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Articles 181 - 210 of 224
Full-Text Articles in Cell and Developmental Biology
C-Met Initiates Epithelial Scattering Through Transient Calcium Influxes And Nfat-Dependent Gene Transcription, Peter R. Langford
C-Met Initiates Epithelial Scattering Through Transient Calcium Influxes And Nfat-Dependent Gene Transcription, Peter R. Langford
Theses and Dissertations
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling drives epithelial cells to scatter by breaking cell-cell adhesions and migrating as solitary cells, a process that parallels epithelial-mesenchymal transition. HGF binds and activates the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase, but downstream signaling required for scattering remains poorly defined. This study addresses this shortcoming in a number of ways.A high-throughput in vitro drug screen was employed to identify proteins necessary in this HGF-induced signaling. Cells were tested for reactivity to HGF stimulation in a Boyden chamber assay. This tactic yielded several small molecules that block HGF-induced scattering, including a calcium channel blocker. Patch clamping was used …
Mechanisms Of Prenatal High-Salt "Fetal Programming" Resulting In Stress Hyperresponsiveness In The Adult Female Offspring In The Sprague Dawley Rat., Clinton L. Johnson
Mechanisms Of Prenatal High-Salt "Fetal Programming" Resulting In Stress Hyperresponsiveness In The Adult Female Offspring In The Sprague Dawley Rat., Clinton L. Johnson
Theses and Dissertations
Female offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt diet (HS) during pregnancy show an enhancement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) response to acute stress in adulthood compared to offspring whose mothers were fed a normal-salt diet (NS) [1]. In the present study, we first examined the expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH) protein in brain tissue. Whole brains were collected and SEH gene (EPHX2) mRNA and SEH protein expression were analyzed using RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. mRNA levels were relatively decreased in high-salt rats (1.0 ± 0.32 NS vs 0.39 ± 0.07 HS, n=6). However, …
Calcineurin Is Required For Trpv1-Induced Ltd Of Ca1 Stratum Radiatum Interneurons, Tyron Deray Jensen
Calcineurin Is Required For Trpv1-Induced Ltd Of Ca1 Stratum Radiatum Interneurons, Tyron Deray Jensen
Theses and Dissertations
Learning and memory in the brain are thought to be dependent on synaptic plasticity. In response to sensory input, synapses can be strengthened or weakened, known as long-term potentiation or long-term depression (LTD), respectively. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been shown to mediate a novel form of presynaptic LTD in hippocampal interneurons. TRPV1 is currently being heavily studied in the PNS and being targeted by pharmaceuticals for its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, much less is known regarding TRPV1 function in the CNS, including the signal mechanism mediating hippocampal LTD despite its obvious importance. Here we performed whole-cell …
The Effects Of Β-Amyloid On Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed In Xenopus Oocytes, Malia L. Anderson
The Effects Of Β-Amyloid On Α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Expressed In Xenopus Oocytes, Malia L. Anderson
Theses and Dissertations
The exact mechanism and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) at present is not fully understood. In patients suffering from AD, damage to the hippocampal region and impairment of learning and memory is present. It is also known that a buildup of β-amyloid plaques occur in AD patients and that β-amyloid interacts with some subtypes of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (neuronal nAChRs). These receptors are composed of five subunits. The most prevalent nAChR subunit composition through the brain as a whole is α7. Previous data produced from our lab suggests that α7 nAChRs are also one of the most prevalent subunits …
Possible Molecular Mechanism To Account For Wavelength Dependence Of Equilibration Rates Of Patman And Laurdan In Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers, Hannabeth A. Franchino
Possible Molecular Mechanism To Account For Wavelength Dependence Of Equilibration Rates Of Patman And Laurdan In Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers, Hannabeth A. Franchino
Theses and Dissertations
Patman is a fluorescent membrane probe related to Laurdan. The structural distinctions between the two probes are the lengths of the aliphatic tails (eleven carbons in Laurdan and fifteen in Patman) and the presence of a trimethylammonium group on Patman that produces a positively-charged head. Preliminary studies exploring Patman as a probe to detect membrane properties during apoptosis revealed that the fluorescence intensity of two edges of the emission spectrum (435 and 500 nm) stabilizes at different rates as the probe binds to the cell membrane. To test whether these differences represent dissimilarities in probe binding to ordered and disordered …
