Cell and Developmental Biology Commons^™

The Role Of Secondary And Tertiary Structure In The Cap-Independent Translation Of Fgf-9 And Hif-1-Alpha, Amanda Michelle Whittaker

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

Under normoxic conditions, eukaryotes initiate translation of RNA through eIF4E recognition of the 5’ cap. However, under cellular stress, eukaryotic translation must be initiated through a 4E-independent, or “cap-independent” mechanism, involving eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) binding directly to the 5’ untranslated regions (5’ UTR) of the RNA. eIF4G binding then recruits the ribosome to the transcript. While this mechanism is useful for translation of apoptotic transcripts and transcripts involved in cell survival, cap-independent translation is also utilized by oncogenic RNA for tumorigenesis. Previous work by our lab and others has categorized this recruitment and initiation mechanism as either internal-ribosome-entry-site …

Crosstalk Between Nnos/No And Cox-2 Enhances Interferon-Gamma-Stimulated Melanoma Progression, Anika Patel, Shirley Tong, Moom R. Roosan, Basir Syed, Amardeep Awasthi, Richard B. Silverman, Sun Yang

Pharmacy Faculty Articles and Research

Background/Objectives: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment plays opposing roles, orchestrating both pro-tumorigenic activity and anticancer immune responses. Our previous studies demonstrated the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in IFN-γ-stimulated melanoma progression. However, the underlying mechanism has not been well defined. This study determined whether the nNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathways crosstalk and augment the pro-tumorigenic effects of IFN-γ in melanoma. Methods: Bioinformatic analysis of patient and cellular proteomic data was conducted to identify proteins of interest associated with IFN-γ treatment in melanoma. Changes in protein expression were determined using various analytical techniques including …

Sigma1 Inhibitor Suppression Of Adaptive Immune Resistance Mechanisms Mediated By Cancer Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Paola A. Castagnino, Derick A. Haas, Luca Musante, Nathalia A. Tancler, Bach V. Tran, Rhonda Kean, Alexandra R. Steck, Luis A. Martinez, Elahe A. Mostaghel, D. Craig Hooper, Felix J. Kim

Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology Faculty Papers

Adaptive immune resistance in cancer describes the various mechanisms by which tumors adapt to evade anti-tumor immune responses. IFN-γ induction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was the first defined and validated adaptive immune resistance mechanism. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to adaptive immune resistance as immune modulatory secreted and integral membrane proteins are dependent on ER. Sigma1 is a unique ligand-regulated integral membrane scaffolding protein enriched in the ER of cancer cells. PD-L1 is an integral membrane glycoprotein that is translated into the ER and processed through the cellular secretory pathway. At the cell surface, PD-L1 is an immune …

An In Vivo Study Of Lns8801, A Gper Agonist, In A Spontaneous Melanoma-Prone Mouse Model, Tgs., Christina Marinaro, John Sauer, Christopher A Natale, Todd Ridky, Suzie Chen

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine Departmental Research

Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer that arises from the transformation of melanocytes, the pigment producing cells of the skin. In the year 2024 there will be approximately 10,000 new cases of melanoma diagnosed and approximately 8,000 deaths attributed to melanoma in the United States. In this study we treated a group of male and female transgenic mice that spontaneously develop metastatic melanoma, TGS, with a G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor agonist LNS8801 to assess the efficacy on disease progression. A second group of male and female TGS mice was also exposed to UVB irradiation to mimic …

Anti-Cancer Compounds Based On Natural Imidazole Compounds, Autumn Forsythe, Victoria Hardy, Kerri L. Shelton

CSU Tower Day

We are developing a comprehensive review on imidazole-based compounds of natural origin, the most common groups of compounds, and their properties, such as the imidazole ring. The intent of this presentation is to learn about the compound’s occurrence, general/predicted properties, and advantages. The review will be a fluid development comparing imidazole derivatives of natural origin with antinociceptive/lethal properties from the last 5 years. This review would include both purely extracted products but also those modified by synthesis.

