Food Science Commons^™

Two Novel Approaches Used To Produce Biodiesel From Low-Cost Feedstocks, Xiaohu Fan, Xi Wang, Feng Chen

Publications

The price of feedstock is one of the most significant factors affecting the economic viability of biodiesel manufacturer. Many approaches were investigated to reduce the biodiesel production cost. The present work gave a preliminary study of two approaches to economically produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) and flaked cottonseed. One was the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from WCO. The other was the application of in situ transesterification from flaked cottonseed. Gas chromatography (GC) and High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results demonstrated the feasibility of using both approaches to produce biodiesel from low-cost feedstock.

A Comparative Identification Of Ochratoxin A In Longan Fruit Pulp By High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection And Electron Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry, Jing Li, Haihui Xie, Bao Yang, Xinhong Dong, Linyan Feng, Feng Chen, Yueming Jiang

Publications

Harvested longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) fruit are susceptible to decay caused by both bacterial and fungal infections. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a kind of mycotoxin produced by a number of fungi. In this study, OTA was extracted from longan fruit pulp by 80% methanol and then loaded on C-18 solid-phase extraction columns. The extract solution was then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography - fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) and an electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), respectively. The HPLC-FD analysis showed that a compound similar to OTA might exist in longan fruit pulp, but further analysis by the ESI-MS method demonstrated that …

Child-Feeding Practices And Child Overweight Perceptions Of Family Day Care Providers Caring For Preschool-Age Children, Lynn S. Brann

Falk College Research Center

No abstract provided.

Validation Of Live Animal Ultrasonic Measurements Of Body Composition In Market Lambs, J. C. Emenheiser, S. P. Greiner, Ronald M. Lewis, D. R. Notter

Department of Animal Science: Faculty Publications

Market lambs from the state fair of Virginia (n = 172) were ultrasonically evaluated by 4 scan technicians and 3 image interpreters to determine accuracy of ultrasonic estimates of loin muscle area (ULMA), backfat thickness (UBF), and body wall thickness (UBW). Lambs were initially scanned at the preferred magnification setting of each technician; 2 chose 1.5× and 2 chose 2.0×. Lambs were then scanned a second time for ULMA and UBF with machine magnification settings changed from 1.5 to 2.0×, or vice versa, midway through the second scan. Lambs were then slaughtered, and analogous measurements [carcass loin muscle area, …

Potassium For High Rainfall Pastures, Mike Bolland, Bill Russell

Bulletins 4000 -

Potassium plays a major role in plant growth. It maintains the solutions in plant cells at ionic strengths suitable for maintaining strong plant walls and for the proper functioning of leaf pores (stomata) and plant processes such as photosynthesis, transport of sugars and enzyme activation.

Potassium does not become a direct part of the plant structure but acts to regulate water balances, nutrient and sugar movement in plant tissue. Plants deficient in potassium cannot use other nutrients and water efficiently. They are less tolerant of stresses such as drought and waterlogging and are more susceptible to pests and diseases.

Collection And Preparation Of Milk Samples For Microbiological Culturing, Jeffrey M. Bewley, Robert J. Harmon, Stephan Locke

Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications

In developing individual farm mastitis control and treatment strategies, it is often necessary to characterize the types of bacteria that are present on your farm. To answer this question, a microbiological analysis, or milk culture, must be performed on milk samples collected from cows showing clinical or subclinical signs of mastitis. Results of the milk cultures will help identify which bacteria are causing the mastitis. In turn, this information can be used to alter mastitis control, prevention, and treatment options to fit your herd’s conditions.

During an investigation of a herd dealing with high somatic cell counts or a high …

Contents, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Letter From The Dean, Michael Vayda

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Instructions For Authors, Discovery Editors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Determination Of Lead, Cadmium, Zinc And Nickel Inedible Oil Products By Stripping Voltammetry., Ng Khan Loon

Student Works (2010-2019)

Edible oil products had become an everyday food that been consumed by most of the people either for dressing or for cooking purpose. Metal has become a common contamination to the food product, which it found the way into the edible oil through environment and processing contamination such as crushing, distillation, and hydrogenation. In this Study, the main focuses of metal analysis are only confined to 4 common metals which are the Cadmium, Lead, Zinc and Nickel. These elements are selected in this study due to reason that Cadmium and Lead are commonly known for their contamination from environment and …

High Crimes, Not Misdemeanors: Deterring The Production Of Unsafe Food, Rena I. Steinzor

Faculty Scholarship

In the fall of 2008, Minnesota public health officials became alarmed by an unusually high number of illnesses and deaths caused by salmonella poisoning. Federal and state regulators and the news media eventually traced the outbreak back to products supplied by the Peanut Corporation of America (PCA). Employees shipped batches that tested positive for salmonella from a plant with a leaking roof, mold growing on ceilings and walls, rodent infestation, filthy processing receptacles, and feathers and feces in the air filtration system. Under an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Georgia state inspectors visited the PCA plant nine …

Discovery: The Student Journal Of Dale Bumpers College Of Agricultural, Food And Life Sciences - Volume 11 2010, Several Authors

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

No abstract provided.

