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Wood Measurement Rules, Maine Department Of Agriculture, Food & Rural Resources

Maine Collection

Wood Measurement Rules

Maine Department of Agriculture, Food & Rural Resources, Division of Quality Assurance & Regulations, Augusta, Maine, 2006.

Contents: Chapter 380: General Provisions / Chapter 381: General Requirements for Wood Transactions / Chapter 382: Measurement of Wood and Declaration of Quantity / Chapter 383: Measurement and Prompt Furnishing of Measurement Tally Sheets / Chapter 384: Complaints and Investigations / Chapter 385: Licensing of Wood Scalers / Appendix

Use Of A Crop Water Stress Index For Scheduling The Irrigation Of Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.), Tolga Erdem, Yeşi̇m Erdem, A. Hali̇m Orta, Hakan Okursoy

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study was designed to evaluate different threshold crop water stress index (CWSI) values to schedule irrigation for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown under furrow irrigation. Irrigations were started when CWSI values reached 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 (non-irrigation). The CWSI values were computed from measurements of canopy temperature, air temperature and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Total irrigation water amounts of 679, 584, 470 and 227 mm were applied to the T_{0.2}, T_{0.4}, T_{0.6} and T_{0.8} treatments, respectively. The maximum seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), 809 mm was measured from the T_{0.2} treatment. Irrigation levels significantly affected seed yield. Although the …

Use Of Corine Methodology To Assess Soil Erosion Risk In The Semi-Arid Area Of Beypazari, Ankara, İlhami̇ Bayrami̇n, Günay Erpul, Hakki Emrah Erdoğan

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Soil erosion is one of the major threats to the conservation of soil and water resources in the semi-arid and arid regions of Turkey. Therefore, there is a need to accurately assess soil erosion and accordingly determine the specific control activities adaptable to these conditions. Using the daily rainfall amounts recorded from 1958 to 2003 from 11 climate stations by the Turkish Meteorological Service in the semi-arid area of Beypazari, Ankara, Turkey, 5 different procedures of calculating the Modified Fournier Index (MFI) were performed to obtain the effect of rainfall variability and incidence of extreme storms on assessing 'Actual Soil …

Integrated Weed Control In Sugar Beet Through Combinations Of Tractor Hoeing And Reduced Dosages Of A Herbicide Mixture, Riza Kaya, Şevki̇ Buzluk

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Weed control is performed by hand in 83% of the sugar beet growing area in Turkey. Due to the movement of the labour force to industry recently, the lack of labour has led to a huge problem. Therefore, the completely mechanised alternative methods must be introduced into the weed control of sugar beet. In this study, the effects of alternative control methods, based on the use of a tractor hoe combined with post-emergence reduced herbicide dosages, on weeds and on the yield and quality of sugar beet were investigated. Our data indicated that tractor hoeing twice + thinning (96.2%) resulted …

Comparative Characterization Of The Effects Of The Climate–Tree–Growth Relationship In Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arnold Subsp. Pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) On Wood Treatability, İlker Usta

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The effects of the climate-tree-growth relationship on treatability were investigated in the Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) based on the altitudinal locations at approximately 960 m (B1) and 1010 m (B2) in the former coniferous afforestation area in Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey. This was achieved by analysis of the 1º branches at 1, 2, and 3 m tree heights above ground level for the periods 82/98 (March 1982 to February 1998) and 98/04 (March 1998 to February 2004). It appeared that the climatic changes during the period 98/04 had a greater effect on the growth of …

Gge-Biplot Analysis Of Multi-Environment Yield Trials In Bread Wheat, Yüksel Kaya, Mevlüt Akçura, Seyfi̇ Taner

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Yield data of 25 bread wheat genotypes tested across 9 rain-fed environments during the 2002-2003 growing season were analyzed using the GGE (i.e. G, genotype + GEI, genotype-by-environment interaction) biplot method. E (environment) explained 81% of the total (G + E + GE) variation, whereas G and GEI captured 7.3% and 11.7%, respectively. The first 2 principal components (PC1 and PC2) were used to create a 2-dimensional GGE-biplot and explained 46.2% and 15.8% of GGE sum of squares (SS), respectively. Genotypic PC1 scores >0 detected the adaptable and/or higher-yielding genotypes, while PC1 scores

