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Articles 361 - 390 of 1129

Full-Text Articles in Entomology

Citronellal Perception And Transmission By Anopheles Gambiae S.S. (Diptera: Culicidae) Females, Weijian Wu, Shanshan Li, Min Yang, Yongwen Lin, Kaibin Zheng, Komivi Senyo Akutse Dec 2020

Citronellal Perception And Transmission By Anopheles Gambiae S.S. (Diptera: Culicidae) Females, Weijian Wu, Shanshan Li, Min Yang, Yongwen Lin, Kaibin Zheng, Komivi Senyo Akutse

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Anopheles gambiae s.s. is a key vector of Plasmodium parasites. Repellents, which may be a promising alternative to pesticides used to control malaria mosquitoes. Although citronellal is a known mosquito repellent, its repellency characteristics are largely unknown. Determining the specific odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) that detect and transfer the citronellal molecule in A. gambiae s.s. will help to define the mode of action of this compound. In this research, we assessed the repellent activity of citronellal in A. gambiae s.s. using a Y-tube olfactory meter, screened candidate citronellal-binding OBPs and ORs using reverse molecular docking, clarified the …

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A Microsporidian Impairs Plasmodium Falciparum Transmission In Anopheles Arabiensis Mosquitoes, Jeremy K. Herren, Lilian Mbaisi, Enock Mararo, Edward E. Makhulu, Victor A. Mobegi, Hellen Butungi, Maria Vittoria Mancini, Joseph W. Oundo, Evan T. Teal, Silvain Pinaud, Mara K.N. Lawniczak, Jordan Jabara, Godfrey Nattoh, Steven P. Sinkins Dec 2020

A Microsporidian Impairs Plasmodium Falciparum Transmission In Anopheles Arabiensis Mosquitoes, Jeremy K. Herren, Lilian Mbaisi, Enock Mararo, Edward E. Makhulu, Victor A. Mobegi, Hellen Butungi, Maria Vittoria Mancini, Joseph W. Oundo, Evan T. Teal, Silvain Pinaud, Mara K.N. Lawniczak, Jordan Jabara, Godfrey Nattoh, Steven P. Sinkins

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A possible malaria control approach involves the dissemination in mosquitoes of inherited symbiotic microbes to block Plasmodium transmission. However, in the Anopheles gambiae complex, the primary African vectors of malaria, there are limited reports of inherited symbionts that impair transmission. We show that a vertically transmitted microsporidian symbiont (Microsporidia MB) in the An. gambiae complex can impair Plasmodium transmission. Microsporidia MB is present at moderate prevalence in geographically dispersed populations of An. arabiensis in Kenya, localized to the mosquito midgut and ovaries, and is not associated with significant reductions in adult host fecundity or survival. Field-collected Microsporidia MB infected An. …

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First Report Of A Gall Midge As A Parasitoid Of Weaver Ants, Bethelihem Mekonnen, Julien Haran, Robert S. Copeland, Christian W.W. Pirk, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Emilie Deletre Nov 2020

First Report Of A Gall Midge As A Parasitoid Of Weaver Ants, Bethelihem Mekonnen, Julien Haran, Robert S. Copeland, Christian W.W. Pirk, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Emilie Deletre

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Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) comprise a diverse family of small nematoceran flies. While most species are phytophagous, the family also includes predatory species, and endoparasitoids. Endoparasitic species have been reared from aphids and psyllids. We discovered parasitoid-infected weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in nests on mango trees in coastal Kenya. Examination of 5 colonies revealed the presence of parasitoids in all of them, with parasitism rates ranging from 2 to 21%. Morphological examination of larval parasitoids indicated that they were gall midges, and molecular data were consistent with the identification. Attempts to rear adults were unsuccessful. This study …

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Population Abundance Of Varroa Destructor And Its Effects On Apis Mellifera Scutellata Colonies In Kenya, Sammy Kiprotich Cheruiyot, Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu, Jenard Patrick Mbugi, Elliud Muli, H. Michael G. Lattorff Oct 2020

Population Abundance Of Varroa Destructor And Its Effects On Apis Mellifera Scutellata Colonies In Kenya, Sammy Kiprotich Cheruiyot, Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu, Jenard Patrick Mbugi, Elliud Muli, H. Michael G. Lattorff

