Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons^™

Black Bear Depredation On Bee Yards In Florida, David S. Maehr

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The development of procedures for dealing with nuisance black bears in Florida has followed many years of antagonism between beekeepers and the State's wildlife agency as well as an intensive effort to mitigate the problem. With an apparently decreasing black bear population and increasing public sentiment for the bear, the pressure to develop acceptable management guidelines has become great. This paper summarizes the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission's efforts in documenting and mitigating the bear-beekeeper problem in Florida.

Beaver Management In The Southeastern United States: A Review And Update, David K. Woodward

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Beaver populations in primitive times have been estimated at 60 million animals distributed across the North American continent where adequate food and water existed (Seton 1900). History books document well the exploitation of this resource by trappers in the settling of the new world. The search for beaver was so efficient that by the beginning of the twentieth century only small numbers of animals remained in remote areas. During the early 1900's however, beaver populations began to increase for a variety of reasons. Foremost among these were trapping restrictions, but the absence of natural predators, reversion of abandoned farms to …

Wildlife Damage Control In Eastern Cities And Suburbs, Vagn Flyger, Daniel L. Leedy, Thomas M. Franklin

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The topics covered in this paper are based mainly on experiences with people seeking help from the University of Maryland and the National Institute for Urban Wildlife. Although most residents of cities and suburbs enjoy and appreciate wildlife, we are frequently reminded that some do not, other people only tolerate and enjoy selected animal species, provided that these animals ''behave" - they don't make noise, keep their distance, don't damage ornamentals, and are not messy. Some people are so intolerant of wildlife that they even complain about frog choruses from nearby ponds. Response to wildlife varies such that one resident …

Welcome To Conference Participants, Herbert E. Doig

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is a pleasure for me to welcome participants of the First Eastern Wildlife Damage Control Conference and I bring you greetings and best wishes for a successful conference from Governor Mario Cuomo and commissioner of Environmental Conservation Henry Williams. It is appropriate that the first conference on this important subject in the East be heId in New York since we typify a variety of interactions between people and wildlife that are characteristic of the region.

Comparison Of 8 Physical Barriers Used For Protecting Douglas-Fir Seedlings From Deer Browse, David R. Deyoe, Wieger Schaap

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The success or failure of forest regeneration efforts in western Oregon and Washington often depends on adequate control of animal damage to young seedlings. Cutover and partially stocked forest lands provide excellent habitat for animals that clip or browse young seedlings. Black and Dimock (1969) estimated that animals were responsible for roughly one out of five reforestation failures. The Cooperative Animal Damage study of coniferous plantations in Oregon and Washington (1963-1975) found that animals damaged an average of 30 percent of all unprotected Douglas-fir seedlings each year on the 165 plots studied (Black et al. 1979). Browsing by deer and …

Crop Depredations By Canada Geese In East-Central Wisconsin, Richard A. Hunt

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1973, I presented a paper on "Waterfowl Crop Damage in Wisconsin" at the 6th Bird Control Seminar at Bowling Green, Ohio (Hunt & Bell 1983). That paper reviewed crop damage by Canada geese (Branta canadensis) around Horicon National Wildlife Refuge and the program developed to pay for and control damage, and suggested some recommendations related to future depredations management. At that time the fall goose population was about 200,000 at peak levels on the refuge. Since 1973, some significant changes were implemented in the Horicon area that reduced the peak concentration to less than 100,000. Crop depredations …

Wildlife Damage Control And Wildlife Management, Dale A. Jones, Hugh C. Black

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

It is a distinct pleasure and privilege to help kick off this conference. But, first, we want to commend the Co-chairmen, Jim Caslick, Dan Decker, and John Kelley, and the Conference Committee involved in putting this excellent and timely program together.

Reanalysis Of Farmer Willingness To Tolerate Deer Damage In Western New York, D. J. Decker, N. Sanyal, T. L. Brown, R. A. Smolka Jr., N. A. Connelly

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Crop depredation by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus uirginianus) has been examined and discussed by wildlife managers since at least the early 1930's (Leopold 1933:283). As with most aspects of game management in those early years, managers' efforts focused on the biological parameters of depredation and control. In the 1960's a few researchers began examining the social implications of deer management and found farmers to be surprisingly tolerant of most deer damage (McDowell and Benson 1960, McNeil 1962:81, Flyger and Thoerig 1962:48). Because of changing agricultural, habitat, and deer population conditions, studies of farmer tolerance of deer damage were initiated …

Control Of Beaver Damage, James E. Miller

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Beaver activity often conflicts with human's interests when damage occurs. It also has significant impact on the ecology of an area modified extensively by constant flooding. This often makes control of these animals somewhat different than for some other vertebrate species which cause serious damage. However, even though in biological terms beaver control may seem rather simple, in reality other factors including social, economic, and political pressures often dictate our actions more than dealing with the biological parameters of the species.

