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2018

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Articles 3181 - 3206 of 3206

Full-Text Articles in Biology

Vegetation Demographics In Earth System Models: A Review Of Progress And Priorities, Rosie A. Fisher, Charles D. Koven, William R. L. Anderegg, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Michael C. Dietze, Caroline E. Farrior, Jennifer A. Holm, George C. Hurtt, Ryan G. Knox, Peter J. Lawrence Jan 2018

Vegetation Demographics In Earth System Models: A Review Of Progress And Priorities, Rosie A. Fisher, Charles D. Koven, William R. L. Anderegg, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Michael C. Dietze, Caroline E. Farrior, Jennifer A. Holm, George C. Hurtt, Ryan G. Knox, Peter J. Lawrence

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESMs). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics in ESMs, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but …


Evidence That A Partner-Switching Regulatory System Modulates Hormogonium Motility In The Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc Punctiforme, Kelsey Wynne Riley Jan 2018

Evidence That A Partner-Switching Regulatory System Modulates Hormogonium Motility In The Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc Punctiforme, Kelsey Wynne Riley

University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations

Partner-switching regulatory systems (PSRSs) are utilized by many different bacteria to regulate a wide array of cellular responses, from stress response to expression of virulence factors. The filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme can transiently differentiate motile filaments, called hormogonia, in response to various changes in the environment. Hormogonia utilize a Type IV pilus (T4P) complex in conjunction with a secreted polysaccharide for gliding motility along solid surfaces. This study identified three genes, designated hmpU, hmpW, and hmpV, encoding the protein components of a PSRS involved in regulation of hormogonium motility in N. punctiforme. Although mutant strains with in-frame deletions in hmpU, …


Effects Of Roundup On Behavior, Growth, And Mortality Of Larval Blue Dashers, Pachydiplax Longipennis, Kayleen K. Parker, Claire A. Fuller Jan 2018

Effects Of Roundup On Behavior, Growth, And Mortality Of Larval Blue Dashers, Pachydiplax Longipennis, Kayleen K. Parker, Claire A. Fuller

Murray State Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this study was to determine if Roundup (active ingredient: Glyphosate) causes negative effects on behavior, growth, and mortality of larval Pachydiplax longipennis. Larvae were captured from rainwater-filled mesocosms at Hancock Biological Station in Murray, KY. Larvae were exposed to one of four concentrations of Roundup (0mg/L, 2.5mg/L, 5mg/L, or 10mg/L). Daphnia consumption, seek refuge, and anti-predator trials were conducted at 7 and 14 days post-exposure. Growth and survival trials were carried out for eight weeks using different larvae. There were no significant differences among treatments for whether or not larvae ate offered Daphnia for Day 7 …


Comparative Genetic And Genomic Analysis Of The Novel Fusellovirus Sulfolobus Spindle-Shaped Virus 10, David Andrew Goodman, Kenneth M. Stedman Jan 2018

Comparative Genetic And Genomic Analysis Of The Novel Fusellovirus Sulfolobus Spindle-Shaped Virus 10, David Andrew Goodman, Kenneth M. Stedman

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Viruses that infect thermophilic Archaea are unique in both their structure and genetic makeup. The lemon-shaped fuselloviruses—which infect members of the order Sulfolobales, growing optimally at 80 C and pH 3—are some of the most ubiquitous and best studied viruses of the thermoacidophilic Archaea. Nonetheless, much remains to be learned about these viruses. In order to investigate fusellovirus evolution, we have isolated and characterized a novel fusellovirus, Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 10 (formerly SSV-L1). Comparative genomic analyses highlight significant similarity with both SSV8 and SSV9, as well as conservation of promoter elements within the Fuselloviridae. SSV10 encodes five ORFs with no …


Quantitative Effects Of Soil Salinity On The Symbiosis Of Wild Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus L.) And Bradyrhizobium In Costa Rica, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Emily R. Wolfe, Jess Tyler, Wren Ronan, Scott Sands-Gouner, Curran Shaw, Mehmet Ali Balkan, Stefanie Kautz Jan 2018