Role Of Wnt5a And Possible Pathway Of Action Through Ror2 In Proximodistal Outgrowth Of The Limb, Tiffanie M. Dahl
Role Of Wnt5a And Possible Pathway Of Action Through Ror2 In Proximodistal Outgrowth Of The Limb, Tiffanie M. Dahl
Theses and Dissertations
Despite over 60 years of study, the molecular pathways and mechanisms governing limb outgrowth and patterning remain poorly understood. Fgfs expressed in the AER are known to be necessary and sufficient for proximodistal limb outgrowth and have been proposed to have a chemoattractive role. Wnt5a is a secreted factor which is expressed in a gradient in the distal limb with the highest concentration next to the AER. The presence of the AER is necessary to establish this gradient. Expression of Wnt5a in a concentration dependant manner can be induced in the limb through the implantation of a bead soaked in …
Proteoliposome Proton Flux Assays Establish Net Conductance, Ph-Sensitivity, And Functional Integrity Of A Novel Truncate Of The M2 Ion "Channel" Of Influenza A, Emily Peterson
Theses and Dissertations
A novel truncate of Influenza A M2 protein (residues 22-62), incorporated into a uniquely tailored proteoliposome proton uptake assay, demonstrated proton flux more characteristic of an ion transporter than a traditional ion "channel." The liposome paradigm was essential for testing the conductance activity of this M2 truncate at a range of extraphysiological pHs appropriate for channel vs. transport function determination. In addition to transporter-typical proton flux, M2(22-62) showed the key characteristics of functional integrity: selective proton uptake into liposomes and block of uptake by amantadine. Two sets of proteoliposome proton flux assays were carried out, Set 1 at pH values …
Characterization Of The Lkb1-Mo25-Strad Ampkk Complex In Adult Mouse Skeletal Muscle, Cody Don Smith
Characterization Of The Lkb1-Mo25-Strad Ampkk Complex In Adult Mouse Skeletal Muscle, Cody Don Smith
Theses and Dissertations
In liver tissue, the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) complex was identified as the association of LKB1, MO25α/β, and STRADα/β proteins; however, this complex has yet to be characterized in skeletal muscle. In this report, we demonstrate the expression of the LKB1-MO25-STRAD AMPKK complex in adult skeletal muscle, confirm the absence of mRNA splice variants, and report the relative mRNA expression levels of these complex-forming proteins. To facilitate this characterization we used control (ctrl) and muscle-specific LKB1 knockout (LKB1-/-) mice. LKB1 detection in untreated ctrl and LKB1-/- muscle lysates revealed two protein bands at approximately 50 and 60 kDa; although, …
Role Of Ampk In The Upregulation Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein In The Zona Fasciculata Of The Adrenal Cortex, Adam Wesley Dayton
Role Of Ampk In The Upregulation Of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein In The Zona Fasciculata Of The Adrenal Cortex, Adam Wesley Dayton
Theses and Dissertations
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid produced by the zona fasciculata (ZF) of the adrenal cortex. Traditionally, cortisol production and release was seen as being regulated strictly by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). While this is true of baseline cortisol levels and in response to acute mental stress, the picture is somewhat more complicated in other situations.Interleukin-6 (IL-6) contributes to the maintenance of cortisol levels in situations of prolonged immune or inflammatory stress. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) was investigated as a possible mediator of the action of IL-6 or as an independent actor in raising cortisol levels in response to hypoxemic or hypoglycemic …
Chronic Amp-Activated Protein Kinase Activation And A High-Fat Diet Have An Additive Effect On Mitochondria In Rat Skeletal Muscle, Natasha Fillmore
Chronic Amp-Activated Protein Kinase Activation And A High-Fat Diet Have An Additive Effect On Mitochondria In Rat Skeletal Muscle, Natasha Fillmore
Theses and Dissertations
Factors that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle include AMPK, calcium, and circulating FFAs. Chronic treatment with either AICAR, a chemical activator of AMPK, or increasing circulating FFAs with a high fat diet increases mitochondria in rat skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of chronic chemical activation of AMPK and high fat feeding would have an additive effect on skeletal muscle mitochondria levels. We treated Wistar male rats with a high fat diet (HF), AICAR injections (AICAR), or a high fat diet and AICAR injections (HF+AICAR) for six weeks. At the end of …
