Biology Commons^™

Speed And Resolution In The Age Of Technological Reproducibility, Shawn Taylor

Theses and Dissertations

The rate of acceleration of the biologic and synthetic world has for a while now, been in the process of exponentially speeding up, maxing out servers and landfills, merging with each other, destroying each other. The last prehistoric relics on Earth are absorbing the same oxygen, carbon dioxide and electronic waves in our biosphere as us. A degraded .jpeg enlarged to full screen on a Samsung 4K UHD HU8550 Series Smart TV - 85” Class (84.5” diag.). Within this composite ecology, the ancient limestone of the grand canyon competes with the iMax movie of itself, the production of Mac pros, …

Mysteries Of The Trypanosomatid Maxicircles: Characterization Of The Maxicircle Genomes And The Evolution Of Rna Editing In The Order Kinetoplastida, Preethi Ranganathan Iyengar

Theses and Dissertations

The trypanosomatid protists belonging to Order Kinetoplastida are some of the most successful parasites ever known to mankind. Their extreme physiological diversity and adaptability to different environmental conditions and host systems make them some of the most widespread parasites, causing deadly diseases in humans and other vertebrates.

This project focuses on their unique mitochondrion, called the kinetoplast, and more specifically involves the characterization of a part of their mitochondrial DNA (also called kinetoplast DNA or kDNA), the maxicircles, which are functional homologs of eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA in the kinetoplastid protists. We have sequenced and characterized the maxicircle genomes of 20 …

Infection And Dissemination Of Tav-Gfp Tagged Sindbis In Aedine Mosquitoes And Cell Lines, Jason J. Saredy

UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Arthropod-borne-viruses (arboviruses) pose a global threat due to their ability to be transmitted by hematophagous insects to vertebrate hosts resulting in a range of serious infectious diseases. Sindbis virus (SINV) is the prototype arbovirus of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a fluorescent tagged reporter virus in both in vitro and in vivo environments. The fluorescent protein GFP was inserted between the Capsid and PE2 in the genome of TR339; SINV TaV-GFP (Wm. Klimstra Lab). This virus construct should have the same infectivity and virulence as wild type …

The Genetic Architecture Of Water-Use Efficiency Within And Between Two Natural Populations Of Foxtail Pine, Douglas E. Harwood

Theses and Dissertations

The goal of this project was to determine the genetic architecture of water-use efficiency (WUE) for foxtail pine, which included genomic loci, and effect sizes of this trait. Foxtail pine is a subalpine endemic conifer that inhabits two distinct regional populations separated by 500 km in the mountains of California. In order to achieve this goal, a robust linkage map containing thousands of genetic markers was created using four megagametophyte arrays ranging in size from approximately 70 to 95 megagametophytes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) discovered for WUE were mapped along the linkage map using linear mixed models and five half-sibling …

Inhibitory Effects Of Salicylic Acid On A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Viability, Djanan Vejselova, Hati̇ce Mehtap Kutlu

Turkish Journal of Biology

Antiinflammatory drugs, such as salicylic acid and its metabolite acetylsalicylic acid, have been singled out as apoptosis-inducing agents with antitumoral activity. In addition, they reduce the risk of some cancers via an unclear mechanism. In this study, we have investigated the apoptotic, cytotoxic, and growth-inhibiting effects of salicylic acid on A549, the human lung adenocarcinoma, alveolar epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. We observed the ultrastructural and morphological changes in A549 cells by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal microscopy. Cell viability was decreased by the optimal concentration (IC50) of 6.0 mM salicylic …

An Extracellular Antifungal Chitinase From Lecanicillium Lecanii: Purification, Properties, And Application In Biocontrol Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi, Huu Quan Nguyen, Dinh Thi Quyen, Sy Le Thanh Nguyen, Van Hanh Vu