Industry Professionals’ Perceptions Of Crisis Communications Educational Needs For New Professionals And Best Practices For Second Life© Simulations, Kristin M. Pennington, Leslie D. Edgar

Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Crises impacting agriculture cost the nation billions of dollars in expenses and lost revenues annually. Organizations and governmental agencies continue to refocus energies on improving crisis communication plans in an effort to lessen economic impacts of unanticipated events. This study brought together an advisory team of agricultural communications professionals to gather perceptions of crisis communications educational needs for new professionals and to identify the best practices for using Second Life© (SL), a 3-D virtual world, simulations for training. Advisory team members represented the human, crop, animal, and environmental sectors of the agricultural industry. Perceptions were gathered during a roundtable, open-ended …

Effect Of Ultrasonic Processing On Food Enzymes Of Industrial Importance, Paula Bourke, Brijesh Tiwari, Colm O Donnell, Patrick J. Cullen

Articles

In the last decade power ultrasound has emerged as an alternative processing option to conventional thermal approaches for pasteurisation and sterilisation of food products. While sonication alone is not adequate for inactivation of various spoilage and harmful enzymes present in food, ultrasound in combination with mild heat treatment and/or pressure has shown potential for both enzyme and pathogen inactivation. Numerous studies have investigated ultrasound for inactivating enzymes such as pectinmethylesterase, polyphenoloxidases and peroxidases responsible for deterioration of fruit & vegetable juice and various enzymes pertinent to milk quality. The efficacy of ultrasound for the inactivation of enzymes in food is …

Quality And Safety Assessment During The Ozonation Of Cloudy Apple Juice, Sonal Patil, B. Torres, Brijesh Tiwari, Hilda Wingaard, Paula Bourke, Patrick J. Cullen, C. O'Donnell, Vasilis Valdramidis

Articles

Traditionally, ozone processing within the food industry has focused on solid foods by either gaseous treatment or washing with ozonated water. However, with the FDA’s approval of ozone as a direct additive to food, the potential for liquid applications has emerged. This study investigates the effect of ozone processing on microbial inactivation (E. coli ATCC 25922 and NCTC 12900), and quality parameters (colour, phenolic content) of apple juice. Apple juice samples were ozonated at room temperature (20±1.5^oC) with an ozone concentration of 0.048 mg O₃ min^-1 ml^-1 and treatment time of 0 to 10 …

Untreated And Enzyme-Modified Bovine Whey Products Reduce Association Of Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia Coli O157:H7 And Cronobacter Malonaticus (Formerly Enterobacter Sakazakii) To Caco-2 Cells, Rachel Halpin, D.B. Brady, E.D. O’Riordan, M. O’Sullivan

Articles

Adhesion of a micro-organism to a cell surface is often considered to be the first step in pathogenesis. Inhibiting this process may have therapeutic effects in vivo. This study investigates the inhibitory effects of various bovine whey products on the association of Salm. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and C. malonaticus (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) to the human CaCo-2 cell line. Invasion of CaCo-2 cells by Salm. Typhimurium and C. malonaticus was also examined.

Efficacy Of Ozone And Ultrasound For Microbial Reduction In Fruit Juice, Sonal Patil

Doctoral

Concerns have arisen regarding the microbiological safety of fruit juices due to a number of outbreaks associated with pathogens. Non-thermal technologies for the inactivation of microorganisms are of increasing interest to the food industry for the control of spoilage as well as safety concerns. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound and ozone treatments for control of microbial issues associated with fruit juices. Inactivation of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922, NCTC 12900) using power ultrasound was found to be influenced by strain, prior acid adaptation and suspension liquid, but the effect was negated at the higher …

The Effect Of Heating On The Antioxidants Content In Edible Oil., Premanand Krishnan

Student Works (2010-2019)

There are many types edible oils with various brand found in the market. The types of oils involved in the analysis for the antioxidants content were palm oil, olive oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soy bean oil, corn oil, gingerly oil, rice bran oil, mixed oil and ayurvedic oil. The method used to evaluate the amount antioxidants in this study was 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In this test, the scavenging of the DPPH radicals was followed by monitoring the decrease in absorbance at 515 nm. Heating the oil samples to various temperatures shows negative effect on the antioxidants content. The antioxidants …

Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Pcr (Eric-Pcr) Analysis Among Raw Vegetables Isolates Of Campylobacter Jejuni., Tuan Suraya Tuan Soh

Student Works (2010-2019)

A total of 20 (n=20) raw vegetable isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were examined for the presence of virulence genes and genetic diversity using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis. All C. jejuni isolates were obtained from the laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. When specific PCR amplification were determined, all raw vegetables isolates of Campylobacter jejuni contained cadF and ceuE genes. Whereas, 12 (12/20) isolates were positive cdtB and 6 (6/20) were positive cdtC. None of the C. jejuni isolates was cdtA positive. Using ERIC-PCR analysis, all 20 isolates of C. jejuni were …

Optimization Of Solid-Phase Microextraction For The Determination Of Organo-Phosphorus And Organo-Chlorine Pesticide Residues In Natural Water Near Aquaculture Farms., Chan Chun Foong

Student Works (2010-2019)

The global shrimp farming industry had a rapid growth in the 1980s due to the high demand for shrimp. Apart from the destruction of mangroves and wetlands, the intensive operation of shrimp aquaculture deteriorated the water quality in the region. Variety of chemicals and biological products were used to prevent the outbreaks of diseases in the intensively managed shrimp ponds. Pesticides were used as disinfectands to kill unwanted organisms in the pond. SPME-GC-ECD method was developed for the determination of azinphos-ethyl, chlorphyrifos-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, endosulfan-I, endosulfan-II, endosulfan sulfate and malathion from water samples of shrimp aquaculture area in Manjung district, …

New Palm Oil Products By Enzymatic Interesterification And Dry Fractionation., Saw Mei Huey

Student Works (2010-2019)

Palm olein is one of the major palm oil products that domestically and industrially used as cooking or frying oil. Palm olein tends to crystallize at low temperature that limits its usage in temperate countries. In spite of various nutritional studies, palm olein is also not well considered as recommended choice due to its higher saturation content. Against these factors, there is a need to reduce its saturation content. In this study, the saturation content in palm olein was reduced through the combination of enzymatic interesterification and dry fractionation. Enzymatic interesterification allows interchanging of acyl groups between and within triacylglycerols …

Cytoprotective And Genoprotective Effects Of Aqueous Extracts Of Processed Pleurotus Sajor-Caju Fruiting Bodies On Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage Of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells., Mohamad Fairus Abdul Kadir

Student Works (2010-2019)

Pleurotus sajor-caju authority is one of the mushroom species that is widely grown in Malaysia. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, cytoprotective, genotoxic and genoprotective activities of crude water extracts of this mushroom. Crude aqueous extracts were prepared from the fruiting bodies that had been processed at different temperatures such as P1: blanching (95°C ± 2°C), P2: sun drying (30°C ± 2°C), P3: freeze drying (-46°C ± 3°C) and different temperatures of oven drying (P4: 45°C, P5: 50°C, P5: 55°C and P6: 60°C ± 2°C respectively). Antioxidant capacity of all the extracts was determined using ferric …

Family Members' Influence On Family Meal Vegetable Choices, Tionni R. Wenrich, J. Lynne Brown, Michelle Miller-Day, Kevin J. Kelley, Eugene J. Lengerich

Communication Faculty Articles and Research

Objective—Characterize the process of family vegetable selection (especially cruciferous, deep orange, and dark green leafy vegetables); demonstrate the usefulness of Exchange Theory (how family norms and past experiences interact with rewards and costs) for interpreting the data.

Design—Eight focus groups, two with each segment (men/women vegetable-likers/dislikers based on a screening form). Participants completed a vegetable intake form.

Setting—Rural Appalachian Pennsylvania.

Participants—61 low-income, married/cohabiting men (n=28) and women (n=33).

Analysis—Thematic analysis within Exchange Theory framework for qualitative data. Descriptive analysis, t-tests and chi-square tests for quantitative data.

Results—Exchange Theory proved useful for understanding that regardless …

Development Of New Functional Food Applications Of Edible Irish Seaweed, Sabrina Cox

Conference papers

No abstract provided.

Resistant Starches Types 2 And 4 Have Differential Effects On The Composition Of The Fecal Microbiota In Human Subjects, Ines Martinez, Jaehyoung Kim, Patrick R. Duffy, Vicki L. Schlegel, Jens Walter

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Background: To systematically develop dietary strategies based on resistant starch (RS) that modulate the human gut microbiome, detailed in vivo studies that evaluate the effects of different forms of RS on the community structure and population dynamics of the gut microbiota are necessary. The aim of the present study was to gain a community wide perspective of the effects of RS types 2 (RS2) and 4 (RS4) on the fecal microbiota in human individuals.

