of a human Lyme disease vaccine, we developed a vaccine using the rabies virus (RABV) vaccine vector BNSP333 and an outer surface borrelial protein, BBI39. BBI39 was previously utilized as a recombinant protein vaccine and was protective in challenge experiments; therefore, we decided to utilize this protective antigen in a rabies virus-vectored vaccine …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 61: Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944 (Family): Ectoparasitic Trematodes [Platyhelminthes], Scott C. Cutmore, Thomas H. Cribb

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the family Transversotrematidae Witemberg, 1944, a small but biologically significant group of plagiorchiid digenean trematodes (flukes), including discussion of identification, general morphology, life cycles, host range, and the significance of their evolutionary position and biology.

Chapter 61 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Scott C. Cutmore and Thomas H. Cribb. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap061

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 62: Hirudinea (Subclass): Parasitic Leeches, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Sebastian Kvist

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the parasitic leeches, subclass Hirudinea, including discussion of leeches as parasites, vectors, and hosts, their general morphology, reproduction, zoogeography, classification, phylogeny, medical uses, and preparation of specimens.

Chapter 62 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa and Sebastian Kvist. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap062

High Prevalence Of Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection In Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) And Associated Risk To Humans In Central Illinois, Esther Onuselogu

Masters Theses

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease and a growing health threat in the United States. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) often coexist with humans in urban and suburban areas and serve as reservoir hosts for T. cruzi. While T. cruzi is rare in humans and domestic animals in the U.S., it is common in wildlife species, particularly raccoons and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in the raccoon population of Central Illinois and evaluate the risk of transmission to humans. …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 39: Haplosplanchnata Olson Et Al., 2003 (Suborder): Two Hosts With Half The Guts [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiida], Daniel C. Huston

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the suborder Haplosplanchnata Olson et al., 2003, a small, but distinct lineage within the Plagiorchiida. Includes a discussion of the methods of identification, general morphological characteristics, taxonomy, and life cycles.

Chapter 39 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Daniel C. Huston. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap039

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 47: Summary Of The Digenea (Subclass): Insights And Lessons From A Prominent Parasitologist [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea], Robin M. Overstreet

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the digenean trematodes (subclass Digenea) including insights and lessons from a prominent parasitologist, Robin M. Overstreet. Includes discussion of general morphology, biology, preparation methods, phylogeny, classification, life cycles, host-digenean relationships, effects on host behavior, hyperparasitism, ecology, digeneans as indicators, and literature on the digeneans.

Chapter 47 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Robin M. Overstreet. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap047

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 60: Monogenea Van Beneden, 1858 (Class) [Platyhelminthes], Griselda Pulido-Flores

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the class Monogenea van Beneden, 1858, mainly ectoparasites of the skin, fins, gills, and urinary bladder of fishes, amphibians, and some reptiles. Includes discussion of their classification (both historical and current), general morphology, life cycles, and taxonomy.

Chapter 60 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Griselda Pulido-Flores. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap060

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 64: Phthiraptera (Order): Lice [Arthropoda], Lajos Rózsa, Haylee J. Weaver

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of lice, order Phthiraptera, including discussion of their general morphology, feeding, host range, host distribution, life cycle, macroecology, transmission, effects on hosts and role as vectors, host defenses, conservation, evolutionary origins, phylogeny, lice nuclear genome, taxonomy, and medical implications including their control.

