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Articles 61 - 89 of 89

Full-Text Articles in Cell and Developmental Biology

Egfr Polymorphisms In Drosophila Melanogaster, Stacie Chue, Neha Mehta, Samantha Poon, Heather Trazino May 2018

Egfr Polymorphisms In Drosophila Melanogaster, Stacie Chue, Neha Mehta, Samantha Poon, Heather Trazino

Publications and Research

No abstract provided.

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Stimulating Canonical Wnt Signaling In Pituitary Progenitors Inhibits Differentiation Of Hormone Cell Types, Tanner F. Coleman Apr 2018

Stimulating Canonical Wnt Signaling In Pituitary Progenitors Inhibits Differentiation Of Hormone Cell Types, Tanner F. Coleman

Senior Theses

The mouse pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate many physiological processes including growth, stress response, and reproduction. The canonical WNT signaling pathway, activation of which results in nuclear accumulation of β-CATENIN and transcription of target genes including LEF1, is crucial for proper development of the pituitary gland. Pituitary progenitors that lack β-CATENIN at embryonic day of development 8.5 (E8.5) cannot form three of the six cell types of the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin (PRL). Additionally, stimulating canonical WNT signaling through creation of degradation-resistant β-CATENIN at E9.5 causes pituitary tumors and results …

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The Developmental Implications Of The Regulatory Relationship Between Cjun And Oct4 In Murine Embryonic Stem Cells, Rachel E. Brewer Jan 2018

The Developmental Implications Of The Regulatory Relationship Between Cjun And Oct4 In Murine Embryonic Stem Cells, Rachel E. Brewer

Cal Poly Humboldt theses and projects

As cells transition from the point of fertilization through the process of embryonic development, many molecular changes occur that affect cell fate. At the blastocyst stage, the earliest distinction, two separate cell populations arise. The trophectoderm cells will generate all of the extraembryonic tissues while the inner cell mass will yield all of the embryonic tissues. These cells, which generate the organism, are termed pluripotent at this stage and found within the inner cell mass (ICM). A variety of genetic mechanisms that regulate this event have been characterized. Here, we examined the effect of cJun expression in regulating Oct4, a …

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Retinoic Acid Receptor Isoform-Specific Control Of Mouse Salivary Gland Development And Regeneration, Kara Desantis Jan 2018

Retinoic Acid Receptor Isoform-Specific Control Of Mouse Salivary Gland Development And Regeneration, Kara Desantis

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Controlled expansion and differentiation of progenitor cell populations is essential for organogenesis followed by continued maintenance of the population into and through adulthood. As the K5+ basal cell population is regulated by retinoic acid signaling, we interrogated the contribution of specific RAR isoforms to the regulation of these cells during submandibular salivary gland (SMG) organogenesis and regeneration. Retinoic acid has previously been shown to be involved in the development of the salivary gland, and recently, lack of retinoid signaling has been shown to impact the K5+ population of basal progenitor cells. Since retinoic acid is known to exert stimulatory effects …

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Comparative Study Of Spinning Field Development In Two Species Of Araneophagic Spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus), Mark A. Townley, Danilo Harms Dec 2017

Comparative Study Of Spinning Field Development In Two Species Of Araneophagic Spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus), Mark A. Townley, Danilo Harms

Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences

External studies of spider spinning fields allow us to make inferences about internal silk gland biology, including what happens to silk glands when the spider molts. Such studies often focus on adults, but juveniles can provide additional insight on spinning apparatus development and character polarity. Here we document and describe spinning fields at all stadia in two species of pirate spider (Mimetidae: Australomimetus spinosus, A. djuka). Pirate spiders nest within the ecribellate orb-building spiders (Araneoidea), but are vagrant, araneophagic members that do not build prey-capture webs. Correspondingly, they lack aggregate and flagelliform silk glands (AG, FL), specialized for forming prey-capture …

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The Role Of T-Box Proteins In Vertebrate Germ Layer Formation And Patterning, Sushma Teegala Sep 2017

The Role Of T-Box Proteins In Vertebrate Germ Layer Formation And Patterning, Sushma Teegala