Applying The Concept Of Feeding Stations To The Behavior Of Cattle Grazing Variable Amounts Of Available Forage, Enrique R. Flores

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A quantitative description of the foraging process is necessary for effective planning and execution of intensive grazing schemes. Foraging behavior is defined as having two components: feeding and moving. At intervals the foraging animal walks a number of steps searching for food and then pauses to feed at a new position here termed a feeding station. Five behavioral variables were analyzed under this framework: 1) time spent at a feed ing station; 2) number of bites at a feeding station; 3) steps taken between stations; 4) rate of steps; and 5) foraging time. The experimental design consisted of grazing small …

Differential Behavior Of Coyotes With Regard To Home Range Limits, Charles E. Harris

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study was conducted to examine coyote behavioral responses to novel stimuli in familiar and unfamiliar environments and the implications of this behavior with regard to specific coyote management and research techniques. A series of pen studies with captive coyotes was undertaken at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Predator Ecology and Behavior Project research site, Logan, Utah, to observe the range and type of behaviors coyotes showed towards small novel objects and standard scent stations in familiar and unfamiliar 1-ha enclosures. The initial response to these novel stimuli in familiar environments was one of neophobia and caution, whereas in …

Use Of Clearcut Habitats By Black Bears In The Pacific Northwest, Kim R. Barber

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Patterns of vegetation use by black bears (Ursus americanus) on Long Island, Washington were documented using radio-telemetry in 1973-74 and 1980-81. Secondary succession altered the vegetative compostion of clearcut areas through this time, reducing the areas dominated by productive brush species by nearly 50%. Seasonal food habits, consisted primarily of grasses and forbs in spring (den emergence-May) and flowers and fruits of shrub species in summer (June-September) and fall (October-den entrance).

Bears selected for clearcuts (5-21 years of age) over all other vegetation types for feeding but preferred areas dominated by large trees when inactive during both the …

Mule Deer Reproduction And Survival In The Lasal Mountains, Utah, Randall B. Smith

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) reproduction and survival on the LaSal Mountains, Utah were studied from 1978-81. Reproductive rates were high, suggesting that summer and fall forage quality was adequate and was not responsible for low recruitment observed in recent years. The combined fetal rate, determined from laparotomies and carcasses, was 1.72 for all females older than 1 year (N = 114). Fetal rates were 1.15 for yearlings (N = 20), 1.80 for prime females (2-7 years, N = 78), and 1.75 for old females (8+ years, N = 16). No evidence of breeding was found among fawns (N …

Brown Trout Perception Of Ultraviolet Radiation And Possible Influence On Distribution, Terrence H. Lee

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Brown trout (Salmo trutta), demonstrated an avoidance response to a range of intensities of artificial ultraviolet radiation in a laboratory setting. UV field measurements were made under a variety of riparian canopies in a mountain river system. UV values at various depth regimes were compared with laboratory response values. Results suggested that ultraviolet light could be a factor in the absence of brown trout in particular habitat types at various times during the daylight hours. Visible light intensity response values were also obtained under the same experimental and field conditions. These data suggested that visible light also could …

The Interaction Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Stress And Plant Competition In Agricultural Plant Populations, Warren Glenn Gold

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of ultraviolet-B radiation enhancement upon the competitive interactions of two species pairs was studied in the field. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Bannock') was paired with wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) to represent competition between species pairs in agricultural situations. Specially modulated ultraviolet lamp systems provided either low ultraviolet-B enhancement (simulation of a 16 % ozone layer reduction based upon the generalized plant action spectrum), high ultraviolet-B enhancement (40 % ozone reduction) or control (ambient solar ultraviolet-B) irradiance.

Ultraviolet-B radiation enhancement significantly altered the competitive interactions of the species pairs. …

Establishment Of Tall Wheatgrass [Agropyron Elongatum (Host) Beav. 'Jose'] And Basin Wildrye (Elymus Cinereus Scribn. & Merr. 'Magnar') In Relation To Soil Water And Salinity, Bruce A. Roundy

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The potential of basin wildrye (Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr. 'Magnar') and tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beav. 'Jose '] to establish on saline, arid rangelands in the Great Basin in relation to soil water and salinity was compared in field and laboratory experiments. Tall wheatgrass had higher emergence and establishment on a nonsaline and a saline soil (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract of 7 dS·m^-1) over a range of spring precipitation as simulated by sprinkler irrigation. Basin wildrye will require supplemental irrigation to establish on soils of similar salinity. In the absence of precipitation, …

Internal Filters : Prospects For Uv-Acclimation In Higher Plants, Martyn M. Caldwell, Ronald Robberecht, Stephan D. Flint

Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah

Wavelength-selective absorption of solar radiation within plant leaves allows penetration of visible radiation to the chloroplats, while removing much of the damaging ultraviolet-B radiation. Flavonoids are important in this wavelength-selective absorption. Induction of flavonoid synthesis by solar radiation, and specifically by UV-B radiation, is discussed as this relates to the potential acclimation of plants to enhanced solar UV-B radiation that would result from stratospheric ozone reduction.