Turkish Journal of Biology

An extracellular antifungal chitinase from L. lecanii strain 43H was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography; it showed a molecular mass of approximately 33 kDa with a specific activity of 167.5 U/mg protein and purification factor of 2.5. Optimum temperature and pH were observed at 40 °C and pH 6.0, respectively. This enzyme was stable at up to 40 °C and at pH 5.0-6.0. The kinetic constants K_m and V_{max} determined for the chitinase with colloidal chitin as substrate was 0.82 mg/mL and 4.51 U/mg, respectively. The presence of 5-15 mM tested metal ions led …

In Vitro Antiproliferative/Cytotoxic Activity Of 2,3'-Biindole Against Various Cancer Cell Lines, Sali̇h Ökten, Ramazan Erenler, Tuğba Kul Köprülü, Şaban Teki̇n

Turkish Journal of Biology

2,3'-Biindole (2) was synthesized via bromination of indole (1) with molecular bromine and underwent simultaneous dimerization. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of 2 was investigated in vitro on C6 (rat brain tumor), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma), and HT29 (human colon carcinoma) cells lines by using BrdU cell proliferation ELISA and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. In contrast to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 2,3'-biindole (2) significantly inhibited proliferation of HeLa and HT29 cell lines. According to LDH assay, the cytotoxicity of compound 2 was low on HT29 cell lines and high on HeLa and C6 cell lines. Moreover, 2 did not cause any DNA laddering …

Cytotoxic Effects Of Various Lactic Acid Bacteria On Caco-2 Cells, Sevda Er, Ayşe Tansu Koparal, Meri̇h Kivanç

Turkish Journal of Biology

Probiotics are live microbial food supplements that can be considered a functional food. They benefit the health of a host animal by maintaining their intestinal microbial balance. Most probiotic microorganisms are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Enterococcus spp. LAB have been reported to possess certain anticancer properties. The vast majority of studies on their anticancer effects have dealt with colorectal cancers, although there have also been some studies on breast and bladder cancers. Colon cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to …

Identification And Pathogenicity Of Bacteria In The Mediterranean Corn Borer Sesamia Nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Ardahan Eski̇, Fi̇li̇z Özkan Çakici, Mustafa Güllü, Hacer Muratoğlu, Zi̇hni̇ Demi̇rbağ, İsmai̇l Demi̇r

Turkish Journal of Biology

Sesamia nonagrioides (Lep.: Noctuidae) is one of the most serious pests of corn in Turkey and other Mediterranean countries. Although various cultural, chemical, and biological methods are used to control this pest, its damage still continues in all Mediterranean countries. In this study, to find an effective bacterium that can be used as a biocontrol agent against S. nonagrioides, we isolated 15 bacteria from S. nonagrioides larvae and evaluated the larvicidal potency of all isolates on the pest. According to their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular properties, the isolates were identified as Achromobacter insolitus (Sn1), Morganella morganii (Sn2), Klebsiella pneumoniae …

Genome-Wide Distribution Of Superoxide Dismutase (Sod) Gene Families In Sorghum Bicolor, Ertuğrul Fi̇li̇z, Hüseyi̇n Tombuloğlu

Turkish Journal of Biology

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are critical enzymes protecting cells against toxic superoxide radicals. To date, 3 types of SODs have been identified: Cu-ZnSODs, Fe-MnSODs, and NiSODs. In this study, a genome-wide analysis was performed in Sorghum bicolor to characterize SOD genes and proteins. Using several bioinformatics tools, we characterized a total of 8 SOD genes from the Sorghum genome. Gene structure, chromosomal distribution, tissue specific expression, conserved domain, and phylogenetic analyses of SOD genes were carried out. Additionally, 3-dimensional structures were determined and compared within each SbSOD protein. Chromosomal distributions revealed that the highest number of SOD genes was on chromosomes …

In Vitro Plant Regeneration Of 4 Capsicum Spp. Genotypes Using Different Explant Types, Marta Orlinska, Pawel Nowaczyk

