Entomology Commons^™

Effects Of Selection For Halothane Resistance On Lipid Concentration And Composition In Drosophilia Melanogaster, Paula S. Fritsch, Dave Dapkus

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly used as a model system for anesthesia studies. Lipids may play a role in anesthetic resistance by sequestering the hydrophobic anesthetics from nervous tissue. Alternatively, changes in membrane lipid composition (phospholipids and/or cholesterols) may contribute to resistance through alteration of neurological membranes. This project studied the relationship of lipids to anesthetic resistance in a strain of Drosophilia melanogasier with a high level of halothane resistance produced by 13 generations of mass selection. The estimated dose of anesthetic needed to produce anesthesia in one-half of the flies tested (ED50( for this strain was 2.3 times that of …

The Effects Of Density And Ddt On An Inversion Polymorphism In Drosophila Melanogaster, Paul H. Zuzick, Dave Dapkus

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Inversion polymorphism may be maintained by some form of balancing selection, A laboratory population maintained for many years at small size should contain little genetic variation due to the effects of genetic drift. This study analyzed a Drosophila population which exhibits a persistent inversion polymorphism. The population has been subjected to selection for DDT resistance since 1959. The purpose of this study was to determine if: a) balancing selection was involved and b) if the selection was DDT-related. To study these questions, three pairs of populations were set up at different inversion frequencies: 95%, 55% (equilibrium value) and 5%. One …

Introduction Of An Integrated Pest Management Program To A Greenhouse: Establishing And Monitoring Predatory And Parasitic Insects For Biological Control, Siobhan E. O'Reilly, Christopher T. Cole

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

An experimental Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program was developed to reduce the use of pesticides m me greenhouses at the University of Minnesota, Morris. Six predatory or parasitic insect species were released to control populations of aphid, scale, mealybug, thrips, whitefly, and spider mite. Beneficial insect populations were supplemented several times. Pest and beneficial insect populations were monitored weekly for one' year. No pest species were eliminated but all except scale were effectively controlled. Aphid and whitefly control was effective within the first two months; control of the other pest insects took from 5 to 6 months to a year. …

Additions To The List Of Schizocosa (Family Lycosidae) For Arkansas, Risa Parker, Peggy Rae Dorris

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Schizocosa rovneri and Schizocosa stridulans, collected by the pitfall trap method in Drew and Ashley Counties, are reported as new species for the Arkansas state list. Palp variation and legmorphology are the main distinguishing characteristics between these species. Two previously defined species of Schizocosa are also discussed for clarification

Nebline, January 1995

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Horticulture

Rural $ense

Human Resources

4-H & Youth

Environmental Focus

Community & Leadership Development

Extension Calendar

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)

Nebraska Association for Family and Community Education News

and other extension news and events

Temporal Variation Of Esterase Activity Associated With Three Amplified Esterase Genes In A Field Population Of Culex Quinquefasciatus, Janine Marie Milligan

Theses Digitization Project

No abstract provided.

Rice Pests Of Shifting Cultivation In Côte D'Ivoire, West Africa, E. A. Heinrichs, D. E. Johnson, J. K. Afun, D. J. Robison

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Traditional shifting cultivatiOn appears to be sustainable if fallow periods are sufficient to restore soil fertility, maintain soil structure and suppress pests. These traditional systems are threatened in West Africa because of increasing land pressure resulting in shorter fallow periods. Studies were conducted on farmers' fields in Côte d’lvoire to determine how fallow length affects populations of insect pests and their natural enemies and weed growth and yield losses due to weeds. Length of fallow influenced the abundance of certain arthropod species as indicated by sweep-net sampling. Populations of the stalk-eyed flies Diopsis spp., leaf·feeding beetles, and leafhoppers/spittlebugs were significantly …

Foraging Preferences Of The Introduced Honeybee In Winter Flowering Banksia Woodland : Implications For The Management Of Flora And Fauna Of Conservation Areas, Simon Lawrence Judd