Ms Environmental Biology Capstone: Evaluating Environmental Risks And Conflicts In Golf Course Landscapes, Meredith Boos

Regis University Student Publications (comprehensive collection)

1) This review investigates the relationship between pesticide use on golf courses and in agriculture to determine whether the adverse health effects documented in agricultural settings also apply to golf course environments. While the negative health effects from agricultural pesticide use are well established, golf courses use pesticides with greater frequency and intensity, suggesting a potentially higher exposure risk for both workers and players.

2) This study proposes methods to quantify pesticide bioaccumulation on golf courses and adjacent lands. We hypothesize that areas surrounding golf courses will exhibit a spatial gradient of pesticide accumulation, increasing with proximity to treated sites …

Chilling Insights: A Comparative Study Of Cancer Tissue Preservation, Rebecca Bascom, Paige Nelson, Jacob Harris, Jack Davis, Mackenzie Burr, Jeffrey Okojie, David Booker, Ken Dixon, Jared Barrott

Library/Life Sciences Undergraduate Poster Competition 2025

It is a fact that personalized cancer treatment leads to better patient outcomes. But what if the current treatments aren't as personalized as they could be?

Clinical cancer tissue samples are typically sent to labs as formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. A recent study4 indicates that cryo-preserved (CP) tissues offer significantly better DNA quality and quantity than FFPE samples, suggesting a need to reevaluate preservation methods. We aim to expand this research by comparing protein expression in FFPE and CP samples.

Specifically, we will focus on PD-L1, a protein that inhibits T-cells and is overexpressed in all cancer cells. The …

Artesunate Enhances The Efficacy Of Enzalutamide In Advanced Prostate Cancer, Xinyi Wang, Jinghui Liu, Fengyi Mao, Yifan Kong, Qiongsi Zhang, Chaohao Li, Daheng He, Chi Wang, Yanquan Zhang, Ruixin Wang, Sally R. Ellingson, Qiou Wei, Zhiguo Li, Xiaoqi Liu

Toxicology and Cancer Biology Faculty Publications

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death among men worldwide. Treatments targeting the androgen receptor pathway remain the standard therapy for PCa patients. Enzalutamide (ENZ), a second-generation androgen receptor inhibitor, was developed to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, while patients initially respond to ENZ, drug resistance typically develops within a few months. Artesunate (ART), a semisynthetic derivative of the Artemisinin plant, is approved for antimalaria treatment. In this study, we conducted an FDA-approved drug screening and identified ART as a potential candidate for overcoming ENZ resistance in PCa. Mechanistically, ART induces the degradation of c-Myc, enhancing …

Characterizing And Targeting The Non-Catalytic Functions Of Phosphatase Of Regenerating Liver 3 (Prl-3) In Oncogenesis And Cancer Progression, Jeffery T. Jolly

Theses and Dissertations--Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry

Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver 3 (PRL-3) is frequently upregulated in various cancers and is associated with poor patient prognosis. Although traditionally studied for its phosphatase activity, PRL-3 also interacts with the CNNM family of magnesium transporters through its catalytic site, and these two functions are mutually exclusive at any given time. Most previous studies relied on a commonly used PRL-3 mutation that disrupts both phosphatase activity and CNNM binding, making it challenging to determine which function drives its oncogenic effects. To address this gap in the field, I utilized a panel of PRL-3 mutants that selectively disrupt either phosphatase activity …

Potentiation Of Gelonin Cytotoxicity By Pulsed Electric Fields, Olga N. Pakhomova, Eleni Zivla, Giedre Silkuniene, Mantas Silkunas, Andrei G. Pakhomov