Inheritance Of Grain Yield Per Plant, Flag Leaf Width, And Length In An 8 X 8 Diallel Cross Population Of Bread Wheat (T. Aestivum L.), Şahi̇n Dere, Meti̇n Bi̇rkan Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The inheritance of grain yield per plant, flag leaf width, and flag leaf length was studied applying Jinks-Hayman diallel analysis in an 8 x 8 wheat cross population involving the bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) genotypes Cumhuriyet, Kaşifbey, Ziyabey, Marmara, Basribey, Malabadi, Yüreğir, and Seri-82. The crosses were made by hand, without reciprocals, in field conditions from March to May 2001, and the field experiment was conducted during the October 2002 to June 2003 growing season. The analysis of data showed that the additive variance component (D) was significant for flag leaf width (P < 0.01). The dominance variance component (H_1) was significant for flag leaf width and grain yield per plant. The dominance level variance component (h^2) and corrected dominance variance component (H_2) were significant for all 3 traits studied (P < 0.01). The Wr/Vr graphs indicated overdominance for grain yield per plant and flag leaf width, while partial dominance was inferred for flag leaf length. Flag leaf length was significantly and positively correlated with flag leaf width (r = 0.803). Yüreğir x Malabadi crosses should be considered for maximizing photosynthetic area of the leaf.

Salt Tolerance Of Pepper Cultivars During Germination And Seedling Growth, Ertan Yildirim, İsmai̇l Güvenç

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on the germination and emergence of pepper cultivars, and to investigate the potential for genetic salt tolerance during germination and seedling growth. Thus, seeds of 11 pepper cultivars were germinated using 0, 85, 170, and 215 mM NaCl solutions for 14 days. Germination percentage decreased with increased NaCl concentration. All cultivars germinated in all salinities, with the exception of Kandil Dolma in 215 mM NaCl. The greatest germination percentage at 215 mM of NaCl was 71% for 11-B-14. NaCl salinity at different concentrations adversely affected germination rates of the 11 …

Clonal Selection Of A Winter-Type European Pear Cultivar 'Ankara' (Pyrus Communis L.), Hati̇ce Dumanoğlu, Nurdan Tuna Güneş, Veli̇ Erdoğan, Ahmet Aygün, Beki̇r Şan

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Clones of the 'Ankara' pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivar, which is a winter-type of European pear, were investigated in terms of morphological and chemical characteristics, and sensory analyses, in the Ankara (Turkey) region in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Fruit weight, length, and diameter; core diameter; skin and flesh color; flesh firmness; soluble solids content; titrable acidity; pH; grittiness; melting degree in the mouth (buttery flesh); flavor; texture; and appearance were determined in 40, 17, and 26 clones in 2001, 2002, and 2003, respectively. Two clones #5 and #6, were selected as superior clones of 'Ankara' pear in 16 clones, which …

Effects Of Organic Waste Substrates On The Growth Of Impatiens, Ömer H. Dede, Gülgün Köseoğlu, Sai̇m Özdemi̇r, Ahmet Çelebi̇

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The use of peat and peat substitute organic wastes as substrates for container-grown flowers was studied. Peat, hazelnut husk, and maize straw were considered as support materials and MSWC (municipal solid waste compost) and poultry manure as fertilizer supplements. Eight substrates were prepared by combining each additive with peat, hazelnut husk, and maize straw. Hazelnut husk and maize straw substitution by 50% and compost and poultry manure addition by 25% in peat exhibited acceptable physical and chemical properties that are important for container substrates. Nitrogen provided by the compost and poultry manure influenced plant growth and flowering. The lowest rate …

Inheritance Of Cold Tolerance In Common Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Omid Sofalian, Seyyed Abolghasem Mohammadi, Saeid Aharizad, Mohammad Moghaddam, Mohammad Reza Shakiba

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Low temperature is one of the most severe abiotic stresses limiting wheat growth, productivity, and distribution. Understanding the genetic nature of cold and frost tolerance is regarded as the primary step in wheat breeding programs. This study used a winter wheat cultivar, Norstar, which has a high level of cold tolerance (LT_{50} = -22.3 ºC), and a highly cold-susceptible Iranian spring wheat variety, Zagros (LT_{50} = -3.5 °C), as parental lines to develop different generations. Seven generations, P_1, P_2, F_1, F_2, F_{2:3}, BC_1, and BC_2, were used for generation mean and generation variance analysis for estimating genetic effects and variances, …

Detection Of Four Apple Viruses By Elisa And Rt-Pcr Assays In Turkey, Kadri̇ye Çağlayan, Çi̇ğdem Ulubaş Serçe, Mona Gazel, Wilhelm Jelkmann