Theses : Honours

The Honeybee (Apis mellifcra) is arguably Australia's most abundant feral animal, and relatively little is known about its interactions with the Australian biota. A lack of such information makes it difficult for the managers of nature conservation areas to decide whether beekeeping is appropriate and whether attempts should be made to control feral bees. This study made observations of feral honeybees and native pollinating invertebrates for one hundred and twelve hours, at fifteen sites in Banksia woodland, between July 27 and September 10, 1995. Flowering and preflowering invertebrate assemblages of Leucopogon polymorphus, an epacrid shrub which provided …

Mealybugs, Frederick P. Baxendale, David J. Shetlar

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Common Names. Turfgrass mealybugs, Rhodesgrass mealybug, buffalograss mealybugs, etc.

Scientific Classification. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).

Origin and Distribution. Mealybugs occur worldwide and are widely distributed throughout the United States. In 1967, McKenzie recognized 46 genera of mealybugs in North America. Thirty-seven species within these genera were associated with grasses.

Description. Mealybugs are small, oval insects that are closely related to scale insects. Nymphs and adult females range in color from dark pink to light yellow and are usually covered with a white, waxy secretion. Some species have a series of short, waxy filaments projecting from the sides of the body. Individuals range …

Specificity Of The Red Imported Fire Ant Phagostimulant Response To Carbohydrates, R. K. Vander Meer, C. S. Lofgren, J. A. Seawright

Entomology Papers from Other Sources

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is considered an oil-loving feeder, however, carbohydrates are essential ingredients in the diet of the fire ant also. Comprehensive screening of mono-, di-, and tri-saccharides demonstrated that glucose, fructose, fucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose and raffinose were significant phagostimulants for fire ant workers. It was also found that while D-glucose and L-fucose, the naturally occurring isomers, were active, the opposite diastereomers were not. Any structural modification of the glucose molecule resulted in loss of activity. None of the sugar alcohols evaluated were active. The fire ant is an agricultural pest and the many …

Influence Of Pine Silvicultural Systems On Spider Population Diversity In Drew County, Arkansas, Holly Hill, Peggy Rae Dorris, Lynne C. Thompson

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Spiders were collected by pit-trapping in southeastern Arkansas in 1984. Collection areas included two pine silvicultural treatments, clear-cutting and selection cutting; and control stands, where no cutting occurred. Spider populations decreased with increased disturbance.

Alfalfa Consumption By Adult Clover Leaf Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) And Development Of Injury Equivalents For Stubble Defoliators, Robert K. D. Peterson, Leon G. Higley, Stephen D. Danielson

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Experiments were conducted from 1990 through 1992 to determine consumption rates and feeding duration of adult clover leaf weevils, Hypera punctata (F.), to characterize the injury potential of this species during alfalfa regrowth. Adults were fed for 29 d in 1990 and 18 d in both 1991 and 1992. The mean cumulative consumption per adult was 27.2 ± 1.6 cm² and 92.7 ± 3.5 mg dry weight in 1991 and 24.6 ± 0.9 cm² and 87.5 ± 2.9 mg dry weight in 1992. The mean cumulative consumption pattern was curvilinear for both dry weight and leaf area consumption. …

Spiders (Arthropoda: Aranea) From Deciduous Forest Litter Of The Ouachita Highlands, Peggy Rae Dorris, Henry W. Robison, Chris Carlton

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

One hundred two litter samples were collected from oak/hickory and maple/beech forests in the Ouachita Highlands of western Arkansas July 1991-June 1992. Berlese residues of these collections produced 17 families, 51 genera, and 56 species of spiders, and included 19 species previously unreported for the state of Arkansas.

Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) Of Jackson County, Arkansas, Anthony Holt, George L. Harp

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Dytiscid beetles were surveyed to establish a baseline list for this county, which lies primarily in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. This list was then compared with that for an Ozark county, which had been surveyed in a previous study. Eighteen sites were surveyed by Turtox Indestructible ™ dip net and funnel traps. Museum holdings and literature records were also searched. Twenty-one taxa were collected, with temporary ponds and oxbow/cypress swamps supporting the greatest diversity. These are the least disturbed sites in Jackson County. Most species collected are generally widely distributed and prefer either shaded ponds/pools with some leaf litter, or …

Recent Establishment Of The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes Albopictus) In Independence County, Arkansas, David H. Jamieson, Larry A. Olson

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Three adult Aedes albopictus were collected on 10 August 1993 within the city limits of Batesville, Arkansas. This is the firs tknown report of this species from Independence County. Subsequent investigation revealed the presence of at least three well established populations in the county, two of which were monitored on a monthly basis from Aprilto September of 1994. Peak A. albopictus numbers were recorded in July and August when the population levels were sufficient to make this mosquito a significant pest in Batesville. Our observations suggest that the Asian tiger mosquito will likely colonize other similar communities in Arkansas.

Description Of Achene Damage By The Red Sunflower Seed Weevil, The Banded Sunflower Moth, And The Sunflower Moth, Chengwang Peng, Gary J. Brewer

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

There are four major insect pests attacking achenes of sunflower in the Great Plains of North America (Charlet et al., 1987); the red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the gray sunflower seed weevil, S. sordidus LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae), and the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Identification of achenes damaged by larvae of these species is important for assessment of yield loss caused by each species (Peng and Brewer, 1995). Achenes infested by the gray sunflower seed weevil are easily identified because they are enlarged and protrude …

Population Genetics And Gene Variation In Secondary Screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae), David B. Taylor, Richard D. Peterson Ii

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Allozyme variation in 4 populations of secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), representing North, Central, and South America was examined . Variability was observed in 12 of 13 enzyme loci, and the frequency of the most common allele was IS statistics indicated random mating within populations . Wright's F_ST statistics and chi-square contingency analyses indicated homogeneous gene frequencies among the populations. These data suggest that C. macellaria is a panmictic species with high levels of gene flow between populations.

Sampling And Preservation Of Rice Insects, Elvis A. Heinrichs, Anthony Youdeowei, Joseph Kwarteng

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Rice is one of the most important food crops in West Africa. In many areas, insect pests cause severe damage to the growing rice plant. If the developing rice grains are attacked, pest damage also reduces the grain quality. For these reasons it is necessary to control pests. To be able to do this effectively, the types of insects causing the damage and their natural enemies must be identified. This information can be obtained by sampling in the rice fields. This training guide has been designed to provide essential information for a practical approach to sampling and preserving insects found …

Principles And History Of Turfgrass Pest Management, Frederick P. Baxendale, Jennifer A. Grant

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The importance of developing efficient and environmentally sound methods for managing turf grass pests has been reemphasized by recent concerns over environmental safety, the loss of long-term residual insecticides, and a growing awareness of the problems associated with the overuse of pesticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) addresses these concerns while maintaining the aesthetic and utilitarian qualities of the turf IPM is an approach that utilizes all suitable methods and techniques in a compatible manner to maintain pest densities below levels causing unacceptable damage. Although insects and mites are discussed in this handbook, the same management principles apply to other turf …

Field Evaluation Of Pheromone-Baited Traps For Coniesta Ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) In Niger, Ousmane Youm, Peter S. Beevor

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Studies were conducted in Niger to compare pheromone-baited trapping systems for monitoring adults of the millet stem borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Hampson), a pest of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown. A water-oil trap was effective after optimization of various trap parameters. A trap tray of 32-cm diameter was more effective and easier to handle than other sizes tested. Optimum trap shade size was 8-21 cm, positioned 2-5 cm above the tray. Motor oil, soap, or liquid detergent were more effective than vegetable oil as surfactants. The experimental trap caught significantly more male moths than four commercial traps. More moths …

Characterization Of General Esterases In Workers Of The Eastern Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Robert W. Davis, Shripat T. Kamble, Suresh K. Prabhakaran

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

General esterases from eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), workers were examined for activity and were characterized by electrophoretic and biochemical methods. Greater activity was observed toward α-naphthyl substrates when compared with p-nitrophenyl substrates. The specific activity of the esterases increased with a corresponding increase in α-naphthyl acetate concentration. Maximal activities were observed with a buffer pH of 7.6 and an incubation temperature of 45°C. The calculated Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m)was 72.53 μM and the V_max 33.77 μM/min/mg of protein. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of seven esterase bands, which were named EI-E7. Bands EI-E4 …