Bioelectrics Publications

Gelonin is a ribosome-inactivating protein with extreme intracellular toxicity but poor permeation into cells. Targeted disruption of cell membranes to facilitate gelonin entry is explored for cancer and tissue ablation. We demonstrate a hundreds- to thousands-fold enhancement of gelonin cytotoxicity by pulsed electric fields in the T24, U-87, and CT26 cell lines. The effective gelonin concentration to kill 50% of cells (EC₅₀) after electroporation ranged from <1 nM to about 100 nM. For intact cells, the EC₅₀ was unattainable even at the highest gelonin concentration of 1000 nM, which reduced cell survival by only 5–15%. For isoeffective electroporation treatments using 300 ns, 9 µs, and 100 µs pulses, longer pulses were more efficient at lowering gelonin EC₅₀. Increasing the electric field strength of 8, 100 µs pulses from 0.65 to 1.25 kV/cm reduced gelonin EC₅₀ from 128 nM to 0.72 nM. Conversely, the presence of 100 nM gelonin enabled a more than 20-fold reduction in the number of pulses required for equivalent cell killing. Pulsed electric field-mediated delivery of gelonin shows promise for hyperplasia ablation at concentrations sufficiently low to minimize or avoid systemic toxicity.

Physical Ablative Methods And Cancer Cell Death: Implications For Immunity And Therapies, Alessandra Rossi, Claudia Muratori

Bioelectrics Publications

Surgery has traditionally been a cornerstone in cancer treatment, yet its feasibility can be limited by factors such as tumor location and patient health conditions. When surgery is not viable, thermal and pulsed electric field (PEF)-based ablation technologies offer valuable alternatives. Emerging evidence suggests that these approaches not only target tumors effectively but also stimulate antitumor immune responses. In this review, we begin by examining the distinctive features of hyperthermic treatments (radiofrequency and microwave ablation), cryoablation, and PEF-technologies. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanisms of cell death, stress responses, and release of danger signals triggered by these diverse ablation technologies. Finally, …

Spermidine And Polyamine Blockade As Key Mediators Of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Functions, Madison Lynn Flory

Theses and Dissertations--Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics

Frequently, alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolites are linked with intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. However, the direct connections between alterations in the microbiome and disease states often remain elusive. Prior research has identified increases in both polyamines, which are a class of microbial metabolite, and in the abundance of bacteria that can produce polyamines, in a murine colorectal cancer model. Understanding the significance of the interaction between these microbial metabolites and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) will provide new and expanded evidence of the importance of the gut microbiome in colorectal …

Synthesis, Characterization, And Biological Activity Of Ni(Ii) And Co(Iii) Thiosemicarbazone Complexes As Potential Anticancer Agents, Jack Martin

Pitzer Senior Theses

The mechanics by which Reactive Oxygen Species work is an area of great interest given ROS’s wide range of biological applications. From cell signaling and mitochondrial regulation to pathogenesis and tumor cell death, varying concentrations of ROS in a system can lead to a whole host of positive and negative effects. In a similar vein, thiosemicarbazones are known to be equally useful for their myriad of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumoral effects. They have been at the core of the pharmaceutical world or the better part of the last century. The purpose of this work is to synthesize, characterize and …

Targeting Stat3 In Tnbc Drug Resistance, Madison A. Henry

Honors Theses and Capstones

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer and lacks the three commonly targeted receptors in breast cancer treatments. As a result of a lack of targetable receptors, the standard of care remains to be harsh chemotherapy treatments that often are successful in early TNBC cases but often result in relapsed TNBC. In addition to high rates of recurrence, TNBC is known for its aggressive metastasis and chemoresistance. Within TNBC, the transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively active and increases proliferation, and metastasis, and plays a role …

Characterization Of Cancer Cell Migration Through Brain Vascular Endothelium Model, Malak Taysser Al-Noubani

2025 Fall Honors Capstones Projects - Archive

One of the hallmarks of cancer is increased vessel growth to feed the tumor’s rapid expansion. The newly formed blood vessels are immature and often leaky due to structural and functional abnormalities. This leads to ineffective anti-cancer drug delivery and provides tumor cells with additional opportunities to metastasize. We propose to develop an in vitro vascular endothelium model and introduce aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells to mimic the tumor environment, utilizing a Transwell migration assay. The impact of TNBC cells on vessel permeability will be assessed by staining for tight junction proteins, and the migratory capabilities of TNBC cells …

