Entomology Commons^™

The Economics Of Spruce Budworm Outbreaks In The Lake States: An Overview, Debra J. Huff, Bruce A. Montgomery, John A. Witter, G. Robinson Gregory

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Economic effects of spruce budworm outbreaks in the Lake States were examined. The recent outbreak caused spruce and fir mortality on 420 thousand ha (I.OS million acres) of commercial forest land in the Lake States. Two models of Lake States spruce-fir markets were developed. A Static Economic Model established the nature of the Lake States spruce-fir market and a Comparative Static Model examined changes brought about by spruce budworm outbreaks.

Outbreaks result in short-run supply shifts which probably decrease total revenue to stumpage owners but do not affect demand. The magnitude of long-run impacts were dependent on developing Lake States …

Effect Of White Spruce Release On Subsequent Defoliation By The Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema Alaskensis (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), B. W. Morse, H. M. Kulman

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Hand release of 22 5-year-old white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, dramatically increased the amount of defoliation by the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskens is . The percent defoliation of the released trees was six times the defoliation in the control trees. A light overstory for young white spruce is suggested as a silvicultural method of reducing defoliation by this sawfly.

Notes On Microctonus Spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Introduced To Iowa Against The Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera Postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), James W. Mertins

The Great Lakes Entomologist

The braconid parasitoid Microctonus colesi was released in Story and Boone counties, Iowa, but not recovered from collected alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica. Sampled adult weevils were parasitized at an overall seasonal rate of 41.5% by Microctonus aethiopoides, although it had not been released in the immediate vicinity.

Live Branches On Pine Stumps Deter Pales Weevil Breeding In Michigan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Jeffrey A. Corneil, Louis F. Wilson

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Eastern white pine and Scotch pine stumps with living branches were unattractive to pales weevil for breeding. When feasible, leaving a few lower branches on Christmas tree stumps during harvest should prevent weevil buildup.

Some Light And Temperature Effects On The Behavior Of The Adult Pales Weevil, Hylobius Pales (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Jeffrey A. Corneil, Louis F. Wilson

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Adult pales weevils react to light and temperature cues regarding their movements in pine plantations. They remain at the base of their host trees during the day and move onto the trees after dark. A drop in light intensity to 2 fc triggers this response. Ambient temperature below 10°C curtails their movements. Weevils placed on the ground are photophobic at temperatures below 20°C and photophobic and thermophobic above 35°C. Orientation is erratic above 40°C and heat stupor occurs in a few minutes.

Detection Of Bronze Birch Borer Larvae And Pupae By Radiographs (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), John Ball, Gary Simmons

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Bronze birch borer larvae and pupae were detected in small branches through the use of a portable X-ray unit. The optimum exposure time was 40 sec at 55 kV.

Effects Of Aprons On Pitfall Trap Catches Of Carabid Beetles In Forests And Fields, Marc E. Epstein, Herbert M. Kulman

The Great Lakes Entomologist

This study compared the efficacy of three types of pitfall traps in four forest and two field habitats. Two traps had aprons and one did not. The two apron traps were the same except for a gap between the trap and the plywood-apron, allowing captures from above or below. Traps were placed in a split-plot design and had three replicates of the three trap types per habitat. The traps were emptied each week from May to September. ANOVA's were performed on 12 trapped species separately over habitats, weeks, and the in- teractions between them. The nonapron trap captured over 40% …

Drift Of Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae) In A Small Illinois Stream, Dennis L. Newman, Richard C. Funk

The Great Lakes Entomologist

The daily and seasonal periodicities of drift of riffle beetles were examined in Polecat Creek. Illinois. during the spring and summer of 1978. Drift samples were collected from a single site over four 24-h periods. Dubiraphia vittata adults comprised 72% of the total numerical sample and exhibited greatest mean daily drift density in September. Macronychus glabratus adults were also common in drift collections, with highest densities re- corded during .'.lay and August. The drift of D. vittata and M. glabratus exhibited distinct patterns of die! periodicity with peaks occurring in the early hours of darkness. Substantial differences in drift densities …

Comparison Of Leafhopper Species Complexes In The Ground Cover Of Sprayed And Unsprayed Peach Orchards In Michigan (Homoptera: Cicadellldae), Thomas M. Mowry, Mark E. Whalon

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Two Michigan peach orchards were sampled for leafhoppers using a fixed-area ground sampling device attached to a D-vac®. Absolute abundance estimates indicated that routine tree insecticide applications greatly depressed leafhopper populations. This, and the fact that no resident, known vectors of the X-disease pathogen were detected, suggests that increasing insecticide applications to check the spread of the disease through vector control would be ineffective.