Chapter 64 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Lajos Rózsa and Haylee J. Weaver. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap064

Distribution Of Tick Species On Free-Ranging Ungulates In Northern New England, Karisa Graham

Honors Theses and Capstones

In Northern New England, ungulates are often parasitized by ticks, which is one of the leading causes for the decline in population. Ungulates are a good host for ticks, specifically deer ticks and winter ticks, and these ticks cause many tick-borne diseases in humans as well. The purpose of this study was to assess passive sampling from harvested animals as a means of tick surveillance in Vermont and New Hampshire. Ticks were collected from deer and moose and mapped throughout the two states by ArcGIS to visualize the trends in distribution. Relative abundance was greater in southeastern Vermont, with no …

Gut Dysbiosis Correlates With Covid-19 Severity, Ednita Escobar

CMC Senior Theses

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacts not only respiratory but also gut and oral microbiomes, influencing the manifestations of COVID-19. Each person’s unique microbiome consists of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, some of which are symbiotic and others potentially harmful. Alterations in the gut microbiome, specifically, can affect the severity and symptoms of COVID-19. A review of studies indicate a pattern of gut dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients characterized by a decrease in beneficial microbiota and/or an increase in opportunistic pathogens. This gut imbalance correlates with disease severity, suggesting that the gut microbiome plays a significant role …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 07: Biostatistics For Parasitologists: A Painless Introduction [Parascript Approaches], Jenő Reiczigel, Marco Marozzi, Fábián Ibolya, Lajos Rózsa

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Covers biostatistics for parasitologists and includes discussion of taking samples, frequency distribution of host individuals across infection classes, sample size, prevalence, mean intesity, median intensity, stochasic equality of intensities, abundance, crowding, levels of aggregation, parasite sex ratio, parasite species richness, interactions between parasite species, and the tool Quantitative Parasitology on the Web (QPweb).

Chapter 7 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on biostatistics for parasitologists by Jenő Reiczigel, Marco Marozzi, Fábián Ibolya, and Lajos Rózsa. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap007

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 58: Acanthocephala Rudolphi, 1808 (Phylum), Scott Monks

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the phylum Acanthocephala Rudolphi, 1808, also called the thorny-headed or spiny-headed worms, including discussion of their general morphology, life cycles, classification, and phylogenetic relationships.

Chapter 58 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Scott Monks. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap058

Assessing The Value And Knowledge Gains From An Online Tick Identification And Tick-Borne Disease Management Course For The Southeastern United States, Catherine A. Lippi, Holly D. Gaff, Alexis L. White, Sadie J. Ryan

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Background

Tick-borne diseases are a growing public health threat in the United States. Despite the prevalence and rising burden of tick-borne diseases, there are major gaps in baseline knowledge and surveillance efforts for tick vectors, even among vector control districts and public health agencies. To address this issue, an online tick training course (OTTC) was developed through the Southeastern Center of Excellence in Vector-Borne Diseases (SECOEVBD) to provide a comprehensive knowledge base on ticks, tick-borne diseases, and their management.

Methods

The OTTC consisted of training modules covering topics including tick biology, tick identification, tick-borne diseases, and public health, personal tick …

Factors Associated With Hepatitis C-Related Hospitalizations And Inpatient Mortality In The United States, Pre- And Post-Onset Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Christina R. Samuel

College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations

Background: Hepatitis C is a significant public health problem in the United States and imposes a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Previous research shows that the COVID-19 pandemic response efforts have overshadowed hepatitis C testing and treatment measures in health care settings across the country. The purpose of this study was to describe and examine the factors associated with hepatitis C-related hospitalizations and inpatient mortality in the United States, pre- and post-onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2019-2020 National Inpatient Sample database. The study population included persons aged ≥18 years with hepatitis C-related inpatient …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 34: Introduction To Diplostomida Olson Et Al., 2003 (Order) [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Diplostomida], Lucrecia Acosta Soto, Bernard Fried, Rafael Toledo

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An introduction to the trematode (fluke) order Diplostomida Olson et al., 2003, one of the two main lineages from which subclass Digenea have diversified. Includes a discussion of Diplostomida systematics, general morphology, and human pathogenesis, including schistosomiasis.

Chapter 34 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Lucrecia Acosta Soto, Bernard Fried, and Rafael Toledo. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap034

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 52: Oxyurida (Order): Pinworms [Nemata, Secernentea], Haylee J. Weaver

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the pinworms, order Oxyurida, discussing their key features, life history, ecology, health effects on hosts, systematics, taxonomy, and including summaries of the main groups.