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

All of the tissues in triploblastic organisms, with the exception of the germ cells, arise from the three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and the endoderm. The identification of the genes that underlie the differentiation of these layers is crucial to our understanding of development. T-box family proteins are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators that play important roles during germ layer formation in the early vertebrate embryo. Well-characterized members of this family, including the transcriptional activators Brachyury and VegT, are essential for the proper formation of mesoderm and endoderm, respectively. To date, T-box proteins have not been shown to play a role in …

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Novel Species-Specific Glycoprotein On The Surface Of Mytilus Edulis And M. Trossulus Eggs, Fiona M. Harper, Kasandra J. Riley, R. D. Rawson Aug 2017

Novel Species-Specific Glycoprotein On The Surface Of Mytilus Edulis And M. Trossulus Eggs, Fiona M. Harper, Kasandra J. Riley, R. D. Rawson

Faculty Publications

Protein–protein interactions play a central role in the gamete attraction, binding, and fusion stages of gamete interactions and fertilization for broadcast spawning species, such as marine mussels in the Mytilus edulis species complex. Although assortative gamete interaction has been implicated in the level of reproductive isolation among the three species in this complex, the molecular basis of these interactions has not been elucidated. Using mass spectrometry peptide sequencing, cDNA sequencing, and bioinformatics approaches, we have investigated species-level variation in the proteins expressed on the surface of mussel eggs. We herein describe an extracellular protein, MESP-1, from the surface of the …

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Vein Patterning During Juvenile Wing Development In Oncopeltus Fasciatus And Jadera Haematoloma, William R. Simmons Jan 2017

Vein Patterning During Juvenile Wing Development In Oncopeltus Fasciatus And Jadera Haematoloma, William R. Simmons

Honors Theses

Wings are a defining characteristic of all pterygote insects and are agreed to originate from a single common winged ancestor. However, essentially nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate wing development and patterning outside of Endopterygota, and the vast majority of this knowledge comes solely from Drosophila melanogaster. There is reason to suspect that the drastic developmental differences that exist between Endopterygota and Exopterygota have resulted in changes in the mechanisms, timings, or even genes that govern wing development. This study examined the roles of several genes known to be involved in D. melanogaster wing development and patterning …

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Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) As A Model For Orofacial Research, Kevin A. Ghaffari Jan 2017

Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) As A Model For Orofacial Research, Kevin A. Ghaffari

Theses and Dissertations

Across species, the face and more specifically the mouth, serves as an essential facet of everyday life. Amongst humans the mouth serves as a tool for the ingestion of food, a marker for facial recognition and a medium for communication. In order for the mouth to properly form, a series of precise growth and fusion events are needed. In order to insure that these events are orchestrated properly is a wide array of signals, transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. Due to the needed precision of these events, congenital birth defects of the face such as cleft lip and cleft palate …

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The Role Of Daf-19 In Non-Ciliated Neurons: How Is Neural Development Regulated By Different Daf-19 Isoforms?, Zabdiel Ek Vazquez Jun 2016

The Role Of Daf-19 In Non-Ciliated Neurons: How Is Neural Development Regulated By Different Daf-19 Isoforms?, Zabdiel Ek Vazquez

Lawrence University Honors Projects

A degenerative disease-like phenotype, specifically reduction in synaptic protein levels in adult worms, is correlated with loss-of-function of the only RFX transcription factor gene, daf-19, in C. elegans. This gene encodes four known transcription factor isoforms, two of which are correlated with particular functions. The DAF-19C isoform activates genes responsible for cilia development, while DAF-19M is needed for cilia specification in males. A comparison of the transcriptome of daf-19 null and isogenic wild type adult worms suggests both positive and negative regulation of gene expression is correlated with the presence of DAF-19 proteins. We have assessed DAF-19 regulation …

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Role Of Hairy-Related (Her) Genes During Vertebrate Retinal Development And Regeneration, Stephen G. Wilson Jan 2016

Role Of Hairy-Related (Her) Genes During Vertebrate Retinal Development And Regeneration, Stephen G. Wilson

