Forest Sciences Commons^™

A Study Of The Efficiency Of Certain Starch-Cationic Resin Complexes, William E. Hellman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

An attempt is made herein to compare the efficiency of commercially available cationic starches and those prepared in the laboratory using a pearl corn starch and different cationic resins. The efficiency of each is determined through evaluation of the resulting wet-web strength and dry strength tests. Results show that cationic starches can be prepared in the mill and comparable strengths are obtained with their use.

It has long been known that cellulose developes a negative charge from the carboxyl groups when dispersed in water. The same effect is found when starch is diluted in water. Wet end addition of starch …

Peracetic Acid Oxidation Of Lignin Model Compounds, Ron Mckelvey

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Peracetic acid is being used to a limited extent as a bleaching agent for newsprint (1), and to a lesser extent, as a pulping agent, at least at the laboratory level (2). Haas, Schoch, and Ströle (3) report that peracetic acid is an excellent reagent for the preparation of holocellulose from wood. Ogait (4) also found that bleached cellulose could be obtained in 60 to 65% yield from wood and straw by the reaction of peracetic acid at 60 to 80°C. Haney, Martin and Sherk (5), and Poljac (6) have patented methods of oxidizing lignin in wood by peracetic acid. …

Improvement Of Heat Stability Of Paper Made From Sulfite And Kraft Pulps, Robert Perry Lynn

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Paper made from bleached sulphite and sulphate pulps and then treated with sodium alginate and antimony resin solutions show far less physical and chemical degradation with heat than these same papers when not treated with these solutions. Sodium alginate and antimony resins solutions appear to inhibit degradation up to 175C for 45 minutes but are not effective when the papers are heated to 210 C for 45 minutes. The paper made with bleached sulphate pulp and saturated with sodium alginate solution showed an appreciable increase in folding strength when heated at 175C for 45 minutes, which is most unusual.

The …

The Effect Of Drying Conditions On The Surface Properties Of A Commercial Coating, Lowell Henry Livingston

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The air temperatures and velocities were varied in the tunnel dryer of a commercial coater to determine the effects on the coated surface. Laboratory drawdowns were also made using the same coating color and basestock only dried under different conditions. The coated sheets were then tested for IGT, Dennison wax pick, K&N ink receptivity, Smoothness, Scheid and Gloss to determine any relationships between drying rate and suface properties.

The Effect Of The Distance From The Size Press To The First Drier On Sheet Properties, Hugh K. Myers

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

It is the purpose of this thesis to attempt to evaluate the effect of the distance from the size press to the first drier on penetration and sheet properties. At a constant machine speed, this has the same effect as varying the dwell time of the starch on the sheet.

It has been found that an optimum distance or dwell time exists for strength properties, namely, breaking length and burst factor. The effect on air resistance and tear, however, is much greater than the effect on the above. Tear was found to increase 20% with dwell time. Air resistance experienced …

The Influence Of Low Viscosity Shear Of Pigments On Coated Papers Properties, John F. Schmitt

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This paper covers the effect of shear by a sigma blade kneader on the optical properties of a given filler clay. The object was to produce a delaminated clay with an appropriate particle size distribution that would give improved optical properties over the original filler clay and possibly another conventional coating clay at the same particle size distribution as the sheared clay.

The Effects Of Variables On The Penetration And Pickup Of Starch Applied At The Size Press, Leonard O. Eklund

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A literature research is presented concerning the pickup and penetration of starch at the size press. The literature research indicates there is very little quantitative results in this area. The objective of the experimental work is to determine the effect of starch temperature, sheet moisture, and machine speed on the penetration of starch into the sheet. The depth and quantity of penetration was obtained by using a spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of starch in microtomed samples.

The experimental results indicated that increased temperature of starch solutions and increased machine speeds increases penetration. Penetration also increases with increasing moisture content …

The Effect Of Infrared Drying Rates On The Optical Properties Of Starch-Clay Coatings, Ray Ludwa

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of varying rates of infrared drying on a starch-clay coated sheet, in-so-far as optical properties are concerned. Gloss may be increased by drying the coated side of the sheet, while brightness and opacity show decreases. There is an optimum rate of drying for a starch-clay coated sheet. Metal surfaces under a coated sheet being dried with infrared radiation materially effects the optical properties.