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The devastating effects of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman on Western honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera L.) have been well documented. Not only do these mites cause physical damage to parasitized individuals when they feed on them, but they also transmit viruses and other pathogens, weaken colonies and ultimately may cause their death. Unlike the subspecies of European origin, the honeybees of African origin suffer less from mite infestations. Absconding is one of the factors contributing to low V. destructor population in honeybee colonies as it creates a brood-free period. For a long time, researchers hypothesized that absconding was the main …

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Interactions Between Two Parasitoids Of Tephritidae: Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata (Ashmead) And Psyttalia Cosyrae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Under Laboratory Conditions, Shepard Ndlela, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Abdelmutalab G.A. Azrag, Paul Nduati Ndegwa, George Otieno Ong’Amo, Sunday Ekesi Oct 2020

Interactions Between Two Parasitoids Of Tephritidae: Diachasmimorpha Longicaudata (Ashmead) And Psyttalia Cosyrae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Under Laboratory Conditions, Shepard Ndlela, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Abdelmutalab G.A. Azrag, Paul Nduati Ndegwa, George Otieno Ong’Amo, Sunday Ekesi

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The braconid wasp, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), was introduced in Kenya from Hawaii for classical biological control of the invasive tephritid, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel. Following reports that D. longicaudata had formed new associations with Ceratitis cosyra, laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the interaction between the introduced and the native parasitoid of C. cosyra; Psyttalia cosyrae (Wilkinson) under three scenarios: B. dorsalis only, C. cosyra only and mixed populations of the two species. Parasitoids were introduced to the host as sole, sequential and simultaneous releases. Host searching and probing events were five times higher for D. longicaudata than P. cosyrae with …

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Repellence And Fumigant Toxicity Of Essential Oils Of Ocimum Gratissimum And Ocimum Kilimandscharicum On Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Flaure Rosette Ehawa Essoung, Alain Tcho Tadjong, Sumesh Chander Chhabra, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Ahmed Hassanali Oct 2020

Repellence And Fumigant Toxicity Of Essential Oils Of Ocimum Gratissimum And Ocimum Kilimandscharicum On Tuta Absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Flaure Rosette Ehawa Essoung, Alain Tcho Tadjong, Sumesh Chander Chhabra, Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed, Ahmed Hassanali

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Tuta absoluta Meyrick originates in South America and is now one of the most important insect pests of Solanaceae in different parts of the world, including Africa. Its control has relied primarily on chemical insecticides, which are associated with negative ecological effects. In the present study, essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and O. kilimandscharicum were tested for repellence and fumigant toxicity on the adult stages under laboratory conditions. The oil of O. gratissimum was more repellent, but its toxicity was comparable with that of O. kilimandscharicum. The major constituents of O. gratissimum were methyl eugenol (39.5%) and eugenol (29.7%). Those …

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Biopesticide Research And Product Development In Africa For Sustainable Agriculture And Food Security – Experiences From The International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe), Komivi Senyo Akutse, Sevgan Subramanian, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi Sep 2020

Biopesticide Research And Product Development In Africa For Sustainable Agriculture And Food Security – Experiences From The International Centre Of Insect Physiology And Ecology (Icipe), Komivi Senyo Akutse, Sevgan Subramanian, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi

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Arthropod pests and vectors constrain the livelihood opportunities of people in Africa by debilitating production of crops and livestock and through transmission of vector-borne diseases. In the absence of effective alternative management options to tackle these pests and vectors, there is extensive dependence on synthetic pesticides for their management on crop and livestock systems, with significant negative impacts on animal and human health, and the environment. Biopesticides are effective and environmentally sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides. At the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), the Arthropod Pathology Unit (APU) was established for effective biopesticide research-for-development (R4D), underpinned by …

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Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass As Novel Fertilizer For Improved Growth, Yield, And Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Maize Under Field Conditions, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas K. Korir, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, Thomas Dubois, Martha W. Musyoka, Sunday Ekesi, Segenet Kelemu, Chrysantus M. Tanga Sep 2020

Exploring Black Soldier Fly Frass As Novel Fertilizer For Improved Growth, Yield, And Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Maize Under Field Conditions, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas K. Korir, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, Thomas Dubois, Martha W. Musyoka, Sunday Ekesi, Segenet Kelemu, Chrysantus M. Tanga