Theses and Dissertations--Biology

Development and regeneration of the vertebrate eye are the result of complex interactions of regulatory networks and spatiotemporally controlled gene expression events. During embryonic retinal development, the coordination of cell signaling and transcriptional regulation allows for a relatively homogenous sheet of neuroepithelial cells to proliferate and differentiate in-to a multilayered, light sensitive retinal tissue. Following injury, the retinas of many cold-blooded vertebrates, such as the zebrafish, undergo a proliferative response that results not only in new retinal cells of the correct type in the correct location, but also functional integration of these cells and restoration of vision. In order for …

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Characterization Of Somatically-Eliminated Genes During Development Of The Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus), Stephanie A. Bryant Jan 2016

Characterization Of Somatically-Eliminated Genes During Development Of The Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus), Stephanie A. Bryant

Theses and Dissertations--Biology

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) undergoes programmed genome rearrangements (PGRs) during early development that facilitate the elimination of ~20% of the genome from the somatic cell lineage, resulting in distinct somatic and germline genomes. To improve our understanding of the evolutionary/developmental logic of PGR, we generated computational predictions to identify candidate germline-specific genes within a transcriptomic dataset derived from adult germline and the embryonic stages encompassing PGR. Validation studies identified 44 germline-specific genes and characterized patterns of transcription and DNA loss during early embryogenesis. Expression analyses reveal that several of these genes are differentially expressed during early embryogenesis …

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The Effects Of Propofol, Sodium Pentobarbital, And Ketamine Hydrochloride On In Vitro Mouse Embryonic Development, Tyler C. Balak Apr 2015

The Effects Of Propofol, Sodium Pentobarbital, And Ketamine Hydrochloride On In Vitro Mouse Embryonic Development, Tyler C. Balak

Theses and Dissertations in Biomedical Sciences

Every year more than 75,000 pregnant women are exposed to teratogenic medications or general anesthesia during non-obstetric surgery in the US,1-4 and embryonic effects of general anesthesia are of particular interest in laboratory research and veterinary medicine. The mouse system is used to screen potential toxic effects of anesthetics used in egg retrieval for in vitro fertilization (IVF), or those of pharmacologic agents which may come in contact with the egg or early embryo. Mouse preimplantation 2-cell embryos were exposed in vitro to incremental concentrations of common general anesthetics within and exceeding the normal clinical dosage range for mice (propofol …

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Developing A Gene Editing System To Study Haplodiploidy In The Jewel Wasp, Nasonia Vitripennis, Emily A. Muller Jan 2015

Developing A Gene Editing System To Study Haplodiploidy In The Jewel Wasp, Nasonia Vitripennis, Emily A. Muller

Scripps Senior Theses

Hymenopteran insects, which include all ants, bees and wasps, reproduce through a poorly understood form of reproduction known as haplodiploidy. A promising experimental system for understanding this developmental process is the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis. A critical aspect of using Nasonia as a model is establishing an effective means for editing specific genes of interest so that their functions can be studied through genetic means. For my thesis research, I performed a pilot study of the gene editing method known as CRISPR in Nasonia. I targeted the single heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) gene present in the Nasonia genome …

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Dual Functions For Insulinoma-Associated 1 In Retinal Development, Marie A. Forbes-Osborne Jan 2015

Dual Functions For Insulinoma-Associated 1 In Retinal Development, Marie A. Forbes-Osborne

Theses and Dissertations--Biology

Proper visual system function requires tightly controlled proliferation of a pool of relatively homogeneous retinal progenitor cells, followed by the stepwise specification and differentiation of multiple distinct cell types. These retinal cells, both neuronal and glial, must be generated in the correct numbers, and the correct laminar location to permit the formation of synaptic connections between individual cell types. After synapses are made, constant signaling is required as part of normal retinal function, and to maintain cellular identity and connectivity. These processes rely on both extrinsic and intrinsic signaling, with regulation of gene expression by cascades of transcription factors having …

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Evaluation Of The Developmental Toxicity Of Lead In The Danio Rerio Body, Nicole M. Roy, Sarah Dewolf, Bruno Carneiro Jan 2015