Quantitative Effects Of Soil Salinity On The Symbiosis Of Wild Lima Bean (Phaseolus Lunatus L.) And Bradyrhizobium In Costa Rica, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Emily R. Wolfe, Jess Tyler, Wren Ronan, Scott Sands-Gouner, Curran Shaw, Mehmet Ali Balkan, Stefanie Kautz

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Global climate change and local anthropogenic activities are increasing soil salinization with permanent negative effects on agricultural and ecosystem productivity. While salt stress is known to affect plant performance, its effects on the association with key microbial plant symbionts, such as legume-associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, are less understood. In this field study conducted in Costa Rica (Puntarenas), we used sympatrically-occurring wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and Bradyrhizobium to quantify biomass production of unfertilized rhizobial (R+) and fertilized rhizobia-free (R-) plants at different levels of experimentally manipulated salinity in native soil. In response to salt stress, nodulation was significantly reduced even …


Raman Spectroscopic Analysis Of High Molecular Weight Proteins In Solution - Considerations For Sample Analysis And Data Pre-Processing, Drishya Rajan Parachalil, Brenda B. Brankin, Jennifer Mcintyre, Hugh Byrne Jan 2018

Raman Spectroscopic Analysis Of High Molecular Weight Proteins In Solution - Considerations For Sample Analysis And Data Pre-Processing, Drishya Rajan Parachalil, Brenda B. Brankin, Jennifer Mcintyre, Hugh Byrne

Articles

This study explores the potential of Raman spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate regression techniques and a protein separation technique (ion exchange chromatography), to quantitatively monitor diagnostically relevant changes in high molecular weight proteins in liquid plasma. Measurement protocols to detect the imbalances in plasma proteins as an indicator of various diseases using Raman spectroscopy are optimised, such that strategic clinical applications for early stage disease diagnostics can be evaluated. In a simulated plasma protein mixture, concentrations of two proteins of identified diagnostic potential (albumin and fibrinogen) were systematically varied within physiologically relevant ranges. Scattering from the poorly soluble fibrinogen fraction is …


Exploring The Association Of Urban Or Rural County Status And Environmental, Nutrition- And Lifestyle-Related Resources With The Efficacy Of Snap-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education) To Improve Food Security, Rebecca L. Rivera, Jennifer Dunne, Melissa K. Maulding, Qi Wang, Dennis A. Savaiano, Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson, Heather A. Eicher-Miller Jan 2018

Exploring The Association Of Urban Or Rural County Status And Environmental, Nutrition- And Lifestyle-Related Resources With The Efficacy Of Snap-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education) To Improve Food Security, Rebecca L. Rivera, Jennifer Dunne, Melissa K. Maulding, Qi Wang, Dennis A. Savaiano, Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson, Heather A. Eicher-Miller

Articles

Public Health Nutrition


Microfluidics In Coagulation Monitoring Devices: A Mini Review, Leanne Harris, Anthony J. Killard Jan 2018

Microfluidics In Coagulation Monitoring Devices: A Mini Review, Leanne Harris, Anthony J. Killard

Articles

Diagnosis and monitoring of disorders of coagulation and disturbances in haemostasis has been around for many years. Thrombotic and bleeding disorders are amongst the leading causes of mortality in the developed world, thus driving research in this area. The simplicity with which miniaturised devices operate and their application to the study of coagulation and haemostasis offer potential advantages over traditional testing, such as improvements in clinical decision making and ultimately patient care. This review looks at progress in microfluidic device development in the field of haemostasis and coagulation biology.


Seed Morphology, Dormancy And Germination Of South-West Australian Ericaceae, Michael Just Jan 2018

Seed Morphology, Dormancy And Germination Of South-West Australian Ericaceae, Michael Just

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

The Ericaceae in South West Australia contains species with difficult to germinate seeds, including many species with deep intractable dormancy. A better understanding of seed biology and species specific dormancy, and germination mechanisms is required to overcome these difficulties. Land clearing, salinity and disease has resulted in over 125 species within 15 genera being listed as rare, highly restricted, threatened and endangered (Western Australian Herbarium 1998–). The present study examined the seed biology of eight species of Ericaceae native to Western Australia, exploring fruit and seed morphology, dormancy and germination. Cold and warm stratification was used in combination with gibberellic …


The Cryopreservation Of Human Semen, And Subsequent Evaluation Of A Commercially-Available Device To Isolate Motile Sperm, Callum Andrew Robinson Jan 2018