Characterization Of Actin Capping Protein Beta Isoform Specific Dynamics In Metastatic Cells, Etinosa Osamudiamen

All Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects

To gain insight into the mechanism of cancer progression, we examined the isoform-specific roles of actin capping protein (CPβ1 and CPβ2) related to actin cytoskeletal dynamics and metastatic progression in human uterine epithelial cells (HeLa). We employed qPCR to determine the relative expression levels of CPβ1 and CPβ2 in actively growing HeLa cells. Our findings confirmed that CPβ1 and CPβ2 are differentially expressed, with CPβ2 being the predominant isoform, two-fold higher, consistent with its expression in other non-muscle tissues. To extend our expression studies, the localization and spatial distribution of the isoforms were visualized via immunolocalization studies using isoform-specific monoclonal …

Exploring The Role Of Transcription Factor Nrf1 In Autophagy And Inhibiting The Nrf1 Bounce-Back Response, Madison A. Ward

Theses and Dissertations

Cells exposed to proteotoxic stress invoke adaptive responses aimed at restoring proteostasis. Our previous studies have established a firm role for the transcription factor Nuclear factor-erythroid derived-2-related factor-1 (Nrf1) in responding to proteotoxic stress elicited by inhibition of cellular proteasome. Following proteasome inhibition, Nrf1 mediates the synthesis of new proteasomes, thus enabling cells to mitigate proteotoxic stress. Here, we report that under similar circumstances, multiple components of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) were transcriptionally upregulated in an Nrf1-dependent fashion, thus providing the cells with an additional route to cope with proteasome insufficiency. In response to proteasome inhibitors, Nrf1-deficient cells exhibited profound …

Effects Of Round-Up On The Environment, Sandra J. Marcu

Journal of Earth and Life Science

Many people around the world have used and still currently use Roundup but are unaware of the effects it has on the environment. Roundup is a spray on application weedkiller that is widely used around the world today both residentially and commercially. It enables its user to grow a garden or a field of crops with a no-tilling approach to eliminate weeds. It is a well-known and popular choice for killing weeds that has been around since the mid 1970’s (Oca, 2017). John Franz, a Monsanto scientist discovered that glyphosate (main ingredient in Roundup) was an herbicide or weedkiller, and …

Characterizing A Rad23 Dependent Ultraviolet Radiation Resistance In Tetrahymena Thermophila, Emma June Liimatta

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

In 2020, 10 million deaths were attributed to cancer, with multidrug resistance being responsible for over 90% of deaths in cancer patients receiving treatment. This study utilized the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila to study how cells become resistant to Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) radiation, a process similar to multidrug resistance, specifically focusing on the nucleotide excision repair and ubiquitin shuttle protein Rad23. The National Cancer Institute documented 30-60% of cancers tested had a mutation in RAD23. Knockdown of RAD23 in Tetrahymena thermophila demonstrated a UV resistance phenotype with decreased nucleotide excision repair and differential expression of proteins active within caspase-independent …

Cardiac Injury Regulates Neuroinflammation Through Extracellular Vesicle–Mediated Heart-Brain Crosstalk, Qingxuan Li, Ramzi H. Hamdalla, Neha Dhyani, Lijun Sun, Lie Gao, Tara L. Rudebush, Irving H. Zucker, Changhai Tian

Toxicology and Cancer Biology Faculty Publications

Cognitive impairment is common in heart failure patients, contributing to morbidity and mortality. This impairment may be linked to neuroinflammation in heart failure. However, the primacy of the heart-brain axis remains to be completely understood. Here, we elucidate the potential effects of myocardial injury on pathways and inflammatory mediators responsible for cognitive impairment using a rodent myocardial injury model. The results demonstrate direct extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated heart-brain crosstalk and the glial uptake of cardiac EVs. In addition, brain inflammation was also elicited following myocardial injury. Moreover, cardiac EVs promote brain microglial cell activation in vitro, potentially mediated by EV-enriched micro-RNAs …