Evaluation Of The Developmental Toxicity Of Lead In The Danio Rerio Body, Nicole M. Roy, Sarah Dewolf, Bruno Carneiro

Biology Faculty Publications

Lead has been utilized throughout history and is widely distributed and mobilized globally. Although lead in the environment has been somewhat mitigated, the nature of lead and its extensive uses in the past prohibit it from being completely absent from our environment and exposure to lead is still a public health concern. Most studies regarding lead toxicity have focused on the brain. However, little is found in the literature on the effects of lead in other tissues. Here, we utilize the zebrafish model system to investigate effects of lead exposure during early developmental time windows at 24, 48 and 72 …

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Localization And Functional Analysis Of Dictyostelium Discoideum Gtpases, Rabs And Rab2, Katherine V. Maringer May 2014

Localization And Functional Analysis Of Dictyostelium Discoideum Gtpases, Rabs And Rab2, Katherine V. Maringer

Theses and Dissertations

Dictyostelium discoideum is a simple eukaryotic amoeba that has proven useful in studying various aspects of endosomal and lysosomal membrane trafficking, as well as development. The Rab family of small molecular weight GTPases has been implemented in several cellular processes to include various vesicle trafficking roles, cell-cell signaling, and development. This study focuses on the localization and function of two Dictyostelium GTPases, RabS, and Rab2 which we hypothesized to both localize to the Golgi, and the contractile vacuole system. Expression of GFP-tagged DdRab2, and DdRabS proteins revealed similar localization to ER-Golgi membranes as well as the contractile vacuole system. Microscopic …

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In Vivo Method For Labeling And Tracking Cells In The Mammalian Limb Bud, James T. Mccarthy, Andrew Schilb, Sarah Calve Oct 2013

In Vivo Method For Labeling And Tracking Cells In The Mammalian Limb Bud, James T. Mccarthy, Andrew Schilb, Sarah Calve

The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of many different proteins excreted by cells and is believed to play a very important role in development as well as regeneration and wound healing. In this research, a method to determine the ECM’s effect on the migration of muscle progenitor cells into the mammalian limb bud was investigated. It has traditionally been difficult to obtain in vivo images of the limb bud, due to the difficulty of maintaining embryos in culture and limitations of imaging techniques. In this study, we have worked on optimizing the culture conditions to allow growth of mouse embryos …

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The Importance Of Epigenetic Phenomena In Regulating Activity Of The Genetic Material, Sin Chan Aug 2013

The Importance Of Epigenetic Phenomena In Regulating Activity Of The Genetic Material, Sin Chan

Senior Honors Projects

Genetics has taught us that genes are represented as discrete sequences within a larger DNA molecule found embedded within the chromosomes of a living cell. Collectively these chromosomes and their associated genes carry all of the instructions for life. Until recently, the prevailing thought has been that genes are destiny in the life of an individual since the genes carry the information that determines the general traits and characteristics associated with that individual. The relatively recent understanding of mechanisms that underlie epigenetic phenomena has led to a rethinking of this concept. Epigenetics describes cellular mechanisms that explain how two individuals …

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Tissue Specific Porcupine Deletion Reveals A Novel Role For Ectodermal Wnts In Musculotendon Development, Aaron P. Smith Jul 2012

Tissue Specific Porcupine Deletion Reveals A Novel Role For Ectodermal Wnts In Musculotendon Development, Aaron P. Smith

Theses and Dissertations

The Wnt family of secreted proteins consists of 19 family members (in the mouse) and is known to signal through multiple pathways that regulate crucial processes in the development of almost all tissues. Dissecting the roles of individual Wnts has been hampered due to functional redundancy that exists between family members. We made use of a conditional allele of the acyltransferase, Porcupine (Porcn), that is required for the secretion of all Wnt ligands, and the Msx2Cre deleter to eliminate the secretion of all Wnt ligands from the ventral limb ectoderm, ventral abdominal ectoderm, and urogenital ectoderm. Phenotypically the …

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Developmental Deregulation And Tumorigenesis Inhibition In 14-3-3zeta Knockout Mouse, Jun Yang Aug 2011