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Black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is increasingly gaining momentum worldwide as organic fertilizer. However, research on its performance on crop production remains largely unknown. Here, we evaluate the comparative performance of BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) on maize (H513) production. Both fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t ha-1, and 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1. Mineral fertilizer (urea) was also applied at 0, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha-1 to establish the N fertilizer equivalence (NFE) of the organic fertilizers. Maize grown in plots treated with BSFFF …

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Insecticide Susceptibility Of Anopheles Gambiae S.L And Identification Of Some Resistance Mechanisms In Kwilu Province In The Democratic Republic Of Congo, Emery Metelo Matubi, Gillon Ilombe Kaounga, Josue Zanga, Guillaume Binene Mbuku, Jean Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Basimike Mulenda, Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi, Jean Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Paul Masiangi Sep 2020

Insecticide Susceptibility Of Anopheles Gambiae S.L And Identification Of Some Resistance Mechanisms In Kwilu Province In The Democratic Republic Of Congo, Emery Metelo Matubi, Gillon Ilombe Kaounga, Josue Zanga, Guillaume Binene Mbuku, Jean Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Basimike Mulenda, Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi, Jean Jacques Muyembe Tamfum, Paul Masiangi

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Introduction: the control of the mosquito malaria vectors by the National Malaria Control Programme of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) relies mainly on the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs). However, the widespread emergence of resistance to pyrethroids is jeopardizing this control strategy. The objective of this study is to determine the status and resistance mechanisms involved in Anopheles gambiae s.l. population of DRC. Methods: pre-imaginal stages of An. gambiae s.l. were collected and standard WHO bioassays were performed on adult An.gambiae s.l. reared in the laboratory from larvae collected from different sites in the study area. The bioassays …

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Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence Of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer And Synchrony Of Nitrogen Mineralization For Maize Production, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas Korir, Martha W. Musyoka, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga Sep 2020

Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalence Of Black Soldier Fly Frass Fertilizer And Synchrony Of Nitrogen Mineralization For Maize Production, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas Korir, Martha W. Musyoka, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga

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The use of black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is being promoted globally. However, information on nitrogen (N) fertilizer equivalence (NFE) value and synchrony of N mineralization for crop production remains largely unknown. Comparative studies between BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) were undertaken under field conditions to determine synchrony of N release for maize uptake. The BSFFF, SAFI, and urea fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg N ha−1. The yield data from urea treated plots were used to determine the NFE of both organic inputs. Results showed that maize from BSFFF treated …

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How To Turn Collectors Of Edible Insects Into Mini-Livestock Farmers: Multidimensional Sustainability Challenges To A Thriving Industry, Sarah Nischalke, Ingo Wagler, Chrysantus Tanga, David Allan, Chama Phankaew, Christian Ratompoarison, Andrianantenaina Razafindrakotomamonjy, Elizabeth Kusia Sep 2020

How To Turn Collectors Of Edible Insects Into Mini-Livestock Farmers: Multidimensional Sustainability Challenges To A Thriving Industry, Sarah Nischalke, Ingo Wagler, Chrysantus Tanga, David Allan, Chama Phankaew, Christian Ratompoarison, Andrianantenaina Razafindrakotomamonjy, Elizabeth Kusia

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Edible insects reared under suitable climatic conditions are an efficient and ecological food source. However, most of the insects come from wild collection and not from farms (FAO, 2013). To establish insects as part of a sustainable food environment, collectors, farmers or small entrepreneurs need to be transformed into mini-livestock farmers, but people who eat or collect insects do not necessarily want to rear them. This paper presents four case studies from Kenya, Madagascar, Myanmar and Thailand, which are in different stages of sector development to show pathways for establishing insect rearing, and the associated economic, resource/ecological and social challenges …

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Socio-Economic And Environmental Implications Of Replacing Conventional Poultry Feed With Insect-Based Feed In Kenya, Zewdu Abro, Menale Kassie, Chrysantus Tanga, Dennis Beesigamukama, Gracious Diiro Aug 2020

Socio-Economic And Environmental Implications Of Replacing Conventional Poultry Feed With Insect-Based Feed In Kenya, Zewdu Abro, Menale Kassie, Chrysantus Tanga, Dennis Beesigamukama, Gracious Diiro