Anti-Depressive And Anti-Obesity Changes Following Either Dietary Isoflavone Treatment Or Injection Treatment With The Isoflavonoid Equol: Positive Response Dependent On Animal Age And Ovarian Status In Female Long Evans Rats, Crystal Blake
Theses and Dissertations
Two conditions associated with ovarian depletion are increased potential for depressive episodes and increased abdominal weight gain. In five different experiments we examined the effect of soy-containing diets or equol injections on depression, serotonin levels, weight gain (BW) and white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition of female Long-Evans rats in various stages of life. Rats were intact, ovariectomized or experienced natural ovarian failure (NOF). While this paper will present each experiment, only experiment 5 is outlined here due to space limitations. From conception the rats were exposed to either a soy-rich (Phyto-600) or low-soy diet (Phyto-low). Animals experienced NOF at approximately …
Liver Kinase B1/Amp-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling In The Diaphragm, Jacob D. Brown
Liver Kinase B1/Amp-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling In The Diaphragm, Jacob D. Brown
Theses and Dissertations
The Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway is a major regulator of skeletal muscle metabolic processes. During exercise, LKB1-mediated phosphorylation of AMPK leads to its activation, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose transport, among other effects. The roles of LKB1 and AMPK have not been fully characterized in the diaphragm. Two methods of AMPK activation were used to characterize LKB1/AMPK signaling in diaphragms from muscle-specific LKB1 knockout (KO) and littermate control (C) mice: (1) acute injection of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and (2) 5-min direct electrical stimulation (ES) of the diaphragm. Diaphragms were excised 60 minutes post-AICAR injection and …
Molecular And Cellular Mechanisms Whereby The Apical Ectodermal Ridge (Aer), Via Wnt5a, Mediates Directional Migration Of The Adjacent Mesenchyme During Vertebrate Limb Development, Kate E. Kmetzsch
Theses and Dissertations
The vertebrate embryonic limb is a key model in elucidating the genetic basis underlying the three dimensional morphogenesis of structures. Despite the wealth of insights that have been generated from this model, many long-standing questions remain. For example, it has been known for over 70 years that the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the embryonic limb is essential for distal outgrowth and patterning of the adjacent limb mesenchyme. The mechanisms whereby the AER does accomplish outgrowth and patterning are still poorly understood. We propose that secreted FGFs from the AER activate Wnt5a expression in gradient fashion, which in turn provides …
Zyxin Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition By Mediating Actin-Membrane Linkages At Cell-Cell Junctions, Liv Rebecca Sperry
Zyxin Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition By Mediating Actin-Membrane Linkages At Cell-Cell Junctions, Liv Rebecca Sperry
Theses and Dissertations
Development is punctuated by morphogenetic rearrangements of epithelial tissues, including complete detachment of individual motile cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Dramatic actin rearrangements occur as cell-cell junctions are dismantled and cells become independently motile during EMT. Characterizing dynamic actin rearrangements and identifying actin machinery driving these rearrangements is essential for understanding basic mechanisms of cell-cell junction remodeling; yet, neither the precise series of actin rearrangements at cell-cell junctions that accompany EMT, nor the machinery that controls actin rearrangement during EMT, have been identified. This work represents a detailed study of junctional actin reorganization in cells undergoing EMT, identifies actin regulatory …
Function Of The Notch/Delta Pathway In Ophthalmic Trigeminal Placode Development, Matthew K. Ball
Function Of The Notch/Delta Pathway In Ophthalmic Trigeminal Placode Development, Matthew K. Ball
Theses and Dissertations
The ophthalmic trigeminal placode (opV) is the birth place of one cell type of sensory neurons contributing to the trigeminal ganglion. Signals from the neural tube induce placodal identity within the surface ectoderm. Specified opV placode cells then up-regulate neuron differentiation markers and migrate to the ganglion. Several molecular pathways have been shown to act in opV placode cell development. Despite this, signals that specify individual neurons from within the opV placode remain unknown. However, it is known that components of the Notch signaling pathway are expressed in the opV placode. I tested the role of Notch signaling in opV …