Visual Recognition Of Females By Male Calopteryx Maculata (Odonata: Calopterygidae), Janette Ballou

The Great Lakes Entomologist

In order to determine the function of the white wing stigma in Calopteryx mandata, males and females were marked or left unaltered, pinned onto a stick and presented to free ranging males. Male responses to females with blackened stigmas were minimal whereas most males responded to unaltered females, unaltered males, and altered males. It is suggested that presence of the white stigma, in combination with wing transparency, is important for male discrimination between the sexes.

Field Records And Observations Of Insects Associated With Cantharidin, Daniel K. Young

The Great Lakes Entomologist

This paper reports on insect species not previously associated with cantharidin, the terpenoid defense mechanism of blister beetles (Meloidae). Species from the following tau were obserYed and collected: Miridae (Hemiptera); Endomychidae, Pyrochroidae, AnthiLidae (Coleoptera); Ceratopogonidae, Sciaridae (Diptera); and Braconidae (Hymenoptera). In addition to listing the associations, a discussion of cantharidin orientation is presented along with preliminary hypotheses to explain these intriguing examples of coevolution .

Cantharidin And Insects: An Historical Review, Daniel K. Young

The Great Lakes Entomologist

The defensive role played by cantharidin in meloid and oedemerid beetles has been well documented. However. several groups of insects are known to orient positively toward the chemical or to the beetles which produce it: Miridae (Hemiptera); Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae (Coleoptera): Ceratopogonidae, Anthomyiidae (Diptera); and Braconidae Hymenopteran. Literature citations are summarized for each of these taxa using current nomencla.tun: and indicating the nature of the association.

Giant Salvinia, Salvinia Molesta (Salviniaceae): Evaluation Of Sub-Optimum Temperatures On Survival Of The Giant Salvinia Weevil, Cyrtobagous Salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) And Integration Of Management Practices With Aquatic Herbicides, Lauren W. Cozad

LSU Master's Theses

Salvinia molesta is one of the world’s worst aquatic weeds and has cost Louisiana nearly $7 million worth of damage and economic impact each year. While aquatic herbicides and the biological control agent, Cyrtobagous salviniae, are the most efficacious control methods, there are limitations with each technology. Therefore, studies were conducted to evaluate insect mortality at upper and lower lethal temperatures and investigate integrated pest management (IPM) with insects and herbicides. Three Louisiana populations of C. salviniae were tested to evaluate cold tolerance and found that at 0°C, the Bayou Nicholas population was 1.3- and 1.4-times more cold tolerant …

Field Evidence Against Rodent Burrow Entering By Aedes Triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae), Edward D. Walker

The Great Lakes Entomologist

(excerpt)

The tree-hole developing mosquito Aedes triseriatus (Say) is the major vector of La Crosse encephalitis virus in the upper mid-western United States (Calisher and Thompson 1983). This virus overwinters in the eggs of this mosquito, and in the summer infects chipmunks and squirrels which have been bitten by infected mosquitoes (op. cit). Non-infected mosquitoes may become infected when they blood-feed on viremic sciurid rodents (Pantuwatana et al. 1972).

Predatory Insects And Spiders From Suburban Lawns In Lexington, Kentucky, Stephen D. Cockfield, Daniel A. Potter

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Predatory arthropods were caught in pitfall traps in suburban lawns in Lexington, Kentucky. The relative abundance of species of Lycosidae, Carabidae, and Staphylinidae was compared in Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turf. Nine species of Lycosidae were collected from both the bluegrass and tall fescue lawns. More species or phena of Carabidae were collected from bluegrass than from tall fescue turf. More than 40 species or phena of staphylinids were collected from each grass habitat. Both Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue are inhabited by an abundant and diverse array of predatory arthropods.