Molecular Insights Into The Impact Of Bone Marrow Stroma, Cb-6644 Inhibition Of The Ruvbl1/2 Complex, And Cebpβ On Regulating Drug Sensitivity In Multiple Myeloma, Sebastian Adam Dziadowicz

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Multiple myeloma (MM), is a hematological cancer originating in plasma cells. Currently multiple myeloma represents a significant clinical challenge due its incurable nature mainly due to inevitable drug resistance. MM is characterized by abnormal plasma cell proliferation within the bone marrow and production of abnormal immunoglobulin resulting in a plethora of physiological abnormalities. Although a rare malignancy, MM accounts for 1% of all cancers and currently has five-year survival rate of around 50%. Utilizing a combination of laboratory experiments and bioinformatics techniques, this dissertation examines multiple layers of MM physiology in the context of regulating drug resistance or sensitivity. First, …

Gain-Of-Function Tp53 Mutations Induce Non-Canonical Nf-Κb Transcriptional Targets To Promote Tumor Development, Kelsey A. Yutan

Scripps Senior Theses

Background: Gain-of-function TP53 mutations have previously been shown to induce chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer cells, triggering the cGAS-STING innate immune response and subsequently activating the non-canonical NF-κB (NC-NF-κB) signaling pathway. This signaling cascade promotes cancer cell metastasis and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), significantly impacting tumor development and progression. However, the precise downstream mechanisms by which the mutp53-CIN-cGAS-STING-NC-NF-κB signaling pathway facilitates tumor development and progression remain poorly understood. Here, our objective was to identify direct downstream targets of mutp53-CIN-cGAS-STING-induced NC-NF-κB signaling that potentially impact the TME to promote the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods …

Impact Of Tgf-Β And Twist1 On Motility And Proliferation In Estradiol-Treated Mcf-7 Tamr Cells In-Vitro, Thomas L. Scott Iii

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Breast cancer is a highly malignant cancer and is known to be grouped into three main types: adenocarcinoma, invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer commonly arises as adenocarcinoma, located in the milk ducts, and becomes IDC when it spreads into the surrounding tissue from the influence of cytokines and hormones. This study outlines the rate of proliferation and motility of a type of adenocarcinoma, MCF-7-TamR, to become invasive ductal carcinoma when Twist1 is downregulated and exposed to TGF- and estradiol (E2) in-vitro. We hypothesize that the downregulation of Twist1 will reduce cell adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins …

Examining The Effect Of A High Fat Diet On The Expression Of Adipokines In A Murine Model Of Barrett's Esophagus, Saagar A. Shah

Honors Undergraduate Theses

Chronic acid reflux results in injury to the esophagus and the development of Barrett’s Esophagus (BE). BE elevates the lifetime risk for a patient to develop Esophageal Adenocarcinoma (EAC). Clinically, one of the main risk factors for BE and EAC is obesity, which alters the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes, also referred to as adipokines. Conflicting reports have been made to the expression of adipokines and their receptors in the progression to esophageal cancer. Utilizing an inflammation-based mouse model for BE, we hypothesize that alterations in the expression of adipokines and their receptors favor an inflammatory environment associated with …

Developing Novel Therapeutic Strategies For Mcrc With A Brafv600e Mutation, Mariah Geisen

Theses and Dissertations--Toxicology and Cancer Biology

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The overall incidence rates of CRC have decreased in those over 50, but there is an increasing incidence rate in those under 50. Risk factors for CRC include diet, family history, and a sedentary lifestyle. Early detection of CRC is key to patient survival and treatment response. Localized CRC has a survival rate of 90% and allows for surgical resection and chemotherapy. The 5-year survival for metastatic CRC (mCRC) is significantly reduced to around 14%. Despite early detection, 50% of patients will develop metastasis after surgical resection and …