The Effects Of Excess Corticosterone On Lkb1 And Ampk Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Of Rats, Gary N. Nakken
The Effects Of Excess Corticosterone On Lkb1 And Ampk Signaling In Skeletal Muscle Of Rats, Gary N. Nakken
Theses and Dissertations
Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid therapy lead to central obesity, insulin resistance, and symptoms of altered energy regulation similar to those observed in the metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that excess glucocorticoids alter energy sensing/signaling in skeletal muscle through mediation of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. To test this hypothesis, three 100 mg pellets of corticosterone were implanted subcutaneously in each of nine rats for two weeks. Responses were compared with sham operated controls fed ad libitum or food restricted to produce the body weights similar to the treatment group rats. After the treatment period, animals were anesthetized and the right gastrocnemius-plantaris and …
Wnt5a Signaling Independently Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting In Convergent Extension And Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development, Jared James Barrott
Wnt5a Signaling Independently Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway Resulting In Convergent Extension And Neural Tube Closure During Vertebrate Development, Jared James Barrott
Theses and Dissertations
Vertebrate development is regulated by cellular communication by mechanisms of cell fate and cell behavior. These crucial mechanisms are regulated by cellular signaling and in the case of cell fate, cellular signaling results in transcription of developmentally important genes. Communication between cells can also result in regulation of cell behavior by acting on cytoskeletal elements rather than nuclear factors. One of the cellular signals that regulate both cell fate and cell behavior is the family of Wnt signaling molecules. Wnt5a is one of 19 Wnt molecules and has been previously demonstrated to play critical roles in many important processes in …
Determining The Role Of Wnt5a Signaling In Embryonic Limb Outgrowth Via Clonal Analysis, Whitney Herrod Sowby
Determining The Role Of Wnt5a Signaling In Embryonic Limb Outgrowth Via Clonal Analysis, Whitney Herrod Sowby
Theses and Dissertations
The exact mechanisms that regulate limb outgrowth the mouse embryo are unknown. Although there are several models, we favor a hypothesis where cells become polarized by signals secreted from the AER which orient their cell migration and/or divisions causing limb outgrowth. Clonal analysis has provided a mechanism to study cell behavior. We have generated a targeting construct containing the Fgf8 inhibitor, Sprouty2, in order to generate mutant clones for behavioral analyses in the limb. In order to more effectively study clonal behavior we report the modification of a novel clonal analysis approach, exo-utero surgery. We have modified, enhanced and proven …
Cellular And Matrix Changes In Articular Cartilage Of The Disproportionate Micromelia Mouse Model Of Osteoarthritis, Crystal Noelle Smaldone
Cellular And Matrix Changes In Articular Cartilage Of The Disproportionate Micromelia Mouse Model Of Osteoarthritis, Crystal Noelle Smaldone
Theses and Dissertations
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that affects more than 60% of Americans 65 and older. Because human subjects and samples are not readily available for research, animal models are an invaluable resource for the study of OA. Disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) is one such model that develops OA early in life due to a deletion in the c-propeptide of the Col2a1 gene. Light microscope analysis of the articular cartilage in Dmm has been completed, but is insufficient to show the cellular effects of the deletion mutation in Dmm in adequate detail. The present study explores the changes that occur …
Differential Expression And Functional Characterization Of Alpha3 Beta2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, John Hideo Mizukawa
Differential Expression And Functional Characterization Of Alpha3 Beta2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, John Hideo Mizukawa
Theses and Dissertations
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in both the periperhal and central nervous systems, and are involved in pre-, post-, and non-synaptic control of neuronal activation. In the brain, these receptors play an important role in a variety of physiological processes such as cognition, development, learning, and memory formation. Malfunction of these receptors have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. To date, 17 different nAChR subunits, including α2-α7 and β2-β4, have been cloned that can form homo- and/or hetero-pentameric ionotropic receptors. The unique combinations of subunit pentamers manifest in distinct functional receptors. …