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Plant samples were collected from the main apple growing provinces of Turkey in order to evaluate the incidence of 4 important apple virus diseases during spring 2004. Collected leaves and shoots were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Since no commercial antiserum is available, Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) was tested only using RT-PCR and the results were compared. A total of 174 apple samples were collected from varietal collections belonging to governmental and university …

Effects Of Some Plant Materials On Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora Capsici Leon.) Of Pepper, Fi̇kret Demi̇rci̇, F. Sara Dolar

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Effects of dried garlic, peppermint, cabbage, lentil, alfalfa, onion, radish, and garden cress plant materials on Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici Leon.) of pepper were determined, in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Extracts of the plant materials were used in vitro. The plant materials were extracted in ethanol and were added to corn meal agar (CMA) at 5 and 10 µg ml^{-1}. The extracts of alfalfa, garlic, cabbage, and peppermint reduced colony diameter of P. capsici on corn meal agar between 3.46% and 13.73%, whereas mycelial growth of P. capsici was increased by onion, radish, garden cress, and lentil …

Agro-Morphological Characterization Of Some Wild Wheat (Aegilops L. And Triticum L.) Species, Alpteki̇n Karagöz, Necmi̇ Pi̇lanali, Turgay Polat

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Wild wheat (Aegilops L. and Triticum L.) populations were collected from different regions of Turkey and characterized for 5 basic traits, in order to study their agro-morphological characteristics and variation among populations. Material of the study consisted of 112 populations of wild wheat and 12 populations of cultivated wheat. Cultivated einkorn (T. monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and cultivated emmer (T. turgidum L. subsp. dicoccon (Shrank) Thell.) were used as checks for Triticum species. Among the Aegilops material studied, Ae. tauschii Coss. var. meyeri (Griseb. ex Ledeb.) has not been defined in the flora of Turkey before and is characterized agromorphologically …

Spectral Sensing Of Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Density Using Field Spectrometry And Radiometry, Mustafa Mi̇ri̇k, Gerald J. Michels

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L., are aphid pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and other cereals worldwide. Greenbug and bird cherry-oat aphid infestation in crops is unpredictable over space and time. From these 2 aphids, greenbug infestation causes significant reduction in yield, and consequently large amounts of insecticides are used to control greenbug populations. Therefore, a repeatable and rapid method is necessary for monitoring aphid populations. Remote sensing appears promising for the monitoring of aphid density in crops. The present research …

Somatic Embryogenesis From Immature Cotyledons Of Apomictic And Non-Apomictic Seeds In Walnut (Juglans Regia L.), Beki̇r Şan, Hati̇ce Dumanoğlu

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of apomictic and open-pollinated seeds in some walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes was investigated. To obtain apomictic seeds, female flowers were bagged and/or pollinated with pollen of the apple cv. 'Golden Delicious' (Malus x domestica Borkh.). The best cotyledon stage for somatic embryogenesis was determined in open-pollinated seeds of 10 walnut genotypes. Immature cotyledons were cultured 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 weeks after anthesis. As a result of this experiment, cotyledons of seeds thought to be of apomictic origin were cultured 8 weeks after anthesis. Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 1 …

Technical Efficiency Analysis Of Tobacco Farming In Southeastern Anatolia, Mustafa Necat Ören, Tuna Alemdar

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The technical efficiencies of tobacco farms in Southeastern Anatolia were estimated with parametric and non-parametric methods. Data obtained from 149 tobacco farms were used in the empirical analysis. Results obtained with an output oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were compared to those obtained from Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the differences are discussed. According to the results of the DEA model, mean efficiency of tobacco farmers was found to be 0.45 and 0.56 for Constant and Variable Returns to Scale (CRS and VRS) assumptions, respectively. Mean technical efficiency obtained with the SFA model was found to be 0.54. A strong …

A Correlation And Path Coefficient Analysis Of Components In G. Hirsutum L. Hybrids By Usual And Fibre Quality Grouping, S. L. Ahuja, L. S. Dhayal, Ram Prakash

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Improvement in fibre length is important for the textile industry in utilising high speed yarn spinning technology and in expanding the array of yarn products. High tensile strength fibre is needed for good spinning, especially with fast modern spinning machines. The usual practice of estimating correlation coefficients and the direct and indirect effects of component traits of seed cotton yield is without grouping the genetic material on the basis of fibre length and strength. Hence, the present investigation was carried out on these aspects by grouping the 20 F1 hybrids into 3 sets on the basis of fibre length and …