The Cryopreservation Of Human Semen, And Subsequent Evaluation Of A Commercially-Available Device To Isolate Motile Sperm, Callum Andrew Robinson

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

The cryopreservation of human semen is a vital asset in assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Although advances have been in the freezing of sperm, further refinement is both necessary and ongoing. Computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) has been increasingly utilised in both research and diagnostic however there are a range of variables that must first be controlled in order to produce reliable measurements. Following thawing, sperm must be isolated from both the original seminal plasma and the cryoprotectants; the two most used isolation methods include density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and the swim-up method.

The present thesis sought to investigate the following areas …


Baseline Mrna Expression Differs Widely Between Common Laboratory Strains Of Zebrafish, Lindsay Holden, Kim H. Brown Jan 2018

Baseline Mrna Expression Differs Widely Between Common Laboratory Strains Of Zebrafish, Lindsay Holden, Kim H. Brown

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Common strains of wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio) have unique genomic features including SNPs and CNV, but strain information often goes unreported in the literature. As a result, the confounding effects of interstrain variation makes repetition of studies in zebrafish challenging. Here we analyze hepatic mRNA expression patterns between three common zebrafish strains (AB, Tuebingen (TU), and WIK) using Agilent 4 × 44 K gene expression microarrays to establish baseline mRNA expression across strains and between sexes. We observed wide variation in sex-specific gene expression within AB and WIK strains (141 genes in AB and 67 genes in WIK), …


Identification Of Novel Mites (Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements) In Coxiella Burnetii: Implications For Protein And Small Rna Evolution, Shaun Wachter, Rahul Raghavan, Jenny Wachter, Michael F. Minnick Jan 2018

Identification Of Novel Mites (Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable Elements) In Coxiella Burnetii: Implications For Protein And Small Rna Evolution, Shaun Wachter, Rahul Raghavan, Jenny Wachter, Michael F. Minnick

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium and zoonotic agent of Q fever. C. burnetii’s genome contains an abundance of pseudogenes and numerous selfish genetic elements. MITEs (miniature invertedrepeat transposable elements) are non-autonomous transposons that occur in all domains of life and are thought to be insertion sequences (ISs) that have lost their transposase function. Like most transposable elements (TEs), MITEs are thought to play an active role in evolution by altering gene function and expression through insertion and deletion activities. However, information regarding bacterial MITEs is limited. Results: We describe two MITE families discovered during research on small non-coding …


Genome-Wide Screening Of Potential Rnase Y-Processed Mrnas In The M49 Serotype Streptococcus Pyogenes Nz131, Zhiyun Chen, Rahul Raghavan, Fengxia Qi, Justin Merritt, Jens Kreth Jan 2018

Genome-Wide Screening Of Potential Rnase Y-Processed Mrnas In The M49 Serotype Streptococcus Pyogenes Nz131, Zhiyun Chen, Rahul Raghavan, Fengxia Qi, Justin Merritt, Jens Kreth

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

RNase Y is a major endoribonuclease in Group A streptococcus (GAS) and other Gram‐positive bacteria. Our previous study showed that RNase Y was involved in mRNA degradation and processing in GAS. We hypothesized that mRNA processing regulated the expression of important GAS virulence factors via altering their mRNA stabilities and that RNase Y mediated at least some of the mRNA‐processing events. The aims of this study were to (1) identify mRNAs that were processed by RNase Y and (2) confirm the mRNA‐processing events. The transcriptomes of Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131 wild type and its RNase Y mutant (Δrny) were …


Lyttr Regulatory Systems: A Potential New Class Of Prokaryotic Sensory System, Zhengzhong Zou, Hua Qin, Amanda E. Brenner, Rahul Raghavan, Jess A. Millar, Qiang Gu, Zhoujie Xie, Jens Kreth, Justin Merritt Jan 2018

Lyttr Regulatory Systems: A Potential New Class Of Prokaryotic Sensory System, Zhengzhong Zou, Hua Qin, Amanda E. Brenner, Rahul Raghavan, Jess A. Millar, Qiang Gu, Zhoujie Xie, Jens Kreth, Justin Merritt