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The growing scarcity of resources for feed production and environmental concerns highlight the unsustainability of conventional feed sources. Insect farming is considered as an alternative feed due to its low land and water requirements, its low ecological footprint, and circular economy contribution by converting biowaste into high-quality feed ingredients. While there is growing research on the technical feasibility and nutritional performance of insect-based feed, its potential beneifts are not quanitified. Using experimental and secondary data, we assess the potential socio-economic benefits of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) to the Kenyan poultry sector. We find that replacing 5–50% of the …

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Potential Of Resampled Multispectral Data For Detecting Desmodium-Brachiaria Intercropped With Maize In A 'Push-Pull' System, B. T. Mudereri, E. M. Abdel-Rahman, T. Dube, T. Landmann, S. Niassy, H. E.Z. Tonnang, Z. R. Khan Aug 2020

Potential Of Resampled Multispectral Data For Detecting Desmodium-Brachiaria Intercropped With Maize In A 'Push-Pull' System, B. T. Mudereri, E. M. Abdel-Rahman, T. Dube, T. Landmann, S. Niassy, H. E.Z. Tonnang, Z. R. Khan

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Poor crop yields remain one of the main causes of chronic food insecurity in Africa. This is largely caused by insect pests, weeds, unfavourable climatic conditions and degraded soils. Weed and pest control, based on the climate-adapted g'push-pull' system, has become an important target for sustainable intensification of food production adopted by many small-holder farmers. However, essential baseline information using remotely sensed data is missing, specifically for the g'push-pull' companion crops. In this study, we investigated the spectral uniqueness of two of the most commonly used g'companion' crops (i.e. greenleaf Desmodium (i Desmodium intortum/i) and Brachiaria (i Brachiaria/i cv Mulato) …

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Biochar And Gypsum Amendment Of Agro-Industrial Waste For Enhanced Black Soldier Fly Larval Biomass And Quality Frass Fertilizer, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas K. Korir, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Thomas Dubois, Sevgan Subramanian, Musyoka M. Wangu, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga Aug 2020

Biochar And Gypsum Amendment Of Agro-Industrial Waste For Enhanced Black Soldier Fly Larval Biomass And Quality Frass Fertilizer, Dennis Beesigamukama, Benson Mochoge, Nicholas K. Korir, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Fathiya M. Khamis, Thomas Dubois, Sevgan Subramanian, Musyoka M. Wangu, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga

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Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens L.) is one of the most efficient bio-waste recyclers. Although, waste substrate amendments with biochar or gypsum during composting process are known to enhance nutrient retention, their impact on agro-industrial waste have not been documented. Hence, this study focuses on a comparative effect of agro-industrial waste amended with biochar and gypsum on BSF larval performance, waste degradation, and nitrogen (N) and potassium retention in frass fertilizer. Brewery spent grain was amended with biochar or gypsum at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% to determine the most effective rates of inclusion. Amending feedstock with 20% …

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Entomopathogenic Fungi As Endophytes For Biological Control Of Subterranean Termite Pests Attacking Cocoa Seedlings, Chaba F. Ambele, Sunday Ekesi, Hervé D.B. Bisseleua, Olubukola O. Babalola, Fathiya M. Khamis, Christian T.L. Djuideu, Komivi S. Akutse Aug 2020

Entomopathogenic Fungi As Endophytes For Biological Control Of Subterranean Termite Pests Attacking Cocoa Seedlings, Chaba F. Ambele, Sunday Ekesi, Hervé D.B. Bisseleua, Olubukola O. Babalola, Fathiya M. Khamis, Christian T.L. Djuideu, Komivi S. Akutse

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This study was conducted in the scope of developing a sustainable effective approach against subterranean termite pests using entomopathogenic and endophytic fungus-based biopesticides. Termites, Odontotermes spp. workers, were tested for their susceptibility to 15 entomopathogenic fungal isolates through the direct spraying of conidia suspensions at 1 × 108 conidia/mL. In general, all the isolates screened were pathogenic, with 100% mortality 4–7 days post-inoculation. However, the most virulent isolates were Metarhizium brunneum Cb15-III; the M. anisopliae isolates ICIPE 30 and ICIPE 60; Hypocrea lixii F3ST1; and the Beauveria bassiana isolates ICIPE 279, ICIPE 706 and ICIPE 662. These isolates were further …