The Effects Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation On Plant Competition In Terrestrial Ecosystems, Warren G. Gold, Martyn M. Caldwell

Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah

Evidence regarding the interaction of ultraviolet-B radiation and plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems is examined. The competitive interactions of some species pairs were affected even by ambient solar UV-B radiation when compared to control pairs grown without UV-B. Also, the total shoot biomass of these species pairs was depressed under ambient UV-B. Relatively large increases in UV-B radiation altered the competitive interactions of some species pairs grown in pots under field conditions, but did not affect the total shoot biomass production of those pairs. Recent field experiments have examined the competitive interactions of wheat and wild oat under a simulated …

Aspen Management Guidelines For The Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre And Gunnison National Forest, Aspen Management Task Force

Aspen Bibliography

A task force was formed in late April 1983 for the purpose of developing guidelines for Aspen Management on the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre and Gunnison National Forests.

Efficacy Of Denning In Alleviating Coyote Depredations Upon Domestic Sheep, James A. Till

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Bands of domestic sheep lambing on the open range in south central Wyoming were monitored for predator losses prior to and following coyote (Canis latrans) removals. Experimental treatments, including 1) no removal (control), 2) removal of 2 adults and their pups, and 3) removal of pups only, were replicated 15 times each. Number of predation incidents (events) was reduced 98.2% by removing adults and pups. The number of sheep killed was reduced by 98.8%. Removing only litters of pups resulted in a decrease of 87.7% total kills decreased 91.6%. in predation incidents, while Overall, 23 of 30 predation …

Muskrat Population Levels And Vegetation Utilization: A Basis For An Index, Thomas R. Mccabe

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are associated with marshlands throughout North America. Their impact on marsh vegetation is well documented. In recent years, research pertaining to marsh ecosystems has emphasized the role of interspersion of marsh vegetation to higher faunal diversity and productivity. Muskrats can provide a natural control of aquatic emergents if managed properly. Experimentation at Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge, Utah, has attempted to ascertain whether vegetation-utilization index could be used for determining muskrat population levels and to evaluate the impact of muskrats on their primary food resource, Olney's bulrush (Scirpus americanus).

Three known populations of …

Influence Of Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density On Uv-Binduced Photoinhibition In Soybean Leaves: Comparison Of Preconditioning And Concomitant Light Treatments, Charles W. Warner

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Previous studies indicate that the degree of UV-Binduced photosynthetic inhibition may be highly dependent upon the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, total quantum flux in the waveband 400-700 nm) incident on a plant. This study illustrates that Essex soybean leaves (Glycine max) preconditioned under high PPFD suffered less UV-B-induced photoinhibition than when preconditioned under low PPFD. However, sensitivity to UV-B increased when soybean leaves received high-PPFD as a concomitant treatment.

The relative msgnitude of UV-B-induced damage was similar for both light-limited and light-saturated photosynthesis. This probably indicates that UV-B is inhibiting fundamentally different photosynthetic processes.

Soybean leaves preconditioned …

The Influence Of Winter Social Behavior On The Habitat Selection And Reproductive Success Of The Black-Billed Magpie, Kerry P. Reese

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study examined the influence of winter social behavior, particularly dominance relationships, on the subsequent nesting habitat selection and reproductive success of Black-billed Magpies (Pica pica hudsonia) on 2 areas in northern Utah. Hierarchical cluster analysis ordinated the habitats available to breeding birds and Chi-square and Bonferoni-z statistics were used to determine those habitat types the magpies seemed to prefer. Social status was determined by observing color-banded birds engaged in agonistic encounters at winter bait stations. Social dominance was evaluated by % dyads won, not by total % victories. Relationships between winter social status of magpies and their …

Understory-Overstory Vegetation Relationships: An Annotated Bibliography, Peter F. Ffolliott, Warren P. Clary

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

The Extent And Characteristics Of Low Productivity Aspen Areas In Minnesota, Garhard K. Raile, Jerold T. Hahn

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

An Experiment In Biomass Production: Results From Three Consecutive Harvests Of Cottonwood Alder, Constance A. Harrington, Dean S. Debell, Robert F. Strand

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Biomass Equations For Ten Major Tree Species Of The Prairie, T. Singh

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Wildlife Conservation In The Soviet Union, Michael L. Wolfe, Douglas R. Weiner

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Wildlife--Wild Death: Kenya's Man-Animal Equation, Norman N. Miller

Aspen Bibliography

Kenya's game laws, in comparison to those of ancient England, are tame and mild.

Diversity And Production Of Herbaceous Vegetation In A Northern Utah Subalpine Chronosequence, Gary A. Reese

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Successional trends in herbaceous plant production and diversity were studied in an age sequence of sites, i.e. chronosequence, inferred to represent a meadow to aspen to fir to spruce-fir sere. Primary production was observed to decrease in a linear fashion with successional development. Three components of diversity; richness, heterogeneity, and equitability or evenness, each had low early successional values, reaching maximum diversity in mid-succession, and declining to intermediate levels with maturity. The magnitude of these trends varied greatly, depending on the methods used to determine plant dominance. Characteristics of various dominance indices and their applicability to this study were examined. …