The Effect Of High Velocity Shear On Coating Properties, Richard Wilhelm

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The chief reason for this work was to investigate the effect of a high velocity shear imparted to a NoKarb clay by a Cowles Dissolver at 5600 rpm.

After 12-hour shearing period drawdowns were made of both the sheared and unsheared clays. Comparisons were then made with respect to brightness, opacity, gloss, Bekk Smoothness, Dennison Wax pick, and K and N Ink Holdout using a starch and a styrene butadiene adhesive.

The Galvanic Cell Oxygen Analyzer Vs. The Winkler Method For Oxygen Determinations In Paper Mill Wastes, Edwin J. Grossenbacher

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This study was designed to verify the assumption that the galvanic cell oxygen analyser can be used as a substitute for the Winkler method in determining the dissolved oxygen content of paper mill effluent. The purpose also includes an attempt to show that dissolved oxygen determinations made by either the Winkler method or by the galvanic cell oxygen analyser are of the same magnitude and can be compared directly. The assumption that this is possible has been based upon extensive tests on solutions containing various spent sulfite liquor wastes at various concentrations. These tests show that the electrode measurements are …

The Effect Of Fines On Relative Bonded Area, Richard G. Bowler

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Bonding characteristics of the fibers in a sheet of paper have long been, and still are, difficult to isolate in a manner which will give exact quantitative information on the degree or bonding. It is possible to indicate with strength tests different levels or bonding. Other factors -- fiber strength, fiber length, cell wall thickness, etc.,-- also enter into values obtained in these tests and make the assignment of exact meaning to bonding impossible. The subject of a major port of this literature search deals with measurement of another bonding characteristics, relative bonded area or simply bonded area. This again …

A Study Of The Ferric-Tartrate Complex In Alkaline Solution, Wade J. Adams

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

For a number of years, the study of hydrodynamic behavior of cellulose has been limited by the lack of a solvent capable of dissolving this high polymer without degrading its degree of polymerization. The consequence of the degradation is the marked change in the properties of the cellulose molecule in solution. Investigations to improve this problem have generally taken two directions.

The first involves the substitution of derivatives on the reactive alcoholic sites of the molecule (substitution method). This allows the molecule to be dissolved, in appropriate solvents, without degradation during dissolution.

The second involved the search for compounds …

Brightness Improvement During Cold Soda Pulping, Harry Pratley

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

I. Introduction

During cold soda pulping, sodium hydroxide reacts with the lignin-carbohydrate complex to form soluble sodium lignate, and the carbohydrates are made soluble by hydrolysis (17). This lignin reaction, however, occurs only after a major portion of the caustic soda has been consumed in neutralizing the readily available acetyl and methoxyl groups and in hemicellulose dissolution. After the pulping process, the high-yield cold soda hardwood pulps exhibit a brown discoloration. A microscopic examination of the woods from which these pulps were produced (21) revealed that the brown discoloration was due to materials located in the cells of the wood. …

Increasing Sheet Strength By Partial Carboxymethylation, Curt Thies

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The objective of this thesis was to increase sheet strength by partial carboxymethylation of cellulose fibers. A survey of literature disclosed the fact this had been done

in an alcoholic solution. An experimental procedure of partially carboxymethylating individual fibers in an aqueous solution was developed. It did not increase sheet strength and a second procedure was developed. In this method formed sheets were subjected to a carboxymethylation treatment. An evaluation of test data led to the following conclusions:

1. Dry and wet strength increases were obtained by treating a sheet with caustic.
2. The carboxymethylation procedure did not increase sheet strength, but …

The Effect Of Variables On The Penetration Of Starch Applied At The Size Press, John Hartman

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The literature from 1925 until the present was searched as it related to the above topic. It was organized into three areas. The first relates the reasons for surface sizing a sheet and how penetration affects them. The second topic states the beliefs as to which variables affect penetration and how they are believed to affect it. The last area concerns the work that has been done in this field. This work has been looking due to a lack of good procedure. Some work has been done on starch coating adhesives and this was searched for useable technique.