Effect Of Salinity Stress On Dry Matter Production And Ion Accumulation In Hybrid Maize Varieties, Seli̇m Eker, Gönül Cömertpay, Ömer Konuşkan, Ahmet Can Ülger, Levent Öztürk, İsmai̇l Çakmak

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The salt stress tolerance of 19 hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) varieties was tested in nutrient solution during the early growth stage under controlled environmental conditions. For the salt stress treatment, sodium chloride (NaCl) was applied to nutrient solution at a concentration of 250 mM for 6 days before the harvest. Plants were harvested after 17 days of growth and analyzed for shoot and root dry matter production, severity of leaf damage (necrotic patches on older leaves), and the concentrations of potassium (K), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) in the roots and shoots. The varieties differed greatly in their response …

A Comparison Of The Development Times Of Trissolcus Rufiventris (Mayr) And Trissolcus Simoni Mayr (Hym.: Scelionidae) At Three Constant Temperatures, Müjgan Kivan, Ni̇hal Kiliç

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The effects of temperature on the development of the egg parasitoids Trissolcus rufiventris (Mayr) and Trissolcus simoni Mayr (Hym.: Scelionidae) were determined at 3 constant temperatures. Female development ranged from 6.9 days at 32 °C to 22.5 days at 20 °C for T. rufiventris, and from 9.2 days at 32 °C to 24.7 days at 20 °C for T. simoni. The average development time of males was shorter than that of females for each parasitoid species. The development of female T. rufiventris required 125.0 degree-days above the theoretical threshold of 15.5 °C and that of males required 111.1 degree-days above …

The Effect Of Zinc On Growth And Shoot Concentrations Of Sodium And Potassium In Pepper Plants Under Salinity Stress, Hakan Aktaş, Kazim Abak, Levent Öztürk, İsmai̇l Çakmak

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The effect of increasing concentrations of zinc (Zn) on NaCl toxicity was studied in pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Kahramanmaras-3) plants grown in a growth chamber under controlled conditions. Plants were grown in severely Zn-deficient soil with increasing Zn (0, 2, and 10 mg Zn kg^{-1} soil) and NaCl (0%, 0.5% and 1.5% NaCl in irrigation water) treatments. After 46 days of growth, the plants were harvested and the shoots were analyzed for dry matter production, concentrations of Zn, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and phosphorous (P), and K/Na ratios. The results showed that Zn deficiency in soil significantly reduced shoot …

Use Of Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System Technologies For Developing Greenhouse Databases, Namik Kemal Sönmez, Mustafa Sari

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

This model study was conducted in Antalya region greenhouses for the determination and registration of agricultural resources as a part of adjustment efforts for the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The aim was to create new database systems based on remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS), rather than conventional land measurement techniques. For this purpose, glass and plastic greenhouses were determined by visual data analysis of satellite image, and databases were created for each greenhouse by GIS. These databases included area, coordinates and other characteristics of each greenhouse. These databases were prepared in a format that …

Cambial Activity Of The Sessile Oak (Quercus Petraea) In Belgrade Forest, İstanbul, Ünal Akkemi̇k, Hati̇ce Çinar Yilmaz, Orhan Sevgi̇

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

The cambium activity of Quercus petraea (Mattuscha) Liebl. (sessile oak) in Atatürk Arboretum (Belgrade Forest, İstanbul) was studied by mounting 5 manual and 5 electronic dendrometers on 5 dominant trees very near to each other (2-5 m). Cambium activity began during the first week of May in 2003, and 1 month earlier, the first week of April, in 2004. The fast growing season for both years was May to July, accounting for 90% of diameter increase. Earlywood/latewood ratios measured on tree rings varied principally with changes in latewood widths, as affected by climate. The highest and most significant correlations were …

Time Trend In The Mean Annual Temperature Of Iran, Bijan Ghahraman

Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry

Many researchers around the world have reported a gradual increase in mean annual temperature. Yet, there are some reports of a reduction in this parameter. In this study, we investigated the long-term trend of mean annual temperature at 34 synoptic stations in Iran (2 stations in cool humid climates, 14 stations in temperate humid climates, 11 stations in steppe climates, and 7 stations in desert climates, based on the Koppen climatic division) with a minimum record of 30 years by Student's t-test. Results showed that there was a positive trend in 50% of the stations, while 41% of stations had …