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Insights In The Global Genetics And Gut Microbiome Of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia Illucens: Implications For Animal Feed Safety Control, Fathiya M. Khamis, Fidelis L.O. Ombura, Komivi S. Akutse, Sevgan Subramanian, Samira A. Mohamed, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Weerachai Saijuntha, Joop J.A. Van Loon, Marcel Dicke, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga Jul 2020

Insights In The Global Genetics And Gut Microbiome Of Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia Illucens: Implications For Animal Feed Safety Control, Fathiya M. Khamis, Fidelis L.O. Ombura, Komivi S. Akutse, Sevgan Subramanian, Samira A. Mohamed, Komi K.M. Fiaboe, Weerachai Saijuntha, Joop J.A. Van Loon, Marcel Dicke, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, Chrysantus M. Tanga

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The utilization of the black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens L. for recycling organic waste into high-quality protein and fat biomass for animal feeds has gained momentum worldwide. However, information on the genetic diversity and environmental implications on safety of the larvae is limited. This study delineates genetic variability and unravels gut microbiome complex of wild-collected and domesticated BSF populations from six continents using mitochondrial COI gene and 16S metagenomics. All sequences generated from the study linked to H. illucens accessions KM967419.1, FJ794355.1, FJ794361.1, FJ794367.1, KC192965.1, and KY817115.1 from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences generated from the study and …

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Detecting Bracoviral Orthologs Distribution In Five Tsetse Fly Species And The Housefly Genomes, Kelvin M. Kimenyi, Muna F. Abry, Winnie Okeyo, Enock Matovu, Daniel Masiga, Benard W. Kulohoma Jul 2020

Detecting Bracoviral Orthologs Distribution In Five Tsetse Fly Species And The Housefly Genomes, Kelvin M. Kimenyi, Muna F. Abry, Winnie Okeyo, Enock Matovu, Daniel Masiga, Benard W. Kulohoma

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Objective: Mutualism between endogenous viruses and eukaryotes is still poorly understood. Several endogenous double-stranded polydnaviruses, bracoviruses, homologous to those present in parasitic braconid wasp genomes were detected in the tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans morsitans). This is peculiar since tsetse flies do not share a reproductive lifestyle similar to wasps, but deliver fully developed larvae that pupate within minutes of exiting their mothers. The objective of this study is to investigate genomic distribution of bracoviral sequences in five tsetse fly species and the housefly, and examine its value as a potential vector control strategy target point. We use comparative genomics to …

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Potential Adoption Of Integrated Pest Management Strategy For Suppression Of Mango Fruit Flies In East Africa: An Ex Ante And Ex Post Analysis In Ethiopia And Kenya, Beatrice W. Muriithi, Nancy G. Gathogo, Gracious M. Diiro, Samira A. Mohamed, Sunday Ekesi Jul 2020

Potential Adoption Of Integrated Pest Management Strategy For Suppression Of Mango Fruit Flies In East Africa: An Ex Ante And Ex Post Analysis In Ethiopia And Kenya, Beatrice W. Muriithi, Nancy G. Gathogo, Gracious M. Diiro, Samira A. Mohamed, Sunday Ekesi

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To sustain agricultural development in Africa, innovative strategies for addressing a myriad of biotic and abiotic constraints facing the agricultural systems must be established. One current biotic stress is the mango infesting fruit flies. In the effort to contain the widely spreading and damaging invasive species of tephritid fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) (Hendel), an area-wide integrated pest management (IPM) program is being promoted in the horticultural sub-sector in sub-Saharan Africa. Such a new technology in which farmers have limited information before commercialization may have diffusion paths that are different from the often-assumed sigmoid (or “s”) shaped curve. We apply the …

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Light And Dark Rhythms Of Pupal Eclosion And Egg Hatching In Tropical Stem Borers’ Moths, Paul André Calatayud, François Rebaudo, Peter Ahuya, Bruno Le Ru Jul 2020

Light And Dark Rhythms Of Pupal Eclosion And Egg Hatching In Tropical Stem Borers’ Moths, Paul André Calatayud, François Rebaudo, Peter Ahuya, Bruno Le Ru