A Faunal Study Of The Mecoptera (Insecta) Of Rocky Branch Nature Preserve, Clark County, Illinois, Jimmie W. Griffiths

Masters Theses

The Mecoptera (Insecta) of the Rocky Branch Nature Preserve located near Clarksville, Clark County, Illinois are described. Specimens were collected by diurnal netting, Malaise traps, pitfall traps, and flight traps. Specimens from Rocky Branch in the collections of Eastern Illinois University, the Illinois Natural History Survey at Champaign-Urbana, and Hastings College, Nebraska, were also examined.

A total of 805 specimens from Rocky Branch were collected and/or examined. Nine species representing three families were identified: three Panorpidae (Panorpa speciosa, P. helena and P. banksi); five Bittacidae (Hylobittacus apicalis, Bittacus strigosus, B. stigmaterus, B. pilicornis …

Response By Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) And Cryptocercus Punctulatus (Blattaria: Cryptocercidae) To Wood Infected With The Green-Stain Ascomycete, Chlorociboria Aeruginascens Aeruginascens, Deborah Waller

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

Termites of the genus Reticulitermes Holmgren and the wood roaches Cryptocercus punctulatus Scutter were observed feeding on wood stained green by the ascomycete fungus, Chlorociboria aeruginascens aeruginascens (Leotiaceae), in a Virginia forest. However, in laboratory choice trials, both termites and wood roaches preferred unstained wood to stained wood. In no-choice feeding trials, Reticulitermes fed stained birch ate significantly less wood and weighed significantly less than termites fed unstained birch. These results indicate that natural host utilization patterns cannot be relied upon to indicate feeding preferences.

Evidence Of The Establishment Of Cotesia Flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) In Continental Africa, C. O. Omwega, S. W. Kimani, W. A. Overholt, C. K.P.O. Ogol

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Cotesia flavipes Cameron has been released several times in Africa for biological control of gramineous stem borers. Establishment has been reported on the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar, however, several attempts to introduce C. flavipes into continental Africa are reported to have failed. Recently, several cocoon masses of C. flavipes were recovered from south-western Kenya where the parasitoid was never released. Identifications of the parasitoids from south-western Kenya were based on morphological characters, allozyme frequencies, and mating experiments with laboratory populations of C. flavipes. It is hypothesized that C. flavipes became established from individuals escaping from a …

Products Derived From The Leaves Of Ocimum Kilimandscharicum (Labiatae) As Post-Harvest Grain Protectants Against The Infestation Of Three Major Stored Product Insect Pests, B. Jembere, D. Obeng-Ofori, A. Hassanali, G. N.N. Nyamasyo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

The bioactivity of materials from the leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum was tested against Sitophilus zeamais Mots chulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in maize and sorghum grains in the laboratory. Exposure of adults of the three insect species to dried ground leaves and essential oil extract of O. kilimandscharicum induced 100% mortality after 48 h. Fresh and dried whole leaves were not toxic to Sitophilus zeamais or R. dominica. Grains treated with dried ground leaves and essential oil extract caused significant reductions in the number of progeny and survival rate of all …

Biosystematics Of The Cotesia Flavipes Complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Interspecific Hybridization, Sex Pheromone And Mating Behaviour Studies, Susan W. Kimani, William A. Overholt

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Mating behaviour, sex pheromone attraction and reciprocal breeding of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), C. sesamiae (Cameron) and C. chilonis (Matsumura) were studied. These three putative species comprise the Cotesia flavipes complex. Wing fanning and antennal vibration were the initial courtship signals from the males. Antennal stroking by the male was also an important contact signal and a prerequisite to successful mounting and copulation. Interspecific crosses revealed that males of C. flavipes exhibited courtship behaviour, and mounted and copulated with females of C. chilonis and C. sesamiae; the males transferred sperm but progeny from these crosses did not include females. …

Importance Of Adult Food Sources To Host Searching Of The Larval Parasitoid Microplitis Croceipes, Keiji Takasu, W. J. Lewis