Turkish Journal of Biology

This study evaluates the effectiveness of in vitro regeneration of 4 genotypes of pepper (Capsicum spp.) that differ in origin and functional properties: California Wonder, (ATZ × Sono)F_1, Jalapeno, and SF-9. In order to investigate the effect of the initial explant type, photoperiod, and presence of 2.0 mg L^{-1} of glycine in the medium, organogenesis was induced on the MS medium with 2.0 g L^{-1} 2-(N-morpholine) ethanesulfonic acid, 1.7 mg L^{-1} AgNO_3, 0.4 mg L^{-1} indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and 6.0 mg L^{-1} 6-benzyladenine. The effectiveness of organogenesis in the 3 genotypes representing C. annuum L. was similar and considerably lower …

E-Microsatellite Markers For Some Naturally Occurring Salvia Species In The Mediterranean Region, Ayşe Gül İnce, Mehmet Karaca

Turkish Journal of Biology

The genus Salvia L. contains about 1000 species, more than 40 of which are endemic to the Mediterranean region. Species boundaries and classifications of this genus have been mainly conducted based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. Although genomic and genic microsatellites are commonly used in a variety of genetic studies in many plant and animal species, their use has been limited in Salvia species. This research was undertaken to study microsatellite contents of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and develop a new set of expressed-microsatellite (e-microsatellite) markers using the GenBank databases. In in silico studies of the research, microsatellites were identified …

Cloning And Expression Of Chitinase A, B, And C (Chia, Chib, Chic) Genes From Serratia Marcescens Originating From Helicoverpa Armigera And Determining Their Activities, Mehtap Danişmazoğlu, İsmai̇l Demi̇r, Kazim Sezen, Hacer Muratoğlu, Remzi̇ye Nalçacioğlu

Turkish Journal of Biology

Three genes encoding chitinase A (chiA), B (chiB), and C (chiC) were amplified from a bacterium that was isolated from a naturally dead Helicoverpa armigera larva and identified as Serratia marcescens based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (KF823633 accession number). The open reading frames (ORFs) were identified as 1692, 1500, and 1443 base pairs for chiA, chiB, and chiC genes, respectively. These sequences were submitted to the GenBank with accession numbers KF823630 (chiA), KF823631 (chiB), and KF823632 (chiC). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with those of other bacterial chitinases revealed that the 3 chitinases contain the catalytic …

Bone Marrow Stem Cells Adapt To Low-Magnitude Vibrations By Altering Their Cytoskeleton During Quiescence And Osteogenesis, Levent Demi̇ray, Engi̇n Özçi̇vi̇ci̇

Turkish Journal of Biology

Application of mechanical vibrations is anabolic to bone tissue, not only by guiding mature bone cells to increased formation, but also by increasing the osteogenic commitment of progenitor cells. However, the sensitivity and adaptive response of bone marrow stem cells to this loading regimen has not yet been identified. In this study, we subjected mouse bone marrow stem cell line D1-ORL-UVA to daily mechanical vibrations (0.15 g, 90 Hz, 15 min/day) for 7 days, both during quiescence and osteogenic commitment, to identify corresponding ultrastructural adaptations on cellular and molecular levels. During quiescence, mechanical vibrations significantly increased total actin content and …

Evaluation Of The Genotoxic Or Mutagenic Effects Of Thermal Stress On Cultured Human Lymphocytes, Hasan Basri̇ İla, Mehmet Topaktaş, Mehmet Arslan, Mehmet Büyükleyla, Erman Sali̇h İsti̇fli̇

Turkish Journal of Biology

This study was performed to determine the cytogenetic effects of short-term thermal stress in human cultured lymphocytes. Experimental heat shock (39 °C) was performed alone or with the addition of mitomycin C (MMC) to determine the synergistic or antagonistic effects of heat shock on genotoxicity induced by MMC. In this study, during culture periods of 72 h, human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to heat shock for specified durations (30, 60, 120, and 240 min) 24 or 48 h before harvest. According to our results, the selected temperatures did not show genotoxic or mutagenic effects. In summary, the heat shock …