Developmental Deregulation And Tumorigenesis Inhibition In 14-3-3zeta Knockout Mouse, Jun Yang

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Cancer is second leading cause of death in the United States. Improving cancer care through patient care, research, education and prevention not only saves lives, but reduces health care cost as well. Breast cancer is the most leading cause of cancer incidence and cancer related death in women of the United States. 14-3-3s are a family of conserved proteins ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic organisms. They form complexes with hundreds of proteins by binding to specific phospho-serine/threonine containing motifs. In this way they regulate a variety of cellular processes and are involved in many human diseases especially cancer to our …

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Analysis Of Band 4.1b In Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion And Signaling, Youngsin Jung May 2011

Analysis Of Band 4.1b In Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion And Signaling, Youngsin Jung

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

Band 4.1B is a cytoskeletal adaptor protein that regulates various cellular behavior; however, the mechanisms by which Band 4.1B contributes to intracellular signaling are unclear. This project addresses in vivo and in vitro functions for Band 4.1B in integrin-mediated cell adhesion and signaling. Band 4.1B has been shown to bind to β8 integrin, although cooperative functions of these two proteins have not been determined. Here, functional links between β8 integrin and Band 4.1B were investigated using gene knockout strategies. Ablation of β8 integrin and Band 4.1B genes resulted in impaired cardiac morphogenesis, leading to embryonic lethality by E11.5. These embryos …

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Defining The Role Of Il-15 Trans-Presentation By Distinct Cell-Types During The Development And Homeostasis Of Natural Killer And Invariant Natural Killer T Cells, Eliseo F. Castillo Aug 2010

Defining The Role Of Il-15 Trans-Presentation By Distinct Cell-Types During The Development And Homeostasis Of Natural Killer And Invariant Natural Killer T Cells, Eliseo F. Castillo

Dissertations and Theses (Open Access)

The immuno-regulatory functions displayed by NK and iNKT cells have highlighted their importance as key lymphocytes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, understanding the dynamics influencing the generation of NK and iNKT cells is extremely important. IL-15 has been shown to provide a critical signal throughout the development and homeostasis of NK and iNKT cells; however, the cellular source of IL-15 has remained unclear. In this investigation, I provide evidence that the cell-type providing IL-15 to NK and iNKT cells via trans-presentation is determined by the tissue site and the maturation status of NK and iNKT cells. For NK …

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A Microrna Imparts Robustness Against Environmental Fluctuation During Development, Xin Li, Justin J. Cassidy, Catherine A. Reinke, Stephen Fischboeck, Richard W. Carthew Jan 2009

A Microrna Imparts Robustness Against Environmental Fluctuation During Development, Xin Li, Justin J. Cassidy, Catherine A. Reinke, Stephen Fischboeck, Richard W. Carthew

Faculty Publications

The microRNA miR-7 is perfectly conserved from annelids to humans, and yet some of the genes that it regulates in Drosophila are not regulated in mammals. We have explored the role of lineage restricted targets, using Drosophila , in order to better understand the evolutionary significance of microRNA-target relationships. From studies of two well characterized developmental regulatory networks, we find that miR-7 functions in several interlocking feedback and feedforward loops, and propose that its role in these networks is to buffer them against perturbation. To directly demonstrate this function for miR-7, we subjected the networks to temperature fluctuation and found …

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Individuals And Populations: How Biology's Theory And Data Have Interfered With The Integration Of Development And Evolution, David S. Moore Dec 2008

Individuals And Populations: How Biology's Theory And Data Have Interfered With The Integration Of Development And Evolution, David S. Moore

Pitzer Faculty Publications and Research

Research programs in quantitative behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology have contributed to the widespread belief that some psychological characteristics can be “inherited” via genetic mechanisms. In fact, molecular and developmental biologists have concluded that while genetic factors contribute to the development of all of our traits, non-genetic factors always do too, and in ways that make them no less important than genetic factors. This insight demands a reworking of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, a theory that defined evolution as a process involving changes in the frequencies of genes in populations, and that envisioned no role for experiential factors now known …