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Different traits in insects such as locomotor activity, egg-hatching, emergence from puparia and oviposition follow light and dark rhythms. In noctuid stemborer moths, activity cycles of the adults linked to their reproductive traits concentrate at the first half of the night and some of them are highly species specific. However, little information is available on the light and dark rhythm of egg hatching in noctuid stemborer moths as compared to adult’s activities (emergence, oviposition and mating). The purpose of this study was to compare the light and dark rhythms of pupal eclosion and egg hatching, respectively, for four main species …

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Cellular And Molecular Targets Of Waterbuck Repellent Blend Odors In Antennae Of Glossina Fuscipes Fuscipes Newstead, 1910, Souleymane Diallo, Mohd Shahbaaz, Baldwyn Torto, Alan Christoffels, Daniel Masiga, Merid N. Getahun Jun 2020

Cellular And Molecular Targets Of Waterbuck Repellent Blend Odors In Antennae Of Glossina Fuscipes Fuscipes Newstead, 1910, Souleymane Diallo, Mohd Shahbaaz, Baldwyn Torto, Alan Christoffels, Daniel Masiga, Merid N. Getahun

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Insects that transmit many of the world’s deadliest animal diseases, for instance trypanosomosis, find their suitable hosts and avoid non-preferred hosts mostly through olfactory cues. The waterbuck repellent blend (WRB) comprising geranylacetone, guaiacol, pentanoic acid, and δ-octalactone derived from waterbuck skin odor is a repellent to some savannah-adapted tsetse flies and reduces trap catches of riverine species. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with detection and coding of the repellent odors remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that WRB inhibited blood feeding in both Glossina pallidipes Austen, 1903 and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910. Using the DREAM (Deorphanization …

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Exploiting Insect-Specific Viruses As A Novel Strategy To Control Vector-Borne Disease, Edward I. Patterson, Jandouwe Villinger, Joseph N. Muthoni, Lucien Dobel-Ober, Grant L. Hughes Jun 2020

Exploiting Insect-Specific Viruses As A Novel Strategy To Control Vector-Borne Disease, Edward I. Patterson, Jandouwe Villinger, Joseph N. Muthoni, Lucien Dobel-Ober, Grant L. Hughes

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Novel insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are being discovered in many important vectors due to advances in sequencing technology and a growing awareness of the virome. Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that ISVs are capable of modulating pathogenic arboviruses. In addition, there is growing evidence that both vertical and horizonal transmission strategies maintain ISVs in vector populations. As such there is potential to exploit ISVs for stand-alone vector control strategies and deploying them in synergy with other symbiont control approaches such as Wolbachia-mediated control. However, before the applied potential can be realized, a greater understanding of their basic biology …

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The Comparative Virulence Of An Atoxigenic Strain Of Aspergillus Flavus (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae) And The Commercial Icipe 69 Metarhizium Anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) To The Bean Leaf Beetle Ootheca Mutabilis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Julius Mugonza, Michael H. Otim, James P. Egonyu Jun 2020

The Comparative Virulence Of An Atoxigenic Strain Of Aspergillus Flavus (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae) And The Commercial Icipe 69 Metarhizium Anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) To The Bean Leaf Beetle Ootheca Mutabilis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Julius Mugonza, Michael H. Otim, James P. Egonyu

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The recent isolation of an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus (Link) (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae), which was virulent to all stages of Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has generated interest to investigate virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus against other crop pests, and how it compares with established commercial biopesticides. In this study, we tested the pathogenicity and virulence of the atoxigenic A. flavus strain to Ootheca mutabilis (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the laboratory compared to the commercial Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff Sorokin) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae; OD®, ICIPE 69). Serial dilutions of both entomopathogenic fungi (1 × 106–1 × 109 conidia/ml) were evaluated against adult …

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Integrated Management Of Aphis Craccivora In Cowpea Using Intercropping And Entomopathogenic Fungi Under Field Conditions, Allan Mweke, Komivi Senyo Akutse, Christian Ulrichs, Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Sunday Ekesi Jun 2020

Integrated Management Of Aphis Craccivora In Cowpea Using Intercropping And Entomopathogenic Fungi Under Field Conditions, Allan Mweke, Komivi Senyo Akutse, Christian Ulrichs, Komi Kouma Mokpokpo Fiaboe, Nguya Kalemba Maniania, Sunday Ekesi