Endogenous Heat Shock Protein Groel Of A. Actinomycetemcomitans Preferentially Targets Primary Human Cd8+ T Cells, Meli̇s Kant, Bünyami̇n Akgül, Ayten Nalbant Aldanmaz

Turkish Journal of Biology

Apoptosis can be used to manipulate host cells by bacterial products such as bacterial heat shock proteins (Hsp). One of the virulence factors of periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is heat shock protein GroEL (AaGroEL), which has been shown to interact with host cells. AaGroEL (Hsp64) also has the potential to modulate immune system cells. In this study we used endogenous AaGroEL protein as an antigen to study bacterial Hsp-induced apoptosis in different immune system cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cell lines were cultured with different doses (50-1000 ng/mL) of endogenous AaGroEL at various time points. Apoptosis of the …

Efficient Entrapment Of Kluyveromyces Marxianus Dbkkuy-103 In Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel For Ethanol Production From Sweet Sorghum Juice, Kanchana Nonthasen, Weera Piyatheerawong, Pornthap Thanonkeo

Turkish Journal of Biology

The aim of this investigation was to optimize immobilization conditions to entrap Kluyveromyces marxianus DBKKUY-103 during ethanol fermentation from sweet sorghum juice using a response surface methodology. The effects and interactions of variables involved in cell entrapment using polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate were studied through a fractional factorial design. The results suggested that the primary variables involved in cell entrapment that significantly affected ethanol fermentation were sodium sulfate concentration, polyvinyl alcohol, and sodium alginate contents (P < 0.01). Subsequently, these variables were optimized for the preparation of cell entrapment based on response surface methodology and using central composite design. The results indicate that cell entrapment can achieve an ethanol concentration of 81.56 g L^{-1} under the following optimal conditions: bead gel diameter of 4.0 mm, calcium chloride concentration of 0.3 M, polyvinyl alcohol content of 10.09% (w v^{-1}), sodium alginate content of 3.39% (w v^{-1}), and sodium sulfate concentration of 0.44 M. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the model reveals that it adequately fit the experimental data (P < 0.01, R^2 = 0.9879). Therefore, this model can be used to efficiently prepare entrapped cells for ethanol production.

Activity Of Antioxidant Enzymes In The Liver Of Wild Boars (Sus Scrofa) From A Selenium-Deficient Area Depending On Sex, Age, And Season Of The Year, Dorota Jankowiak, Renata Pilarczyk, Radoslaw Drozd, Bogumila Pilarczyk, Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak, Gabriela Wysocka, Izabella Rzad, Arleta Drozd, Jaroslaw Kuba

Turkish Journal of Biology

The aim of this study was to compare the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (total GSH-Px and Se-GSH-Px) in the liver of wild boars (Sus scrofa) selected from a selenium-deficient area with respect to season of the year, sex, and age. Only season had a significant effect on liver Se content. Liver selenium concentration in the wild boars was highest in spring (0.292 µg/g wet weight) and lowest in winter (0.185 µg/g wet weight) (P < 0.05). The highest mean activity of total GSH-Px, Se-GSH-Px, and CAT (404.0, 309.9, and 1170.0 U/mg protein, respectively) was found in the spring season, and the respective highest mean activity of SOD was found during autumn (31.5 U/mg protein). Females showed markedly higher mean activities of total GSH-Px (388.2 and 314.7 U/mg protein) and CAT (1151.0 and 765.8 U/mg protein) compared to males. In comparison to other groups of animals, those aged between 1 and 1.5 years were characterized by higher mean activity of total GSH-Px and Se-GSH-Px, and those over 2 years of age showed higher activity of CAT and SOD. The analysis showed that the strongest oxidative stress and the greatest risk of peroxidative damage to the liver occurred during the winter.