Use Of Microtome Sections To Determine The Effect Of Retention Aid On Filler Distribution, James Farrand

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Two-sidedness of paper is an all too common problem in the paper industry. Most of the undesirable results are due to the uneven distribution of filler in the sheet. An accurate, reproduceable, method is needed to study this distribution gradient in order to find the effect of certain variables on this distribution. Although the following method has been used before, its reproducibility has not been demonstrated to any great extent, nor has much work been done as to the effect of variables on the distribution. In this study, the reproducibility of this method is demonstrated and the effect of retention …

Preliminary Investigation On Bamboo Pulping, Sushil Moona

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A preliminary investigation on bamboo pulping by Semi-Keebra process reveals that a higher pulp yield than that obtained by most of the known methods of pulping bamboo can be attained by Semi-Keebra process.* The chemical requirement for pulping is lower than the conventional processes and the spent liquor also contains a higher per cent of solids. The pulp obtained by Semi-Keebra pulp would also require a considerable lesser time for obtaining the desired freeness value, resulting in lower power consumption for stock preparation, than that for the conventional sulphate bamboo pulp of bleachable grade. A comparison of the various hand-sheet …

The Effect Of Fiber Length And Degree Of Fibrillation On Water Removal By Wet Pressing, John C. Walkush

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

The amount of water ·in paper determines indirectly the strength of it by dictating what type of bonds are formed between fibers. The less water in paper the stronger it is. Wet pressing is considered in detail as one method of water removal to determine what factors affect the amount of water removal since this would indirectly affect the development of paper strength. Specifically, the effect of fiber length and the degree of fibrillation was studied. It was found that as fiber length decreases the amount of water that can be removed decreases and that as the degree of fibrillation …

The Effect Of Thrust On The Development Of Strength With The Mead Refiner, G. Hayward

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Several different thrust pressures were exerted on the plates of the Mead Laboratory Refiner and pulp samples were refined over a wide freeness range for each of the several pressures. The strength characteristics developed were measured and it was found that maximum burst and tensile strength was developed by a thrust pressure of 31.22 pounds. Maximum tearing strength was developed at a thrust pressure of 25.94 pounds.

The refining time required to reach a given freeness increased as as the thrust was reduced, but reached a maximum at 20.66 pounds and remained constant for lesser pressures.

A Study Of The Comparative Effects Of Titanium Dioxide On Paper Brightness And Opacity When Used As Filler Versus Its Use As A Coating Mineral, James M. Crandall

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Introduction

Because of the fact, that advertisements printed on bright papers have the most appeal, and papers printed on both sides must have absence of show-through, brightness and opacity have become important variables in paper making.

Titanium dioxide used a a filler or as a coating mineral will cause an increase in paper opacity and brightness. Because titanium dioxide is expensive, it is important to know how it can be used (as filler or coating) to the best advantage.

Objective

The purpose of this project is to compare the optical gains (opacity and brightness) imparted to paper by using titanium …

A Comparison Of The Coating Properties Of Domestic Clays To English Clays, Suzanne K. Love

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Objective

The objective of this thesis was to compare the coating properties of the English and domestic clays. Specifically, it was intended to note which set of clays excelled, if either, in the various properties tested. Furthermore, it would be observed from the results in which properties the primary clays (English) and the secondary clays (domestic) were in close agreement. The experimental work was designed to eliminate as many variables as possible with the exception of the type of clay used.

The Development Of A New Staining Technique For The Colorimetric Identification Of Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Fibers, John F. Kratochvil

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

A new staining technique has been developed for the colorimetric separation of unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers from other types of fibers. It involves the use of two reagents, a 2% solution by weight of p-nitroaniline in 3N HCl and Herzbergs stain. The former solution is applied to the fibers, the excess is removed, and Herzberg stain is applied. This process will produce an orange color on groundwood, a brownish green color on unbleached neutral sulfite semichemical fibers, and a color on chemical fibers and bleached neutral sulfite semichemical hardwood fibers that will vary from blue to deep purple, depending …

The Effect Of Brush Vs Supercalendar Finishing On The Optical And Surface Properties Of Paper, Jerold J. Winzenz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

In the demanding and ever-changing area of paper finishing a new and relatively unpublicized operation has appeared. The operation is one of brush finishing, where a high-speed cylindrical bristle brush is employed continuously against a paper web in order to develop desirable surface properties. The principle involved is a simple low-pressure polishing action not unlike shining one’s shoes. The performance of this new method, however, is obscure due to the absence of published information on the subject in available literature.

