Food Science Commons^™

Epidemiology Of Early And Late Growth In Height, Leg And Trunk Length: Findings From A Birth Cohort Of Brazilian Males, D. P. Gigante, Aydin Nazmi, R. C. Lima, F. C. Barros, Cesar G. Victora

Food Science and Nutrition

Background/Objective:To investigate socioeconomic, gestational and early life exposures as potential determinants of total height, leg and trunk length.

Subjects/Methods:Male subjects from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study were examined in 1986 at home, and in 2000 when registering at the local army base. The follow-up rate was 79%. Standing and sitting heights were measured on both occasions. Leg length was calculated as the difference between standing and sitting heights. Outcome measures were height, leg and trunk length at 4 and 18 years and growth in this period. Complete data were obtained for 2012 participants, representing 71% of all …

Effect Of Processing Parameters On Texture, Composition And Applicability Of High Protein Dairy Food, Maulik Shah

Master's Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of key process parameters on the flow properties of a novel High Protein Dairy Food (HPDF). HPDF was manufactured by an approach similar to that of manufacture of Halloumi cheese (a semi hard cheese originally from Cyprus). The effect of pasteurization condition, pH of acidification and homogenization were investigated on flowability, composition and texture of the HPDF. The study consisted of three different stages. After each stage of experimentation, the HPDF was analyzed for compositional, textural (by texture profile analysis) and flow properties during heating by microwave, oven and hot …

The Development And Pilot Of A Culinary Intervention Designed Using The Social Cognitive Theory To Teach Nutrition To Adolescent Girls, Julie Chessen, Lisa M. Nicholson, Jeff Sklar, Ann Yelmokas Mcdermott

Food Science and Nutrition

Due to the trend of decreased traditional cooking skills, this study investigated the effectiveness of practical cooking classes on diet quality to reduce the prevalence of obesity in adolescent girls.

Effects Of Filtration Temperature And Heat Treatment On Composition And Rheological Properties Of Whole Milk Ultrafiltration Retentates, John W. Montella

Master's Theses

ABSTRACT

Effects of Filtration Temperature and Heat Treatment on Composition and Rheological Properties of Whole Milk Ultrafiltration Retentates

John William Montella

For the first part of my thesis, the effects of filtration temperature and heat treatment on the compositional properties of whole milk Ultrafiltration retentate (UF) were studied. Ultrafiltration is primarily run at temperatures in the range of 50-55°C but more and more plants are starting to filter at refrigeration temperatures. In the ultrafiltration of milk, filtration temperature can affect the composition of the retentate by affecting the chemistry of milk components. The application of a pasteurization step can also …

Correlates Of C-Reactive Protein Levels In Young Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study Of 3827 Subjects In Brazil, Aydin Nazmi, I. O. Oliveira, Cesar G. Victora

Food Science and Nutrition

The socio-demographic, behavioral and anthropometric correlates of C-reactive protein levels were examined in a representative young adult Brazilian population. The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Brazil) recruited over 99% of births in the city of Pelotas that year (N = 5914). Individuals belonging to the cohort have been prospectively followed up. In 2004-2005, 77.4% of the cohort was traced, members were interviewed and 3827 individuals donated blood. Analyses of the outcome were based on a conceptual model that differentiated confounders from potential mediators. The following independent variables were studied in relation to levels of C-reactive protein in sex-stratified analyses: skin …

Nutrition And Tuberculosis: A Review Of The Literature And Considerations For Tb Control Programs, Peggy Papathakis, Ellen Piwoz

Food Science and Nutrition

No abstract provided.

Eat Smart. Play HardTm San Luis Obispo: A Nutrition And Fitness Pilot Program For Young Children And Their Adult Buddies, Shirley S. Peterson, Dana E. Gerstein, Krista Mugford, Rachael Willey, Jenny Davis, Lisa M. Nicholson, Patricia B. Crawford

Food Science and Nutrition

Eat Smart. Play Hard™. San Luis Obispo!, a multi-component primary prevention program targeting low-income, Hispanic children 6-8 years, focuses on promoting healthy dietary and physical activity behaviors using an innovative child-adult buddy system approach. The child-adult buddies participate in multiple activities to increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables, and level of physical activity and decrease their consumption of sweetened beverages. The results of the pilot program show high program satisfaction and improvements in dietary and physical activity behaviors. Such programs provide an opportunity to establish and promote healthy behaviors among young children and ultimately prevent overweight development.

Socioeconomic And Racial/Ethnic Differentials Of C-Reactive Protein Levels: A Systematic Review Of Population-Based Studies, Aydin Nazmi, Cesar G. Victora

Food Science and Nutrition

Background:Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors strongly influence cardiovascular disease outcomes and risk factors. C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific marker of inflammation, is associated with cardiovascular risk, and knowledge about its distribution in the population may help direct preventive efforts. A systematic review was undertaken to critically assess CRP levels according to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors.