Genotoxicity Of Metaphase-Arresting Methods In Barley, Aslihan Temel, Nermi̇n Gözükirmizi

Turkish Journal of Biology

Amiprophos-methyl (APM) and colchicine (COL) are therapeutic agents and are also used in plant science. Cell cycle synchronization (CCS) is mediated by hydroxyurea (HU) and APM. The genotoxic effects of APM are unclear. In order to assess the genotoxicity of APM separately and with HU and then compare it with COL, we treated 2-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Bornova-92') seedlings with 8 µM APM for 2 h, 1.25 mM COL for 18 h, or 1.25 mM HU for 18 h and 4 µM APM for 2 h, with a final ice-cold water incubation. Following treatment, seedlings were recovered without any substance …

Microsatellites For Genetic And Taxonomic Research On Thyme (Thymus L.), Mehmet Karaca, Ayşe Gül İnce, Adnan Aydin, Safi̇naz Y. Elmasulu, Kenan Turgut

Turkish Journal of Biology

Microsatellites are considered the marker of choice in modern research. However, there is no application of microsatellites in the research on the genus Thymus due to the scarcity of specific primer pairs. Using in silico data of several genera in the family Lamiaceae, 23 microsatellite primer pairs (LT) were developed and evaluated in 48 samples representing 9 species and subspecies of the genus Thymus. Codominant and multiallelic LT microsatellite markers were not only useful in the determination of genetic structure and variation within and between the species but also were powerful taxonomic aids in the molecular phylogeny of Thymus L. …

Biosurfactant Production By Pleurotus Ostreatus In Submerged And Solid-State Fermentation Systems, Zülfi̇ye Veli̇oğlu, Razi̇ye Öztürk Ürek

Turkish Journal of Biology

Biosurfactants are surface active molecules that are produced by microorganisms. Their positive features attract the attention of many researchers compared to their chemically synthesized counterparts. This research studied the production of a biosurfactant by Pleurotus ostreatus in submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF), with and without shaking. Oil spreading efficiency, emulsification index, and surface tension were assessed during the study. The highest emulsification index (E_{24}) values of SmF, SSF with shaking, and SSF without shaking were 60 ± 5.0%, 29 ± 2.5%, and 42 ± 4.0%, respectively, and surface tension values were 40.7 ± 0.9, 30.8 ± 0.8, and …

Optimization And Characterization Of Cold-Active Endoglucanase Produced By Aspergillus Terreus Strain Akm-F3 Grown On Sugarcane Bagasse, Abhas Kumar Maharana, Pratima Ray

Turkish Journal of Biology

The psychrotolerant microfungus Aspergillus terreus strain AKM-F3 (GenBank Accession No. KF417464) was investigated for the production of cold-active endoglucanase using sugarcane bagasse. The effects of different process parameters were studied for hyperproduction. Optimum production was found at 15 °C with an initial pH of 5.0 at 120 h. For enzyme production, 1 mM ZnCl_2, 0.01% aspartate, 2% lactose, and 3% NaNO_3 were regarded as potent inducers. The final production gave an activity 3.764-fold higher than the unoptimized conditions. The molecular weight of purified endoglucanase was 55 kDa, showing a 3.464-fold purification increase with a 23.925% yield having 75.279 U/mg of …

Cdna Cloning, Molecular Characterization, And Expression Analyses Of Two Novel Porcine Arrdc Genes-Arrdc1 And Arrdc, Hailong Huo, Pei Wang, Shuyan Wang, Yongwang Miao, Hongjiang Wei, Yongyun Zhang, Qiaoling Zhang, Fuquan Li, Lixian Liu, Rui Wang, Weizhen Li, Yue Zhao, Jinlong Huo, Heng Xiao

Turkish Journal of Biology

Arrestin-domain-containing proteins belong to the arrestin family, embers of which are important for regulating signal transduction within cells. In this study, two ARRDC genes (ARRDC1 and ARRDC5) of Diannan small-ear pigs were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and cloned for the first time (accession nos.: KF589202 and KF589203). The full-length coding sequence of ARRDC1 was 1284 nucleotides in length (molecular weight, 45.6 kDa; pI, 7.61) and encoded 427 amino acids. The ARRDC5CDS was 1014 nucleotides in length (molecular weight, 37.5 kDa; pI, 7.08) and encoded 337 amino acids. Sequence homology analysis revealed that the amino acid sequences of …