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

The most commonly studied prokaryotic sensory signal transduction systems include the one-component systems, phosphosignaling systems, extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor systems, and the various types of second messenger systems. Recently, we described the regulatory role of two separate sensory systems in Streptococcus mutans that jointly control bacteriocin gene expression, natural competence development, as well as a cell death pathway, yet they do not function via any of the currently recognized signal transduction paradigms. These systems, which we refer to as LytTR Regulatory Systems (LRS), minimally consist of two proteins, a transcription regulator from the LytTR Family and a transmembrane protein …


Connecting Chemistry To Community With Deliberative Democracy, Regis Komperda, Jack Barbera, Erin Shortlidge, Gwen Shusterman, Stem Education And Equity Institute, Portland State University Jan 2018

Connecting Chemistry To Community With Deliberative Democracy, Regis Komperda, Jack Barbera, Erin Shortlidge, Gwen Shusterman, Stem Education And Equity Institute, Portland State University

Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations

Science education communities have called for rethinking curricula to improve student understanding of the nature of science and the role of science in addressing controversial modern issues such as climate change, energy policy, and pollution levels. One approach to meeting this call is integrating these topics into class activities that require students to use discussion and scientific approaches to solve problems and deliberate potential policy solutions. Deliberative democracy (DD) is one such active learning approach in which students work in peer groups to reach a consensus on a scientific topic relevant to both real-world issues and course content. During DD …


The Distinction Of The Interactions Between The Transmembrane Domains Of Basigin Gene Products And Monocarboxylate Transporters, Joseph D. Fong Jan 2018

The Distinction Of The Interactions Between The Transmembrane Domains Of Basigin Gene Products And Monocarboxylate Transporters, Joseph D. Fong

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Although it was once thought that neurons solely rely on glucose as a substrate for cellular energy production, it is now known that small monocarboxylate molecules, like pyruvate, lactate, and ketone bodies, are also utilized. Monocarboxylates are transported across plasma membranes via facilitated diffusion using a family of transport proteins known as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Four MCTs (MCT1, MCT2, MCT3, and MCT4) are expressed within neural tissues. Expression of the MCTs has been tied to co-expression of a cell adhesion molecule belonging to the Basigin subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). Basigin gene products are known to interact with MCT1 …


Tetratricopeptide 39c (Ttc39c) Is Upregulated During Skeletal Muscle Atrophy And Is Necessary For Muscle Cell Differentiation, Caleb Hayes Jan 2018

Tetratricopeptide 39c (Ttc39c) Is Upregulated During Skeletal Muscle Atrophy And Is Necessary For Muscle Cell Differentiation, Caleb Hayes

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Ttc39c has been identified as a novel gene in skeletal muscle that is upregulated in response to neurogenic atrophy in mice. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed that Ttc39c is expressed in both proliferating and differentiated muscle cells. Furthermore, comparison of Ttc39c expression in undifferentiated and differentiated C2C12 cells demonstrated that Ttc39c levels peak in early differentiation, but decreases as cells become fully differentiated myotubes. The transcriptional regulation of Ttc39c was examined by cloning promoter fragments of the gene and fusing it with the SEAP reporter gene. The Ttc39c reporter gene constructs were transfected into muscle …


Detection Of Cyanotoxins (Microcystins/Nodularins) In Hepatic Tissues And Epidermal Mats Of Stranded Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) In Northeast Florida, Amber Brown Jan 2018

Detection Of Cyanotoxins (Microcystins/Nodularins) In Hepatic Tissues And Epidermal Mats Of Stranded Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) In Northeast Florida, Amber Brown

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

The St. Johns River (SJR; Jacksonville, FL, USA) is a large, brackish, estuarine system characterized by considerable anthropogenic pollution, recurrent harmful algal blooms (HABs), and diverse toxin-producing cyanobacteria. The most prevalent toxins in SJR water samples are microcystins/nodularins (MCs/NODs). Additionally, the SJR provides critical habitat for a genetically and behaviorally distinct estuarine community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that routinely uses and strands in low mesohaline and oligohaline areas of the river. This population has been subject to two unusual mortality events (UME) since 2010 and has since been described as having substantial declines in population health, characterized …