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Cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, is a major cowpea pest. Cowpea–cereal intercrop alone does not effectively manage the pest. Use of pesticides in intercrop leads to health and environmental risks. Fungal-based biopesticides offer a better option because they are environment-and consumer-friendly. This study assessed the combined effect of Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 62 and cowpea–maize intercrop against A. craccivora under six treatments: (1) untreated cowpea monocrop, (2) untreated cowpea–maize intercrop, (3) cowpea monocrop + ICIPE 62, (4) cowpea–maize intercrop + ICIPE 62, (5) cowpea monocrop + Duduthrin insecticide, and (6) cowpea–maize intercrop + Duduthrin during three seasons (long rainy/cold and dry/short rainy). …

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Effects Of Traditional Processing Techniques On The Nutritional And Microbiological Quality Of Four Edible Insect Species Used For Food And Feed In East Africa, Dorothy N. Nyangena, Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, John Kinyuru, Hippolyte Affognon, Sunday Ekesi, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Komi K.M. Fiaboe May 2020

Effects Of Traditional Processing Techniques On The Nutritional And Microbiological Quality Of Four Edible Insect Species Used For Food And Feed In East Africa, Dorothy N. Nyangena, Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, John Kinyuru, Hippolyte Affognon, Sunday Ekesi, Dorothy Nakimbugwe, Komi K.M. Fiaboe

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Edible insects are increasingly being considered as food and feed ingredients because of their rich nutrient content. Already, edible insect farming has taken-off in Africa, but quality and safety concerns call for simple, actionable hazard control mechanisms. We examined the effects of traditional processing techniques—boiling, toasting, solar-drying, oven-drying, boiling + oven-drying, boiling + solar-drying, toasting + oven-drying, toasting + solar-drying—on the proximate composition and microbiological quality of adult Acheta domesticus and Ruspolia differens, the prepupae of Hermetia illucens and 5th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Boiling, toasting, and drying decreased the dry matter crude fat by 0.8–51% in the order: …

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Widespread Army Ant Aversion Among East African Jumping Spiders (Salticidae), Ximena J. Nelson, Samuel Aguilar-Arguello, Robert R. Jackson May 2020

Widespread Army Ant Aversion Among East African Jumping Spiders (Salticidae), Ximena J. Nelson, Samuel Aguilar-Arguello, Robert R. Jackson

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Jumping spiders (Salticidae) typically prey on a variety of arthropods of similar size to themselves, but rarely on ants. Using 28 salticid species from East Africa, we first investigated vision-based aversion to ants by recording latency to enter a transparent sealed chamber flanked by chambers containing living army ants (Dorylus sp.) or tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) of comparable size. For all species, entry latency was significantly longer when the stimuli were ants. In another experiment, we used dead ants and tsetse flies mounted in a life-like posture as stimuli; except for Goleba puella, a species with unusual retinal ultrastructure, we …

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Prevalence Of Trypanosomes Associated With Drug Resistance In Shimba Hills, Kwale County, Kenya, Benard W. Kulohoma, Sarah A.O. Wamwenje, Ibrahim I. Wangwe, Nicodemus Masila, Caroline K. Mirieri, Lillian Wambua Apr 2020

Prevalence Of Trypanosomes Associated With Drug Resistance In Shimba Hills, Kwale County, Kenya, Benard W. Kulohoma, Sarah A.O. Wamwenje, Ibrahim I. Wangwe, Nicodemus Masila, Caroline K. Mirieri, Lillian Wambua

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Objective: Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is a life-threatening vector-borne disease, caused by trypanosome parasites, which are principally transmitted by tsetse flies. In Kenya, the prevalence of drug-resistant trypanosomes in endemic regions remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to establish AAT point prevalence, drug susceptibility of associated trypanosomes, and measure infectivity by multiple AAT mammalian hosts to tsetse flies in Shimba hills, a resource-poor region with high bovine trypanosomiasis prevalence and morbidity rates at the coast of Kenya. We collected tsetse flies using traps (1 Ngu and 2 biconical), and then sorted them on sex and species. Trypanosomes …

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Spread And Impact Of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda J.E. Smith) In Maize Production Areas Of Kenya, Hugo De Groote, Simon C. Kimenju, Bernard Munyua, Sebastian Palmas, Menale Kassie, Anani Bruce Apr 2020