Methods:Medline was searched through December 2006 for population-based studies examining CRP levels among adults with respect to indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) and/or race/ethnicity. Bibliographies from located studies were scanned and 26 experts in the field were contacted for unpublished work.

Results:Thirty-two relevant …

Hb A1c In Relation To Intrauterine Growth Among Male Adolescents In Southern Brazil, Aydin Nazmi, S. R. Huttly, Cesar G. Victora, R. C. Lima, P. R. Post, J. W.L. Elizalde, B. M.C. Gerson

Food Science and Nutrition

The fetal origins hypothesis states that nutritional deprivation in utero affects fetal development and contributes to the incidence of diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome in later life. This study investigated whether haemoglobin (Hb) A_1c, an indicator of blood glucose, varied among healthy male adolescents according to their fetal growth rate, in a middle-income setting. Participants were men aged 18 years, belonging to the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort. Complete data, including gestational age and Hb A_1c at age 18 years, were available for 197 individuals. There was an inverse association between mean Hb A_1c and birthweight …

Hiv And Nutrition: Pregnant And Lactating Women, Peggy Papathakis, Nigel Rollins

Food Science and Nutrition

No abstract provided.

Learning To Teach, Teaching To Learn, Lisa Nicholson, Susan Algert, Rachael Willey

Food Science and Nutrition

Community Based Learning (CBL) successfully enhances didactic objectives in a nutrition curriculum while serving the community. University students actively solved problems in a 'real world' situation and benefited non-profit locations. Emotionally, learners profited on personal levels through successfully overcoming barriers. Content analysis was used to demonstrate that using CBL in a 'Nutrition Education and Communication' class met didactic learning objectives, enhanced students' personal confidence in teaching, and strengthened awareness of interpersonal skills. 71 students, in pairs, developed and taught nutrition lessons in diverse community locations. Students kept a reflective journal throughout the five weeks of the experience.

Are Who/Unaids/Unicef-Recommended Replacement Milks For Infants Of Hiv-Infected Mothers Appropriate In The South African Context?, Peggy Papathakis, Nigel Rollins

Food Science and Nutrition

ObjectiveLittle is known about the nutritional adequacy and feasibility of breastmilk replacement options recommended by WHO/ UNAIDS/UNICEF. The study aim was to explore suitability of the 2001 feeding recommendations for infants of HIV-infected mothers for a rural region in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa specifically with respect to adequacy of micronutrients and essential fatty acids, cost, and preparation times of replacement milks.

Methods Nutritional adequacy, cost, and preparation time of home-prepared replacement milks containing powdered full cream milk (PM) and fresh full cream milk (FM) and different micronutrient supplements (2 g UNICEF micronutrient sachet, government supplement routinely available in district …

Micronesia: Steps In The Right Direction, Aydin Nazmi

Food Science and Nutrition

As I watch the hazy orange sun sink into the still blue sea overlooking Chuuk lagoon, I marked the end of another seemingly ordinary day in the Federated States of Micronesia. But this October day was special—it marked the beginning of a promising new era in Chuuk’s fight against HIV and AIDS. For the past few months, several proceedings had set into motion a cascade of events that would ultimately (hopefully) benefit and educate the people of Chuuk state.

Interaction Of Blood Pressure And Ldl Cholesterol In Early Atherosclerosis. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study, Ping Sun, Kathleen M. Dwyer, Noel Bairey Merz, Wei Sun, Lisa M. Nicholson, Cheryl Nordstrom, James H. Dwyer

Food Science and Nutrition

Background. The response to injury model of atherosclerosis has been investigated in animal models but not in epidemiologic studies. Relations between LDL cholesterol and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) within levels of SBP provide a test of this model. Methods. Data are from a longitudinal study of 573 randomly sampled asymptomatic employees of a large company aged 40-60 years. IMT and change in IMT over 18 months (8IMT) were determined sonographically in the common carotid artery. 497 subjects were available for cross-sectional analysis. To investigate interactive effects of SBP and serum LDL on IMT, linear slopes (j±SE in mm/mmol/L) of IMT …

Forms Of Cadmium In Sandy Soils After Amendment With Soils Of Higher Fixing Capacity, S. S. Mann, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Most of the Cd applied through phosphatic fertilizers in sandy soils tends to stay in mobile forms (soluble or exchangeable) and hence the risk of it leaching to underground water or its uptake by plants is higher. A sequential extraction procedure was used to assess the efficacy of amending materials (soils containing inorganic or organic adsorption components) on the re-distribution of forms of Cd in a sandy soil. Amendment of the sandy soil with each of the three soils (yellow earth, lateritic podzolic and peaty sand) was generally effective in altering the more mobile or available forms of Cd to …