Molecular And Evolutionary Analysis Of Cyanobacterial Taxonomic Methods, Chelsea Denise Villanueva Jan 2018

Molecular And Evolutionary Analysis Of Cyanobacterial Taxonomic Methods, Chelsea Denise Villanueva

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Cyanobacteria are a group of photo-oxygenic bacteria found in nearly every ecosystem, but much cyanobacterial diversity, in various habitats, has yet to be explored. Cyanobacteria are often conspicuous components of photosynthetic flora, providing significant carbon and nitrogen inputs to surrounding systems. As possible primary colonizers of stone substrates not native to this region, cyanobacteria isolated from headstones may provide biogeographically informative data. An exploratory study of lichen-dominated microbial consortia, growing on headstones, was conducted to isolate and identify novel microaerophytic cyanobacteria, and resulted in the establishment of four novel cyanobacterial taxa. Phylogenetic analyses of photobionts in one tripartite lichen revealed …


Characterization Of Vitellogenesis In The Bonnethead Shark Sphyrna Tiburo, Adrien Kathleen Mowle Jan 2018

Characterization Of Vitellogenesis In The Bonnethead Shark Sphyrna Tiburo, Adrien Kathleen Mowle

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Vitellogenin (Vtg) is a precursor to yolk-proteins produced in the liver of many invertebrates and non-mammalian vertebrates; its synthesis is stimulated by the hormone estradiol (E2). This study is the first to characterize vitellogenin synthesis in a placental viviparous elasmobranch, the yolk-sac placental bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. This study focused on determining where and when Vtg is produced, as well as what hormonal factors regulate Vtg production. The liver was confirmed as the site of Vtg production via immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was also observed within granulosa cells of ovarian follicles; further experimentation is needed to determine if this is indicative …


The Effects Of The Red Tide Producing Dinoflagellate, Karenia Brevis, And Associated Brevetoxins On Viability And Sublethal Stress Responses In Scleractinian Coral: A Potential Regional Stressor To Coral Reefs, David A. Reynolds Jan 2018

The Effects Of The Red Tide Producing Dinoflagellate, Karenia Brevis, And Associated Brevetoxins On Viability And Sublethal Stress Responses In Scleractinian Coral: A Potential Regional Stressor To Coral Reefs, David A. Reynolds

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Coral cover is in decline on a global scale, with increased mortality events being attributed to a number of global and regional stressors. While the impacts of global stressors (e.g. sea surface temperature rise, ocean acidification) are well documented, there is growing interest in identifying and understanding the impacts of regional stressors. The reason for this change in focus is that regional stressors can often work in combination, sometimes synergistically, with global stressors and that stressors on a regional scale tend to be more easily mitigated by management practices. One regional stressor that impacts a myriad of marine organisms in …


Establishing Relationships Among Environmental Stressors, Host Immune Status, And Wasting Disease Susceptibility In The Dominant Seagrass Species Thalassia Testudinum, Paige Joy Duffin Jan 2018

Establishing Relationships Among Environmental Stressors, Host Immune Status, And Wasting Disease Susceptibility In The Dominant Seagrass Species Thalassia Testudinum, Paige Joy Duffin

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

A growing body of evidence supports the observation that marine disease outbreaks, especially those caused by opportunistic pathogens, are increasing in frequency and severity. One genus of such pathogens, Labyrinthula, has been identified as the causative agent of seagrass wasting disease, an epidemic that has historically plagued seagrass beds around the world. It is suspected that pathogenicity is intimately linked to the ability of the host to initiate defense responses, but a lack of compelling evidence prevents any meaningful application of preliminary observations. This body of work investigated the roles of host genotype, host immune status, and environmental stressors …


Vocalizations Influence Roost-Site Selection In Overwintering Cavity-Nesting Birds In Eastern Washington, Shelby M. Hunter Jan 2018

Vocalizations Influence Roost-Site Selection In Overwintering Cavity-Nesting Birds In Eastern Washington, Shelby M. Hunter

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Primary cavity-nesting birds are keystone species because the annual tree cavities they excavate become critical habitat for other species. In eastern Washington, most primary cavity-nesting birds are year-round residents. They increase overwinter survival by night roosting in cavities and forming flocks. The timing of roost site selection can impact the quality of a roost site, thus selecting a roost site too late reduces the odds of selecting the most favorable microclimate available. Birds in flocks use alarm calls to warn of threats and contact calls to promote group cohesion. My study asks if timing of roost site selection and vocalizations …