Investigating And Modeling Possible Mechanisms By Which Healthy Cell Membranes Become Resistant To Hydrolysis By Secretory Phospholipase A2, Jennifer Nelson
Investigating And Modeling Possible Mechanisms By Which Healthy Cell Membranes Become Resistant To Hydrolysis By Secretory Phospholipase A2, Jennifer Nelson
Theses and Dissertations
Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) behaves differently toward the membranes of healthy cells compared to those of damaged or dying cells. The enzyme catalyzes rapid and sustained hydrolysis of compromised cells consistent with a simple catalytic mechanism. In contrast, when healthy cells are incubated with sPLA2, they become resistant to hydrolytic attack as manifest by three unusual observations: First, hydrolysis is transient and represents only a small fraction of the total membrane phospholipid content. Second, subsequent addition of sPLA2 fails to generate additional product. Third, the apparent potency of the enzyme to cause the membrane to be refractory is much greater …
A Comparative Analysis Of Hydrolysis Kinetics By Spla2 Isoforms During Apoptosis In S49 Cells, Erin Dalene Olson
A Comparative Analysis Of Hydrolysis Kinetics By Spla2 Isoforms During Apoptosis In S49 Cells, Erin Dalene Olson
Theses and Dissertations
Secretory Phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) represents a diverse class of roughly 20 enzymes, 12 of which have been identified in humans. These isoforms can be distinguished based on their tissue distribution, structure, and regulation. These differences in structure between the isoforms lead to the question does the enzyme's ability to respond to physical changes in the membrane during apoptosis governed by structure. S49 cell apoptosis was initiated by treatment with either the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (6–48 h) or with the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. The rates of hydrolysis were compared with each treatment condition for various concentrations of snake venom and human groups …
The Effects Of A Resveratrol Derivative On Regulatory Behaviors And Reproductive Health In Male And Female Long-Evans Rats, Kimberly Michelle Fabick
The Effects Of A Resveratrol Derivative On Regulatory Behaviors And Reproductive Health In Male And Female Long-Evans Rats, Kimberly Michelle Fabick
Theses and Dissertations
Phytoestrogens are chemicals produced by plants that act like estrogens and have the ability to bind to the mammalian estrogen receptor system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a new phytoestrogen analog called 4-acetoxy Resveratrol. Resveratrol is a phytoestrogen that has been found in the skin of grapes. Resveratrol has been shown to be able to bind to the estrogen receptors and has a similar molecular structure as estradiol. Resveratrol has been shown to have many positive health benefits such as improving cardiovascular health, serving as a neuroprotective agent, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, working as an anti-cancer …
Mechanisms By Which Apoptotic Membranes Become Susceptible To Secretory Phospholipase A2, Rachel Williams Bailey
Mechanisms By Which Apoptotic Membranes Become Susceptible To Secretory Phospholipase A2, Rachel Williams Bailey
Theses and Dissertations
During apoptosis, changes occur in T-lymphocyte membranes that render them susceptible to hydrolysis by secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). To study the relevant mechanisms, a simplified model of apoptosis using a calcium ionophore was first applied. Kinetic and flow cytometry experiments provided key observations regarding ionophore treatment: initial hydrolysis rate was elevated, total reaction product was increased four-fold, and adsorption of the enzyme to the membrane surface was unaltered. Analysis of these results suggested that susceptibility during calcium-induced apoptosis is limited by substrate availability rather than enzyme adsorption. Fluorescence experiments identified three membrane alterations that might affect substrate access to the …
The Effects Of Prenatally Administered Phytoestrogens On The Reproductive And Behavioral Development Of Long-Evans Rats, Crystal Blake
The Effects Of Prenatally Administered Phytoestrogens On The Reproductive And Behavioral Development Of Long-Evans Rats, Crystal Blake
Theses and Dissertations
Equol is known to be a selective androgen modulator and has the ability to bind and inhibit 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT). Equol is also a selective estrogen receptor modulator and is able to bind beta estrogen receptors with high affinity. As estrogen receptors are found in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads, prenatally administered equol could affect the morphological and reproductive development of offspring. To test this hypothesis, during gestational days 14 to 20, forty-two pregnant Long-Evans rats were given one of six treatments: 1) no treatment, 2) injection with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3) injection with 10 mg/kg equol, 4) injection with …