Emergence Of Adult Hessian Flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) From Overwintered Puparia, Robert F. Ruppel

The Great Lakes Entomologist

(excerpt)

The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a pest of wheat and more rarely barley and rye. The fly usually has two generations per year in Michigan, one in the spring and the other in the fall. The summer and winter are spent as small, hard, black puparia (called "flax seeds") in the culms of the host small grains and grasses. Farmers very early found that fly damage could be avoided by planting their winter grains "late" in the season. Studies made early in this century found that the earliest date for planting to avoid the fly (the "fly-free …

Development Of Empirical Models To Rate Spruce-Fir Stands In Michigan's Upper Peninsula For Hazard From The Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): A Case History, Ann M. Lynch, Gary W. Fowler, John A. Witter

The Great Lakes Entomologist

The procedure used to develop empirical models which estimate potential spruce budworm impact to spruce-fir stands in Michigan's Upper Peninsula is reviewed. Criteria used to select independent variables, to select the best of alternative multiple linear regression models. and to validate final models are discussed. Preliminary, intermediate, and final results demonstrate a cyclic pattern to the development procedure. Validation is emphasized as an important step in the procedure. Implications of using the hazard-rating system as a pest management tool in the stand management process are discussed.

Diapause And Emergence Patterns In Univoltine And Bivol Tine Populations Of Promethea (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), J. G. Sternburg, G. P. Waldbauer

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Data are presented on the diapause and the seasonal emergence patterns of the adults of a univoltine Callosamia promethea population from northern Indiana and a partially bivoltine population from central Illinois. At Urbana, Illinois, the median emergence date of adults from overwintering Illinois pupae was about a month earlier than that of adults from overwintering Indiana pupae. Illinois samples had a much longer emergence period than Indiana samples. Indiana samples showed a slight tendency toward a bimodal emergence pattern, a few individuals emerging in late May and the rest emerging as a tightly synchronized group from late June to mid-July. …

Electroantennogram Responses Of The Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) And Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) To Volatile Chemicals Of Seedling Oats, Stanley G. Wellso, Ronald G. Buttery, Robert P. Hoxie

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, eIectroantennogram (EAG) responses to 10 volatile chemicals of seedling oats and three of injured green plants were significantly different from each other while cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melallopus, EAG responses were not significantly different. The EAG responses of both species did not vary significantly with respect to sex, age, or between the antennae of the same specimen. (E)-2-hexenol, a compound extracted from injured green plants, yielded the highest peak response for the armyworm while more cereal leaf beetle antennae responded to this chemical than any other chemical. Armyworm antennallife averaged 38 + 20 min while those …

Control Of The Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) On Tomatoes With Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Thuringiensis, G. E. Cantwell, W. W. Cantelo

The Great Lakes Entomologist

(excerpt)

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is a serious pest of tomatoes grown in this country. This beetle is also developing resistance to several classes of chemical insecticides including most of the carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and organophosphates (Forgash 1981). and most recently to the pyrethroids. According to figures in a report released by Schwartz and Klassen (1981). the value of the tomato crop in the CSA in 1978 was placed at $914,121,000 and crop loss due to Colorado potato beetle (CPB) damage alone would be 93% of its value if no control were undertaken. These figures along with …

Records Of Pachybrachis In Illinois (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Robert J. Barney

The Great Lakes Entomologist

A list of the 20 species and subspecies of Pachybrachis contained in the collections of the Illinois Natural History Survey and Southern Illinois University, and the author's personal collection, is presented, with recorded ecological data and county distribution records where known.

Field Studies Of Cantharidin Orientation By Neopyrochroa Flabellata (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae), Daniel K. Young

The Great Lakes Entomologist

During field studies conducted in south-central Michigan in 1977 and 1980. 109 specimens of Neopyrochroa flabellata were observed and collected at filter papers baited with cantharidin. Only the two highest concentrations used (39.2 mg. 392 j.Lg) elicited responses. and the beetles did not prefer one over the other. In the 24-h studies, most specimens were observed at the cantharidin baits between dusk and 0100 hrs (61 %; n = 14). and 0430-0630 hrs (26%; n = 6). Only two of the 109 specimens were female.