Vegetation Community Development After Dam Removal On The Elwha River, Olivia A. Morgan Jan 2018

Vegetation Community Development After Dam Removal On The Elwha River, Olivia A. Morgan

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

The Elwha River is the site of the largest dam removal project in the world to date and serves as a case study for the ecological effects of large dam removal. The 2012-2014 removal of two dams on the Elwha River exposed a cumulative 2.76 km2 of previously inundated surfaces. Environmental conditions including sediment texture and nutrients, slope-aspect, dispersal distance from the river and mature forest, disturbance, and elevation vary widely across the reservoir surfaces, causing significant variation in the plant community. The first objective of my study is to continue a long-term study of the passively restored vegetation community …


Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Summer Habitat Use In Lake Spokane, Washington, Shawna B. Warehime Jan 2018

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Summer Habitat Use In Lake Spokane, Washington, Shawna B. Warehime

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Construction of dams dramatically alters the hydrology of rivers, influencing a wide variety of water quality characteristics directly impacting fish species. These physical alterations will interact with increasing temperatures, due to climate change, reducing thermal habitat for cold-water fish species. Rainbow Trout are sensitive to changes in their habitat and prefer water temperatures < 20 °C and DO levels ≥ 5.0 mg/L. The overarching goal of this study is to document Rainbow Trout movements in an environment that experiences oxygen stress and high water temperatures not meeting preferred levels. Lake Spokane is a 38.62 km long reservoir on the Spokane River located between Long Lake and Nine Mile Falls Dam in Washington State. Long Lake has three reaches, riverine, transitional, and lacustrine, and experiences low DO and high temperatures. The objectives of this project were to 1: Determine summer habitat use of Rainbow Trout from tracking data that provides location, depth, and temperature. 2: Compare habitat use and variation between two sequential years. 3: Use water quality and tracking data to predict future habitat characteristics Rainbow Trout will select for, based on past use. Hypotheses were 1: Tagged Rainbow Trout will leave the lower lacustrine zone during the summer period and select locations within the upper lacustrine and transitional zone. 2: Rainbow Trout will inhabit the upper hypolimnion and lower metalimnion for cooler water temperatures and higher DO during the summer period. To determine summer salmonid habitat utilization 20 and 25 triploid Rainbow Trout were acoustically tagged and released in Lake Spokane in the spring of 2017 and 2018 respectively. Weekly tracking events followed a pre-determined grid, and were conducted to determine location, water column depth, and water temperature for each tagged fish. Locations of the Rainbow Trout were then compared to the water quality (DO, pH, and temperature) from six to ten sampling locations. Parameters were collected on a bi-weekly basis from June to September, and monthly for May and October. Data analysis consisted of using tracking date to make monthly kernel density maps in Geographic Information Systems and a combination of tracking data and water quality data for a range bagging model in Program R. Monthly kernel density maps showed locations selected during two summers (2017 and 2018). The probability of presence of Rainbow Trout will be determined from water quality data and Rainbow Trout depth and temperature selections. Range bagging is the presence-only model in Program R that was used to store, average, and predict frequency of selections of depth, temperature, DO, and pH. Kernel density maps for 2017 and 2018 revealed similar patterns of selected locations. Early in the tracking season (July and April respectively) revealed Rainbow Trout primarily selecting areas in the mid-range of the lacustrine reach, with a few individuals within the mid-range of the transitional reach. As the tracking season progressed into late July, selections in 2018 were within the transitional reach unlike the previous year. August selections were nearly identical with Rainbow Trout selecting locations throughout the entire reservoir, except for the riverine reach. As temperatures cooled in September Rainbow Trout were found to school in similar areas throughout the mid-range of the lacustrine and transitional reaches. October was the only month that revealed different patterns of use between years. In 2017 the Rainbow Trout remained in small schools of fish in the two reaches, but in 2018 the fish exhibited the same pattern as August of both years. Depth selections in 2017 were more variable earlier in the season