Thermodynamic Evidence That Ganglioside-Mediated Insertion Of Botulinum A Into The Cholinergic Nerve Ending May Precede Endocytosis And Acidification: A Langmuir Film Study, Bradley Adam Strongin
Thermodynamic Evidence That Ganglioside-Mediated Insertion Of Botulinum A Into The Cholinergic Nerve Ending May Precede Endocytosis And Acidification: A Langmuir Film Study, Bradley Adam Strongin
Theses and Dissertations
Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) is one of the most potent toxins known to human kind. The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was employed to investigate the conditions under which BoNT type A heavy chain would bind and/or insert into mica supported dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers. As an alternate technique, DPPC/GT1b or total ganglioside extract (80:20) monolayers of a Langmuir Blodgett (LB) Trough were adapted to be artificial membrane models for toxin insertion studies. We conclude that LB monolayer studies are a promising candidate for BoNT/A membrane insertion investigation. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A insertions into the LB monolayers in the presence of BoNT/A …
Effects Of Endurance Training On The Ampk Response To Exercise., David Gerald Chesser
Effects Of Endurance Training On The Ampk Response To Exercise., David Gerald Chesser
Theses and Dissertations
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) results in the upregulation of several intracellular systems which help to prepare a cell for a high energy challenge. The magnitude of the AMPK response to a 10 min bout of exercise has been found to decrease in red quadriceps (RQ) following training, while putative AMPK roles seem to be maintained; specifically, the biogenesis of mitochondria and higher levels of hexokinase II and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). If the AMPK response to exercise is responsible in part for these adaptations, how can they be maintained if the AMPK response is attenuated? The purpose of …
Maternal High-Salt Diet During Pregnancy In Sprague Dawley Rats Programs Exaggerated Stress-Induced Blood Pressure And Heart Rate Responses In Adult Female Offspring, Summer Hayes King
Maternal High-Salt Diet During Pregnancy In Sprague Dawley Rats Programs Exaggerated Stress-Induced Blood Pressure And Heart Rate Responses In Adult Female Offspring, Summer Hayes King
Theses and Dissertations
The prenatal environment has been shown to have lasting effects on cardiovascular health. In the present study, pregnant rats were fed a 0.7% NaCl normal salt (NS) diet or an 8% NaCl high salt (HS) diet throughout pregnancy. Adult offspring were fitted with radiotelemetry probes to continuously measure blood pressure and heart rate. Rats were placed in restraining cages to test for a programmed acute stress hyperresponsiveness. Offspring were challenged with HS diet for one week to determine if blood pressure salt sensitivity had been programmed by the prenatal HS diet. Animals were killed following resting and acute stress conditions, …
Amp-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Activity And Phosphorylation Of Amp-Activated Protein Kinase In Contracting Muscle Of Sedentary And Endurance Trained Rats, Denise Hurst
Theses and Dissertations
This study was designed to examine activity of AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in muscles from control (C) and endurance trained (T) rats. Rats were trained 5 days/wk, 2 hr/d for 8 wks at a final intensity of 32 m/min up a 15% grade with 30 second sprints at 52 m/min every 10 min. Gastrocnemius muscles were stimulated in situ in T and C rats for 5 min at frequencies of 0.4/sec and 1/sec. Gastrocnemius LKB1 protein, a putative component of the AMPKK complex (LKB1, STRAD, and MO25), increased approximately 2-fold in response to training. …
Regulation Of Adrenal Steroidogenesis By Interleukin-6, Stephen A. Mcilmoil
Regulation Of Adrenal Steroidogenesis By Interleukin-6, Stephen A. Mcilmoil
Theses and Dissertations
Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are steroids produced by the zona fasciculata (ZF) and reticularis (ZR), respectively, of the adrenal cortex. Both steroids are upregulated in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Cortisol is a glucorticoid that is important in the regulation of inflammation and metabolism. DHEA is an adrenal androgen important in fetal growth and puberty but tends to decrease gradually after puberty in both men and women. DHEA has various effects on metabolism and immune function including inhibiting the effects of cortisol on some tissues. During the acute phase of stress, cortisol and DHEA rise due to an increase in …