Characterization Of The Overexpression Of Reca Homologs Rad51 And Dmc1 In Tetrahymena Thermophila, Jianna M. Cox

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

RecA homologs, Dmc1 and Rad51, work to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the cell through the recombination of homologous sections of DNA. Dmc1 works to repair programmed DSBs through meiotic recombination, while Rad51 functions to repair both meiotic and non-meiotic DSBs, the latter repaired through the process of homologous recombination repair (HHR). Chemotherapeutics, exogenous agents, work to form DSBs in cancer cells, attempting to inhibit the cell’s growth. A hyper recombinant phenotype is often seen in cancer cells due to the overexpression of RAD51, leading to drug resistance, the persistence of cancers, and an overall poor patient outcome. …

Targeting The Achilles’ Heel Of Lung Cancer Induced By Oncogenic P53, Brandon G. Velasco

Theses and Dissertations

Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, TP53, are the most prevalent oncogenic mutations in lung cancer, occurring in up to 70% of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The majority of mutations in p53 are missense mutations that cause not only a loss of tumor suppressor function, but also gain of oncogenic functions, like tumorigenicity, immune suppression, and chemoresistance. Previous studies have shown that the depletion of gain-of-function (GOF) p53 or disruption of its ability to transactivate the expression of genes related to oncogenesis eliminates its tumorigenic properties indicating a dependency of human lung cancer cells expressing GOF p53 …

Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer Contributes To Microenvironmental Redirection Of Cancer Cell Fate, Julie Sofie Bjerring, Yara Khodour, Emilee Anne Peterson, Patrick Christian Sachs, Robert David Bruno

School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences Publications

The mammary microenvironment has been shown to suppress tumor progression by redirecting cancer cells to adopt a normal mammary epithelial progenitor fate in vivo. However, the mechanism(s) by which this alteration occurs has yet to be defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that mitochondrial transfer from normal mammary epithelial cells to breast cancer cells plays a role in this redirection process. We evaluate mitochondrial transfer in 2D and 3D organoids using our unique 3D bioprinting system to produce chimeric organoids containing normal and cancer cells. We demonstrate that breast cancer tumoroid growth is hindered following interaction with mammary epithelial cells …

Determination Of Structural Factors Contributing To Protection Of Zinc Fingers In Estrogen Receptor Α Through Molecular Dynamic Simulations, Patricia B. Lutz, Wesley R. Coombs, Craig A. Bayse

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The ERα transcription factor that induces tumor growth is a potential target for breast cancer treatment. Each monomer of the ERα DNA-binding domain (ERαDBD) homodimer has two conserved (Cys)₄-type zinc fingers, ZF1 (N-terminal) and ZF2 (C-terminal). Electrophilic agents release Zn²⁺ by oxidizing the coordinating Cys of the more labile ZF2 to inhibit dimerization and DNA binding. Microsecond-length molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that greater flexibility of ZF2 in the ERαDBD monomer leaves its Cys more solvent accessible and less shielded from electrophilic attack by sulfur-centered hydrogen bonds than ZF1 which is buried in the protein. In the …

A Scoping Review Of Population Diversity In The Common Genomic Aberrations Of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma, Sean S. Kumar, Ninad Khandekar, Komal Dani, Saina R. Bhatt, Vinay Duddalwar, Anishka D' Souza

Department of Medicine Faculty Publications

Introduction: Previous literature has shown that clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is becoming a more prevalent diagnosis and that the incidence and mortality differ both regionally and racially. While the molecular profiles for ccRCC are studied regionally through biopsy and sequencing techniques, the genomic landscape and ccRCC diversity data are not well studied. We conducted a review of the known genomic data on 6 of the most clinically relevant DNA biomarkers in ccRCC: von Hippel-Lindau (vHL), Polybromo-1 (PBRM1), Breast Cancer Gene 1-Associated Protein 1 (BAP1), Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase Domain-Containing 2 (SETD2), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and Lysine-Specific Demethylase 5C …