between 0 and 16 m. After the August 4th tracking event, depth selections averaged less than 6 m. Water temperatures were correlated with depths, fish that were shallow experienced warmer temperatures as high as 23.6 °C. As temperatures cooled, temperatures at the surface were as low as 8.4 °C. Depth selections in 2018 were more consistent across the entire season with two patterns being revealed. Either Rainbow Trout selected depths less than 6 m or were found between 6 and 15.6 m. Therefore Rainbow Trout experienced warmer temperatures of 18.0 to 20.4 °C during the peak of the season. Deeper fish were found at temperatures at, or below, 19.6 °C. When temperatures cooled, fish were found at 14.8 °C. Range bagging for both years revealed that Rainbow Trout were more likely to select intermediate water temperatures within the range of 0 to 30 °C and shallower depths (< 16 m) in the range of 0 to 20 m. With those selections falling between 10 and 22 °C and depths of 5 m or less. The predicted DO and temperature range bagging revealed that fish were going to select warmer temperatures (nearing 25 °C) at a wide range of DO between 4.0 and 13.0 mg/L. However, the 2018 model showed fewer Rainbow Trout selecting DO as low as 4.0 mg/L, falling between 5.0 and 11.0 mg/L. The final range bagging models for predicted DO and predicted pH revealed a wide range of DO being selected in 2017 with a higher probability of presence between 7.5 and 13.0 mg/L for 2018. Similarly, the predicted pH was over a wider range between 4 and 9 for 2017, but fell between 6 and 9 for 2018. The most surprising conclusions of this study were that Rainbow Trout were selecting depths within the epilimnion and upper metalimnion. Therefore were found at temperatures bordering the upper temperature limit at 20 °C and above. Furthermore, these fish selected locations throughout much of the reservoir during the warmest period of the season in August, the time period expected for Rainbow Trout to find cold-water refuge. Literature suggests that there were more location selections due to increased movement to locate coldwater refuge, perhaps not finding it, and surviving until temperatures cooled. Although they did not appear to be selecting the riverine section, as shown by the data, there were individuals that were not during the 2018 season, and then were found in the upper transitional reach. The lack of data for location selections within the riverine reach are believed to be due to the limitations of acoustic telemetry. Therefore, tracking adaptations would need to be made for future studies. The range bagging model could be improved with using water quality data set over a finer scale from a prediction model developed by Portland State University. For example, the probability of presence of Rainbow Trout were shown at DO levels as low as 4.0 mg/L, this could not occur because it is the level of asphyxiation. In addition to improving the predictive power of the range bagging model and changing tracking methods, a diet and growth study could be conducted to understand Rainbow Trout health. Although Rainbow Trout in this study were shown to have survived selecting warmer water temperatures, particularly in August, these fish may be thermally stressed and attempting to locate cold-water refuge. These fish may be pushed towards the surface due to lower DO levels near 5.0 mg/L. Although this is still within the suitable limit for Rainbow Trout to survive, it is not at 9.0 mg/L and above which are suggested when temperatures are ≥ 15.0 °C to reduce stress. Therefore, even though these selections are made, there is still concern for increasing water temperatures and low DO with climate change. Studies of Rainbow Trout responses to climate change and habitat selections and understand behavior under, what had traditionally been believed to be, marginal conditions.


Microorganisms Facilitate Uptake Of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen By Seagrass Leaves, Flavia Tarquinio, Jeremy Bourgoure, Annette Koenders, Bonnie Laverock, Christin Säwström, Glenn A. Hyndes Jan 2018

Microorganisms Facilitate Uptake Of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen By Seagrass Leaves, Flavia Tarquinio, Jeremy Bourgoure, Annette Koenders, Bonnie Laverock, Christin Säwström, Glenn A. Hyndes

Research Datasets

The database compiles data (used in Tarquinio et al. 2018, ISME Journal, accepted for publication) obtained from nitrogen stable isotope analysis (IRMS) and Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) of seagrass (Posidonia sinuosa) leaves and associated microorganisms. Row data (IRMS) are presented for bulk tissue 15N enrichment of P. sinuosa leaves at different times of incubation (plotted as bar chart in the manuscript), as well as the enrichment detected through the drawing of regions of interest (ROI) from NanoSIMS image analysis and plotted as box plots in the manuscript.