Chapter 52 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Haylee J. Weaver. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap052

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Part 5: Ectoparasites, Griselda Pulido-Flores, Scott C. Cutmore, Thomas H. Cribb, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Sebastian Kvist, Marcela Lareschi, Lajos Rózsa, Haylee J. Weaver, Sue Ann Gardner, Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, Filipe Dantas-Torres

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Part V: Ectoparasites, chapters 60–67, pages 732–841, in Concepts in Animal Parasitology. 2024. Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States; part V doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap075

Platyhelminthes

Chapter 60: Monogenea van Beneden, 1858 (Class) by Griselda Pulido-Flores, pages 733–742

Chapter 61: Transversotrematidae Witenberg, 1944 (Family): Ectoparasitic Trematodes by Scott C. Cutmore and Thomas H. Cribb, pages 743–746

Hirudinea

Chapter 62: Hirudinea (Subclass): Parasitic Leeches by Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa and Sebastian Kvist, pages 747–755

Arthropoda

Chapter 63: Siphonaptera Latreille, 1825 (Order): Fleas by Marcela Lareschi, pages 756–770

Chapter 64: Phthiraptera (Order): Lice by Lajos Rózsa and Haylee …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 33: Aspidogastrea (Subclass) [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Aspidogastrea], Klaus Rohde

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the trematode (fluke) subclass Aspidogastrea, a very small group of trematodes with around 80 species, none of them of economic importance, but are of great interest because of their unique structure, their simple life cycles (which may well be the most primitive or ancestral one among the trematodes, and the extraordinarily complex sensory/nervous systems found in some species. Includes a desciption of their general morphology, life cycles, taxonomy and phylogeny, infection process, localization in the host, and ecological infection dynamics.

Chapter 33 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology by Klaus Rohde. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. …

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 19: Echinococcus (Genus) [Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Eucestoda], Akira Ito, Scott L. Gardner

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Discusses the cestode (tapeworm) genus Echinococcus, several species of which infect humans, including their general morphology, taxonomy, systematics, life cycles, host range, and medical and veterinary importance.

Chapter 19 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology on the family Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911 by Tomáš Scholz and Roman Kuchta. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap019

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 21: Bothriocephalidea Kuchta Et Al., 2008 (Order) [Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Eucestoda], Jorge Falcón-Ordaz, Luis García-Prieto

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the cestode (tapeworm) order Bothriocephalidea Kuchta et al., 2008, including a discussion of the main morphological characteristics, the description and summary of a representative species, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) Brabec et al., 2015 (also known as the Asian fish tapeworm), including its prevalence, life cycles, host range, and zoogeography.

Chapter 21 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology by Jorge Falcón-Ordaz and Luis García-Prieto. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap021

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 41: Monorchiata Olson Et Al., 2003 (Suborder): Two Families Separated By Salinity [Platyhelminthes, Trematoda, Digenea, Plagiorchiida], Nicholas Q.-X. Wee

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

An overview of the speciose trematode (fluke) suborder Monorchiata Olson et al., 2003, which parasitizes fishes as adults. Includes general morphology, systematics, taxonomy, life cycles, and biogeography for several groups.

Chapter 41 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology, by Nicholas Q.-X. Wee. 2024. S. L. Gardner and S. A. Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. doi: 10.32873/unl.dc.ciap041

Concepts In Animal Parasitology, Chapter 66: Ixodida Leach, 1815 (Order): Ticks -- Keys To The Ticks [Arthropoda], Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, Filipe Dantas-Torres

Concepts in Animal Parasitology

Chapter 66: Ixodida Leach, 1815 (Order): Ticks -- Keys to the Ticks by Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti, Valeria Castilho Onofrio, and Filipe Dantas-Torres.

Supplement to chapter 66 in Concepts in Animal Parasitology. 2024. Scott L. Gardner and Sue Ann Gardner, editors. Zea Books, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States.