A Checklist Of Megaloptera And Neuroptera (Planipennia) Of Indiana, H. R. Lawson, W. P. Mccafferty

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Sixty-five species of the insect orders Megaloptera and Neuroptera have been confirmed as being distributed in the state of Indiana, with the majority representing new state records.

The Relationship Between North And Middle American Stenonema (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), W. P. Mccafferty

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Stenonema integrum (McDunnough) is shown to be a junior synonym of S. mexicanum (Ulmer.) n.syn. Subspecific status is delegated to Nearctic and Neotropical populations of this species as S. m. imegrum and S, m. mexicanum, respectively. Newly studied materials from Costa Rica and Belize indicate that adults of the two subspecies may be differentiated by the presence of thoracie pleural stripes in S. m. mexicanum. Consistent differentiating lanai characteristics are not known, A Pleistocene dispersal into Middle America and subsequent vicariance is hypothesized.

Pseudachorutes (Pseudachorutes) Orientalis (Collembola: Hypogastruridae), New Species From New York, Steven J. Loring

The Great Lakes Entomologist

While examining pitfall samples collected at the Brookhaven National Laboratory's "Gamma Forest"· in 1968 by Dr. George E. Klee, I encountered an unknown species of Pselldachorutes. The purpose of this paper is to describe that species.

Diploplectron Peglowi, A New Record For Michigan (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Astatinae), Mark F. O'Brien

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Diploplectron peglowi is recorded from Michigan for the first time. Collecting data indicate that D. peglowi is probably bivoltine and widespread but not common within the state. This is only the second state east of the Mississippi River in which D. peglowi has been found.

An Improved Procedure For Laboratory Rearing Of The Corn Earworm, Heliothis Zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), G. P. Waldbauer, R. W. Cohen, S. Friedman

The Great Lakes Entomologist

An improved method for the laboratory rearing of the corn earworm. Heliothis zea, described. The rearing medium is a modification of the commonly used wheat germ An oviposition chamber, a feeder for adults, and a simple and inexpensive contrnlled humidity chamber are described.

Brown-Tail Moth, Euproctis Chrysorrhoea, An Indigenous Pest Of Parks And Public In The Benelux Countries (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), F. M. Kniest, J. R. Hoffman

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Euproctis chrysorrhoea is a pest of park and shade trees and of the public in the Benelux countries as well as in the northeastern United States and Canada. In the Benelux countries the brown-tail moth is present every year in the dune regions, where it mainly feeds on Hippophae rhamnoides. Hairs from the larvae are irritating to the human skin producing a papular urticaria. An outbreak of the caterpillars produced widespread discomfort at a beach in the Netherlands in 1982 following defoliation of food plants and migration of the larvae seeking food, with resulting human contact, as well as …

Considerations When Sampling Spruce Budworm Egg Masses On Balsam Fir And White Spruce In The Lake States: Low Population Levels, Gary W. Fowler, Gary A. Simmons

The Great Lakes Entomologist

One cluster each of balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and white spruce, Picea glauca, trees was chosen from each of five stands of spruce-fir in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The foliage surface area and the number of new egg masses of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were determined for each branch and the top of each tree. The effects, in terms of the bias and the variance of the estimator, of sampling in different parts of the tree and with various size branches were determined. Factors that the sampler should consider in developing sampling plans to estimate spruce bud worm egg mass …

Considerations When Sampling Spruce Budworm Egg Masses On Balsam Fir In The Lake States: Low To Extreme Population Levels, Gary A. Simmons, Gary W. Fowler

The Great Lakes Entomologist

Nineteen balsam fir trees, Abies balsamea, from five spruce-fir stands in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, were used to study egg mass densities and distributions. Ten were used to study the effects of branch size on mass density estimates. The foliage surface area and the number of new egg masses spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, were determined for each branch, and the top of each tree and (or) the branch segment of interest. We determined the effects of the bias and the variance of the estimator, of sampling different parts of the tree, and of sampling different size branches. Points that should be …