Methods and Findings: Ten human subjects consumed crackers for three weeks each containing either RS2, RS4, or native starch in a double-blind, crossover design. Multiplex sequencing …

Functionality Of Native Tetraploid Wheat Starches: Effects Of Waxy Loci Alleles And Amylose Concentration In Blends, L. E. Hansen, David S. Jackson, R. L. Wehling, J. D. Wilson, Robert A. Graybosch

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Partial waxy (reduced amylose) and fully waxy (amylose-free) tetraploid durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) were used to investigate the relationships between both intra- and inter-granular variation in amylose concentration and starch functionality. Starches isolated from each genotype (intra-granular amylose variants) were compared to those of commercially available hexaploid wild-type and waxy starches, and functionalities compared to blends (inter-granular variants) of durum waxy and wild- type starches of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, & 30% amylose content. Starch particle size distributions were not significantly different amongst partial waxy and wild-type genotypes; waxy samples had significantly smaller mean …

Functionality Of Chemically Modified Wild-Type, Partial Waxy And Waxy Starches From Tetraploid Wheats, L. E. Hansen, David S. Jackson, R. L. Wehling, Robert A. Graybosch

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Partial waxy (reduced-amylose) and fully waxy (amylose-free) tetraploid durum wheats (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) were developed by introgression of null alleles at the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 loci from common hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Purified starches were obtained from each genotype, and chemically modified by: 1) cross-linking with phosphorus oxychloride, 2) substitution with propylene oxide, and 3) sequential cross-linking with phosphorus oxychloride followed by substitution with propylene oxide. Functional properties were compared to blends of waxy and wild-type durum starches of known amylose contents. Significant differences in functionality were observed amongst the …

Factors Affecting The Alkaline Cooking Performance Of Selected Corn And Sorghum Hybrids, Weston B. Johnson, Wajira S. Ratnayake, David S. Jackson, Kyung-Min Lee, Timothy J. Herrman, Scott R. Bean, Stephen C. Mason

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Dent com (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum hieolor L. Moench) sample sets representative of commonly grown hybrids and diverse physical attributes were analyzed for alkaline cooking performance. The influence of kernel characteristics including hardness, density, starch properties (thermal, pasting, and crystallinity), starch content, protein content, and prolamin content on alkaline cooking performance was also determined. Corn nixtamal moisture content was lower for hard, dense kernels with high protein contents; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was lower for kernels with low moisture contents and low starch relative crystallinities. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) regression equations showed that corn nixtamal moisture content was influenced by TADD (tangential abrasive dehulling device) index, kernel moisture content, starch content, and protein content; sorghum nixtamal moisture content was influenced by starch relative crystallinity, kernel moisture content, and abrasive hardness index. Pericarp removal was not strongly correlated with kernel characterization tests. Location (environmental) and hybrid (genetic) factors influenced most kernel characteristics and nixtamalization processing variables.

Responders And Non-Responders To Probiotic Interventions, Gregor Reid, Estelle Gaudier, Francisco Guarner, Gary B. Huffnagle, Jean M. Macklaim, Alicia Murcia Munoz, Margaret Martini, Tamar Ringel-Kulka, Balfor R. Sartor, Robert R. Unal, Kristin Verbeke, Jens Walter

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

As with many clinical studies, trials using probiotics have shown clearly that some patients benefit from the treatment while others do not. For example if treatment with probiotics leads to 36% cure rate of diarrhea, why did the other 64% not have the same result? The issue is important for human and indeed experimental animal studies for two main reasons: (i) Would changing the design of the study result in more subjects responding to treatment? (ii) If a subject does not respond what are the mechanistic reasons? In order to tackle the issue of responders and non-responders to therapy, a …

Threshold Dose For Peanut: Risk Characterization Based Upon Diagnostic Oral Challenge Of A Series Of 286 Peanut-Allergic Individuals, Steve L. Taylor, D. A. Moneret-Vautrin, Rene W. R. Crevel, David Sheffield, Martine Morisset, P. Dumont, Benjamin C. Remington, Joseph L. Baumert

Department of Food Science and Technology: Faculty Publications

Clinical records of 286 consecutive patients reacting positively with objective symptoms to double-blind, placebo-controlled oral peanut challenges at University Hospital, Nancy, France were examined for individual No Observed Adverse Effect Levels (NOAELs) and Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Levels (LOAELs). After fitting to a log-normal probability distribution model, the ED₁₀ and ED₀₅ were 14.4 and 7.3 mg (expressed as whole peanut), respectively, with 95% lower confidence intervals of 10.7 and 5.2 mg, respectively. Compared to results from a previous study where the ED₁₀ was based upon individual peanut thresholds gleaned from 12 publications, a statistically significant difference was …