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Fgf4 And Wnt5a/Pcp Signaling Promote Limb Outgrowth By Polarizing Limb Mesenchyme, Keri Lynn Low Nov 2006

Fgf4 And Wnt5a/Pcp Signaling Promote Limb Outgrowth By Polarizing Limb Mesenchyme, Keri Lynn Low

Theses and Dissertations

The focus of this study was to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms whereby fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate outgrowth of the limb. Specifically, we examined the epistatic relationship between FGF and Wnt/Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in establishing cell polarity as a mechanism for outgrowth. By implanting beads into embryonic limbs and lateral plate mesoderm, we established that FGF activates Wnt5a in a gradient fashion. Once it was established that Wnt5a was expressed at the right time and place to turn on PCP signaling, we investigated the ability of Wnt5a to influence cell migration and/or cell polarity. Our analysis …

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The Role Of Fgfr4 In Trigeminal Placode Cell Development, Stephanie Beth Reynolds Mar 2006

The Role Of Fgfr4 In Trigeminal Placode Cell Development, Stephanie Beth Reynolds

Theses and Dissertations

In vertebrate embryos, the ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode contributes sensory neurons to the trigeminal ganglion during development of the peripheral nervous system. FGFR4 is expressed transiently in the trigeminal placode as cells undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and begin to migrate toward the condensing ganglion. Because of the restricted spatiotemporal expression of FGFR4 in the opV placode, it was hypothesized that FGFR4 is necessary for the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the opV placode. Using electroporation, an FGFR4 inhibitory gene construct was introduced into 6—10 somite stage chick embryos. This secreted inhibitory form of the FGFR4 gene blocked endogenous FGFR4 signaling, …

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Neuronal Pentraxins Mediate Synaptic Refinement In The Developing Visual System, Lisa Bjartmar, Andrew Huberman, Erik Ullian, Rene Renterıa, Xiaoqin Liu, Weifeng Xu, Jennifer Prezioso, Michael Susman, David Stellwagen, Caleb Stokes, Richard Cho, Paul Worley, Robert Malenka, Sherry Ball, Neal Peachey, David Copenhagen, Barbara Chapman, Masaru Nakamoto, Ben Barres, Mark Perin Jan 2006

Neuronal Pentraxins Mediate Synaptic Refinement In The Developing Visual System, Lisa Bjartmar, Andrew Huberman, Erik Ullian, Rene Renterıa, Xiaoqin Liu, Weifeng Xu, Jennifer Prezioso, Michael Susman, David Stellwagen, Caleb Stokes, Richard Cho, Paul Worley, Robert Malenka, Sherry Ball, Neal Peachey, David Copenhagen, Barbara Chapman, Masaru Nakamoto, Ben Barres, Mark Perin

Biology Faculty Publications

 Neuronal pentraxins (NPs) define a family of proteins that are homologous to C-reactive and acute-phase proteins in the immune system and have been hypothesized to be involved in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. To investigate the role of NPs in vivo , we generated mice that lack one, two, or all three NPs. NP1/2 knock-out mice exhibited defects in the segregation of eye-specific retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, a process that involves activity-dependent synapse formation and elimination. Retinas from mice lacking NP1 and NP2 had cholinergically driven waves of activity that occurred at a frequency similar …

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Development And Characterization Of Eukaryotic Biomimetic Liposomes, Bradley Jay Taylor May 2004

Development And Characterization Of Eukaryotic Biomimetic Liposomes, Bradley Jay Taylor

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This study developed and characterized phospholipid vesicles, or liposomes, that mimic cell surfaces. Microemulsified liposomes contained biotinylated phosphatidylethanolamine, allowing them to be immobilized to avidin-coated glass. Laminin (LN), glycosphingolipids (GMl and GM3), and Escherichia coli's mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (EcoMscL) were embedded into liposome membranes. It was determined whether these embedded molecules exhibited their physiological roles of adhesion, cell recognition, and mechanosensation, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was employed to examine the interaction of fluorescently probed proteins, toxins, and bacteria with the immobilized microemulsified liposomes. Capture of individual and simultaneous multiple species of bacteria by GMl, GM3, …

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