Through local industry a portable laboratory model brush finisher was made available to the Paper Technology Department of Western Michigan …

The Relation Between Separate Refining And Mixed Refining On The Strength Properties Of Paper, Doug Bockstanz

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Object

The purpose of this work is to determine whether or not a significant difference in the strength characteristics of paper made from two pulps is obtained if the pulps are refined separately as compared to pulps refined together. The direction and magnitude of any difference is also desired.

The Effect Of Surface Sizing With Starch On Tensile & Tear, Prem K. Kapur

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This survey of literature concerning surface sizing has been undertaken in an effort to compile in one paper the importance of surface sizing on strength properties, particularly tensile and tear.

The use of starch in the modification of surface characteristics of a writing medium may actually be older than the art of paper manufacture itself. A considerable amount of literature on surface sizing showing the effect on surface improvements of the paper sheet is available, but very little work has been undertaken to study the effect of surface sizing on tensile and tear.

Both their strength properties increased on surface …

The Influence Of Cellulose, Lignins, And Organic Compounds On Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dale Phenicie

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D. as it is commonly called) is the oxygen, in parts per million, required during stabilization of the decomposable organic matter by aerobic bacterial action.

This thesis represents work done to find out what, if any, B.O.D. is exerted by cellulose, lignins, and other organic materials found in paper and pulp mill effluents.

The Severity Of Refiner Action Upon Pulp Strength Indexes, Thomas A. Wilson

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Using the ball mill as the refining tool and five different strength developing materials, an investigation was made of the mechanism of fiber strength development.

The various degrees of refining drasticness were obtained by using each of the five materials, and the burst and tear tests and burst times tear factor were used as the strength indexes for determining the various degrees of refining.

Filler Distribution As Effected By Drainage Rate And Volume, James Joseph Beer

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Much work has been going on in the development of increased retention of titanium dioxide. This thesis will investigate retention of titanium dioxide and drainage rates on the distribution of titanium dioxide.

The retention of titanium dioxide will be understood a little better if conditions having known effects on retention are stated. Literature states that retention of fillers increases with increased basis weight, (2) increased beating of the pulp, (1) with increased alum to a limit, (1) and decreases with interrelated machine conditions such as increased speed, vacuum in the suction boxes, and length of wire and shake. (1)

An Evaluation Of Phosphates As Dispersing Agents In The Deinking Of Catalogue Wastepaper By Flotation, Leif Christensen

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

Employing a Wemco three liter laboratory flotation cell and using the dispersing agent as the independent variable erratic trends suggested that trisodium phosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate increase the brightness gain in froth flotation deinking and that trisodium phosphate promotes higher brightness gains than tetrasodium pyrophosphate in concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 percent, (based on oven dry wastepaper). Conclusions could not be drawn for other salts evaluated and also are definitely not decisive for the two salts described. With a material like wastepaper it is difficult, even with the best endeavor to composit the sample, to obtain a large number …

The Effect Of Fiber Distribution Upon Stiffness Of Paper Board, Jon D. Hamelink

Paper Engineering Senior Theses

This problem was approached by making multiply handsheets in the laboratory with various equicaliper ply arrangements of bleached sulfite pulp and overissue news, testing these sheets under standard conditions, and analyzing the data.

The handsheets were made by passing two Noble and Wood formed fiber mats placed face to face through an unlocked wet press. After removal of a forming wire a third ply could be added, followed by a second wet pressing. Upon constructing the sheet in this manner final wet pressing was accomplished by passing the multiply sheet through the loaded wet press. Sheets so formed were dried …