Effect Of Gypsum Application Rate And Leaching Regime On Wheat Growth In A Highly Acidic Subsoil, C. D.A. Mclay, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

A glasshouse experiment "was conducted to investigate gypsum application and leaching on the amelioration of" an aluminium (Al) toxic subsoil for wheat growth. Treatments included different rates of gypsum application and amount of leaching prior to wheat being grown. Wheat shoot growth increased when gypsum was applied in both the presence and absence of leaching, but growth was higher with leaching. Gypsum application led to a decrease in toxic Al as a result of a higher ionic strength and activity of AlSO₄⁺ion pairs in the soil solution, and increased Al leached from the soil. Root growth may …

Soluble Aluminium In Acidic Soils: Principles And Practicalities, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Our ability to predict toxic quantities of aluminium (Al) in acidic soils is limited by our understanding of the interactions between different solid forms of Al in solution and our lack of knowledge of which form control soluble Al. This review briefly considers each type of solid form of Al, particularly from a kinetic point of view and discusses models that have been developed to predict release of Al from individual forms. More comprehensive models (i.e. more than one source or sink of Al) are then discussed as well as the interactions between different solid sources of Al.

Anthocyanin Pigments: Comparison Of Extract Stability, Alan Baublis, Art Spomer, M. Doleres Berber-Jimenez

Liberal Studies

Stabilities of anthocyanins from Concord grapes, red cabbage, tradescantia and ajuga were studied. RP-HPLC analysis was used to characterize individual anthocyanins and spectrophotometric analysis for all pigments. Anthocyanins from tradescantia were much more stable than the other extracts. Such increased stability was attributed to its intrinsic nature.

Amelioration Of Subsurface Acidity In Sandy Soils In Low Rainfall Regions. I. Responses Of Wheat And Lupins To Surface-Applied Gypsum And Lime, C. D. A. Mclay, G. S.P. Ritchie, W. M. Porter

Food Science and Nutrition

Amelioration of subsoil acidity using gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) or lime (CaCO₃) was studied on sandy textured soils with low water holding capacity in a low rainfall environment. Field trials were established in 1989 at two sites on yellow sandplain soils to investigate whether different rates, sources and combinations of gypsum and lime application could be used to increase wheat and lupin yields. Gypsum increased wheat yields by up to 45% in the first two growing seasons whereas lime increased wheat yields by up to only 15% in the second season. The highest yields were generally …

Role Of Dissolution And Precipitation Of Minerals In Controlling Soluble Aluminum In Acidic Soils, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

No abstract provided.

Nutrient Uptake And Organic Acid Anion Metabolism In Lupins And Peas Supplied With Nitrate, S. P. Loss, A. D. Robson, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Unlike many plants reported in the literature, lupins do not excrete OH− in amounts equivalent to the net excess of inorganic anion uptake over inorganic cation uptake. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of charge balance, nutrient uptake and organic anion accumulation of lupins and peas supplied with a range of NO3− concentrations, were compared. Lupins absorbed less NO3− than peas on a dry weight basis, which largely ACCOUNTED for the smaller excess of anion uptake over cation uptake in lupins than in peas at the same NO3− supply. When anion uptake exceeded cation uptake, peas excreted an …

Changes In The Forms Of Cadmium With Time In Some Western Australian Soils, S. S. Mann, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Changes in the forms of Cd with time could affect its uptake by plants and hence potential toxicity to animals and humans. The effect of time on the forms of native and added Cd was studied in four West Australian soils which differed in their clay, hydrous oxide and organic matter content. Sequential extraction of soluble (KCl), exchangeable (BaCl₂), bound to organic matter (NaOCl), bound to oxides/clays (ammonium oxalate) and residual (concentrated acids) forms of Cd was carried out at different time intervals after the addition of Cd.
The Cd that was added to the soils transformed with …

Phosphorus Leaching In Soils Amended With Piggery Effluent Or Lime Residues From Effluent Treatment, D. M. Weaver, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Phosphorus (P) in wastes from piggeries may contribute to the eutrophication of waterways if not disposed of appropriately. Phosphorus leaching, from three soils with different P sorption characteristics (two with low P retention and one with moderate P retention) when treated with piggery effluent (with or without struvite), was investigated using batch and leaching experiments. The leaching of P retained in soil from the application of struvite effluent was determined. In addition, P leaching from lime residues (resulting from the treatment of piggery effluent with lime to remove P) was determined in comparison to superphosphate when applied to the same …

Phosphorus Removal From Piggery Effluents Of Varying Quality Using Lime And Physico-Chemical Treatment Methods., D. M. Weaver, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The choice of management practices for the treatment of piggery effluent prior to its disposal to waterways or land is governed by the desire to simultaneously minimise the cost of treatment whilst minimising pollution of the environment. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the removal of total and total filterable phosphorus (P) (μm) from ortho-phosphate solutions or piggery effluent by hydrated lime or lime kiln dust alone, or from recycled piggery effluent by lime and physico-chemical treatment methods. In addition, the ability of lime to remove P from recycled piggery effluent at an intensive piggery was assessed.