Spread And Impact Of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera Frugiperda J.E. Smith) In Maize Production Areas Of Kenya, Hugo De Groote, Simon C. Kimenju, Bernard Munyua, Sebastian Palmas, Menale Kassie, Anani Bruce

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Fall armyworm (FAW), one of the most important pests of maize in Latin America, suddenly appeared in Africa in 2016 and spread rapidly. Estimates of crop losses due to FAW are essential in order to compare the impact of these losses with the cost of controlling FAW and advise appropriate technology dissemination and policy. In this study, therefore, crop losses due to FAW in 2017 and 2018 were estimated in all the maize production areas of Kenya. Data were collected during June and July 2018 through 121 group discussions with 1439 farmers, separately with men (697) and women (742), in …

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Evaluation Of Personal Protection Afforded By Repellent-Treated Sandals Against Mosquito Bites In South-Eastern Tanzania, Onyango P. Sangoro, Tegemeo Gavana, Marceline Finda, Winfrida Mponzi, Emmanuel Hape, Alex Limwagu, Nicodem J. Govella, Prosper Chaki, Fredros O. Okumu Apr 2020

Evaluation Of Personal Protection Afforded By Repellent-Treated Sandals Against Mosquito Bites In South-Eastern Tanzania, Onyango P. Sangoro, Tegemeo Gavana, Marceline Finda, Winfrida Mponzi, Emmanuel Hape, Alex Limwagu, Nicodem J. Govella, Prosper Chaki, Fredros O. Okumu

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Background: Outdoor and early evening mosquito biting needs to be addressed if malaria elimination is to be achieved. While indoor-targeted interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying, remain essential, complementary approaches that tackle persisting outdoor transmission are urgently required to maximize the impact. Major malaria vectors principally bite human hosts around the feet and ankles. Consequently, this study investigated whether sandals treated with efficacious spatial repellents can protect against outdoor biting mosquitoes. Methodology: Sandals affixed with hessian bands measuring 48 cm2 treated with 0.06 g, 0.10 g and 0.15 g of transfluthrin were tested in large cage semi-field …

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Decision Support System For Fitting And Mapping Nonlinear Functions With Application To Insect Pest Management In The Biological Control Context, Ritter A. Guimapi, Samira A. Mohamed, Lisa Biber-Freudenberger, Waweru Mwangi, Sunday Ekesi, Christian Borgemeister, Henri E.Z. Tonnang Apr 2020

Decision Support System For Fitting And Mapping Nonlinear Functions With Application To Insect Pest Management In The Biological Control Context, Ritter A. Guimapi, Samira A. Mohamed, Lisa Biber-Freudenberger, Waweru Mwangi, Sunday Ekesi, Christian Borgemeister, Henri E.Z. Tonnang

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The process of moving from experimental data to modeling and characterizing the dynamics and interactions in natural processes is a challenging task. This paper proposes an interactive platform for fitting data derived from experiments to mathematical expressions and carrying out spatial visualization. The platform is designed using a component-based software architectural approach, implemented in R and the Java programming languages. It uses experimental data as input for model fitting, then applies the obtained model at the landscape level via a spatial temperature grid data to yield regional and continental maps. Different modules and functionalities of the tool are presented with …

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Modelling The Effect Of Temperature On The Biology And Demographic Parameters Of The African Coffee White Stem Borer, Monochamus Leuconotus (Pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Abdelmutalab G.A. Azrag, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Christian W.W. Pirk, Saliou Niassy, Ephantus K. Guandaru, Guillaume David, Régis Babin Apr 2020

Modelling The Effect Of Temperature On The Biology And Demographic Parameters Of The African Coffee White Stem Borer, Monochamus Leuconotus (Pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Abdelmutalab G.A. Azrag, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Christian W.W. Pirk, Saliou Niassy, Ephantus K. Guandaru, Guillaume David, Régis Babin

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The African coffee white stem borer Monochamus leuconotus (Pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a destructive insect pest of Arabica coffee trees in African highlands. Our study aims to provide information on the pest biology as influenced by temperature, determine thermal thresholds, and provide life table parameters for M. leuconotus reared in the laboratory. The life cycle of M. leuconotus was studied at seven constant temperatures in the range 15–35 °C, with 80 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of L:D 12:12. Linear and nonlinear models were fitted to laboratory data to describe the impact of temperature on M. leuconotus development, mortality, …

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