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

We conducted field experiments to determine the effects of food availability and parasitoid hunger on the searching behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Braconidae; Hymenoptera) in small corn and soybean plots. In both corn and soybean plots where food was not available, females which were well-fed prior to release parasitized more hosts than unfed females. Well-fed females spent more time hovering and less time searching undamaged leaves than did unfed females. Because hovering time is an indicator of active host searching, the better parasitization rate by well-fed females can be explained by the greater proportion of time spent in active host …

Semiochemicals From Froth Of Egg Pods Attract Ovipositing Female Schistocerca Gregaria, R. K. Saini, M. M. Rai, A. Hassanali, J. Wawiye, H. Odongo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

A chemical signal, originating from the froth of egg pods attracts gravid female Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to common egg laying sites. Behavioural experiments indicated that females preferred to oviposit in moist sand contaminated with froth (60% egg laying vs 34% in sterilized sand). Extracts and volatiles collected from froth were also attractive to gravid females. In fact, froth volatiles elicited the strongest egg laying response (80% egg laying). Results with froth extracts obtained by sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity suggest that both non-polar and polar compounds are involved in the attraction of gravid females. Electroantennogram recordings with …

Lipophorin And Apolipophorin-Iii In Solitary And Gregarious Phases Of Schistocerca Gregaria, Dorington O. Ogoyi, Ellie O. Osir, Norah K. Olembo

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Lipophorin was isolated from the hemolymph by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation. Apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) was isolated from low-density lipophorin (LDLp). High-density lipophorin (HDLp) (Mr ∼-620,000) consisted of two apoproteins, apoLp-I (Mr ∼-224,000) and apoLp-II (Mr ∼-81,000). Isolated apoLp-III (Mr ∼-20,000) had two isoforms in non-denaturing gels. Injection of adipokinetic hormone-I resulted in the formation of LDLp in both locust phases. Lipid content of HDLp was estimated at 48.4% and 51.8% for solitary and gregarious locusts, respectively. In LDLp, lipids constituted 59.8% and 57.1% for gregarious and solitary locusts, respectively. The results suggest that the gregarious locusts were more efficient in the …

Effect Of Pubescence In Cowpea Resistance To The Legume Pod Borer Maruca Testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), S. Oghiakhe

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Pubescence (trichomes) in wild and cultivated cowpeas, Vigna vexillata and V. unguiculata, adversely affected oviposition, mobility, and food consumption and utilisation by the legume pod borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), in tests conducted with TVnu 72 (wild, highly resistant and highly pubescent), TVu 946 (semi-wild, moderately resistant and pubescent) and IT82D-716 (cultivated, highly susceptible and pubescent). In free-choice and no-choice tests, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer eggs were laid on 3-week-old potted plants of TVnu 72, the highly pubescent and wild species; this species also received fewer eggs on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. Ovipositional activity on stipules, stem, branches, terminal shoots, adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of the susceptible cultivar, IT82D-716 was higher (P < 0.05) than on TVu 946 and TVnu 72. More eggs were laid on the abaxial surfaces than on the adaxial surfaces of leaves for all tests conducted, except for the TVnu 72 no-choice test. Significant negative correlations (r = -0.99** and r = -0.99**) were found between mean number of eggs laid and length and density of non-glandular trichomes. There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.99**) between larval velocity and length of non-glandular trichomes on pod surface. Similarly, significant negative correlations (r = -0.85* and -0.89*) were found between larval velocity and density and length of non-glandular trichomes on leaf surface. Pods of IT82D-716 and TVnu 72 were the most - and least - preferred for settling by larvae of M. testulalis, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.99**) between larval penetration time on pods and length of non-glandular trichomes. Weight loss, number of feeding punctures and number of larvae on whole pods of TVnu 72 were lower and significantly different (P < 0.05) from IT82D-716 and TVu 946. This study showed that it would be advantageous to use TVnu 72 in a breeding programme to incorporate pubescence into high-yielding commercial cultivars for resistance against M. testulalis and possibly other major pests. © 1995.