Most P …

Amelioration Of Subsurface Acidity In Sandy Soils In Low Rainfall Regions. Ii. Changes To Soil Solution Composition Following The Surface Application Of Gypsum And Lime, C. D. A. Mclay, G. S.P. Ritchie, W. M. Porter, A. Cruse

Food Science and Nutrition

Two field trials were sampled to investigate the changes to soil solution chemical properties of a yellow sand plain soil with an acidic subsoil following the application of gypsum and lime to the soil surface in 1989. The soils were sandy textured and located in a region of low annual rainfall (300-350 mm). Soil was sampled annually to a depth of 1 m and changes in soil solution composition were estimated by extraction of the soil with 0.005 M KCl.
Gypsum leaching caused calcium (Ca), sulfate (SO₄) and the ionic strength to increase substantially in both topsoil and …

Temporal Variation In Potassium Chloride Extractable Aluminum, Sodium, And Soil Ph, And The Effects On Interpretation Of Subsoil Aluminum Toxicity In Yellow Earths, S. J. Carr, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Temporal variation in two soil tests ([Al] and the ratio [Al]:[Na] in 1:5 0.005M KCl extract) and pH were evaluated on six occasions during a twelve month study of eleven yellow earths in the Merredin region (31°5, 118°E) of Western Australia. The [Al] and ratio [Al]:[Na] in 1:5 0.005M KCl extracts are useful soil tests capable of distinguishing between productive and non-productive (Al toxic) yellow earths in Western Australia. The aim of the study was to determine the most appropriate time to sample yellow earths, in order to predict accurately which soils contained concentrations of Al in the 15-25 cm …

Zinc Adsorption By Sterilized And Non-Sterilized Soil In The Presence Of Citrate And Catechol, P. Chairidchai, G. S.P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

The effect of organic ligands on zinc (Zn) adsorption in the rhizosphere may be influenced by microbial activity depleting the concentration of the ligand over time. Zinc adsorption by sterile and non-sterile lateritic soil was measured by shaking the soils with Zn solutions at a soil-liquid ratio of 1: 5 for five periods of time ranging from 17-480 h. The concentrations of Zn and the ligands were determined after the selected times. The speciation of Zn was then estimated. Changes in Zn adsorption with time in the presence of organic ligands were due to changes in pH and Zn complexation …

Effect Of Lupins And Pasture On Soil Acidification And Fertility In Western Australia, S. P. Loss, G. S.P. Ritchie, A. D. Robson

Food Science and Nutrition

An 'across the fence' comparison of farmer paddocks with nearby virgin bush sites was made at 3 locations, to measure the effects of lupins and subterranean clover based pastures on the chemical properties of the soil. Estimated rates of acidification in the 0-60 cm depth were 0.29-0.55 kmol H+/ha.year for wheat-lupin paddocks and 0.16-0.2 1 kmol H+/ha .year for pasture paddocks. A significant proportion of this acidification occurred below 20 cm, particularly in the lupin paddocks (up to 70% of the total). Severe water repellency had developed at 1 location that had produced 30 lupin crops with the occasional wheat …

The Effect Of Citrate And Ph On Zinc Uptake By Wheat, P. Chairidchai, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

Zinc uptake by plants may be influenced by its reaction with organic ligands in the rhizosphere. Therefore, four experiments were conducted to examine the effects of an organic ligand (citrate) and pH on the uptake of Zn by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell). Plants were grown for 21 to 28 d in a nutrient solution (containing 0-0.05 µmol L^-1 Zn) in a temperature controlled tank, either in the absence or presence of citrate and at constant or variable pH (3.7-7.1). Dry matter weights of plant parts and Zn content in the shoots were determined. The activities of Zn …

Effect Of Gypsum And Lime On Wheat Growth In Pots Containing An Acidic Subsoil, C. D.A. Mclay, G. S. P. Ritchie

Food Science and Nutrition

A pot experiment was conducted to establish whether gypsum or lime could increase wheat growth in an acid subsoil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum c. v. Gutha) was grown in 3 kg of soil which had been mixed with basal nutrients and different rates of gypsum and lime. Wheat in the treatment which received no gypsum or lime showed the most severe nutrient deficiency symptoms and had the lowest shoot and root dry weights. Lime treatments increased shoot and root growth 2 to 3 fold and decreased the concentration of total Al and the calculated activities of all Al species. Gypsum increased …