Effects Of Gradual Soil Drought Stress On The Growth, Biomass Partitioning, And Chlorophyll Fluorescence Of Prunus Mongolica Seedlings, Youyan Guo, Hongyuan Yu, Dongsheng Kong, Fang Yan, Donghua Liu, Yajuan Zhang

Turkish Journal of Biology

The present studyaimed to determine the effects of gradual drought stress on Prunus mongolica seedlings. The growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of the seedlings were investigated under drought and control conditions. The short-term (21 day) decline in soil water content from 30.46% to 15.55% did not significantly influence the growth of P. mongolica seedlings but increased the height, basal diameter, crown, leaf number, stem mass, leaf mass, and root mass of the seedlings. The growth of the drought group reached the maximum, but remained lower than that of the control group, within 21 days. Compared with the control group, the drought …

Antioxidant Activity Of Heme Oxygenase 1 In Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern.(Indian Mustard) Under Salt Stress, Khushbu Verma, Shubham Dixit, Gyan Singh Shekhawat, Afroz Alam

Turkish Journal of Biology

Antioxidant enzymes play a protective role in plants under oxidative stress. The present study explores the role of antioxidant system heme oxygenase1 (HO1) in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. in salt stress conditions. B. juncea seedlings were treated with different NaCl concentrations (0-200 mM) for 5 days. Salt stress elicited the highest response at 150 mM NaCl concentration; at this level, gene expression of HO1 was also upregulated. Apart from HO1, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione reductase (GR) also showed their highest activity at 150 mM NaCl concentration. The study shows that HO1 is indispensable in B. juncea for …

Designing A Bacterial Biosensor For Detection Of Mercury In Water Solutions, Amir Roointan, Nooshin Shabab, Jamshid Karimi, Alireza Rahmani, Mohammad Yousef Alikhani, Massoud Saidijam

Turkish Journal of Biology

Due to increasing advances in physical and chemical techniques for the assessment of pollutants in the environment, there is an immediate demand for a bioassay that can report both the presence of an analyte and its biological effects. In accordance with this need, there has been a fast growth in whole-cell biosensor technology. In this study we aimed to design a whole-cell bacterial biosensor to detect mercury in liquid solutions. The Pseudomonas pBS228 merR gene and its related promoter/operator was synthesized by Bioneer. The green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene was used as a reporter. GFP was cloned downstream of the …

Biological Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles And Evaluation Of Antibacterial And Antifungal Properties Of Silver And Copper Nanoparticles, Azam Jafari, Latifeh Pourakbar, Khalil Farhadi, Lida Mohammad Gholizad, Yobert Goosta

Turkish Journal of Biology

There is increasing attention being paid to metallic nanoparticles because of their intensive applications in different areas of science such as medicine, chemistry, agriculture, and biotechnology. In addition, there has been growing interest in using environmentally friendly methods of synthesizing nanoparticles without making or using substances risky to the environment and human health. Biological methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles have been considered as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical synthesis. In the present study, biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) leaf extracts is reported …

S. Cerevisiae $\Beta$-Glucan Reduced Viability Of Mouse Hepatoma Cells In Vitro, Artur Javmen, Ausra Nemeikaite-Ceniene, Saulius Grigiskis, Irena Jonauskiene, Mark Rudenkov, Darius Kacianauskas, Mykolas Mauricas

Turkish Journal of Biology

$\beta$-Glucan is a natural polymer, which is widely studied due to its multiple immunomodulatory properties. In addition, recent findings indicate potent antitumor properties of $\beta$-glucan. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker's yeast, is one of the commonly used sources of $\beta$-1,3-glucan. The aim of this work was to investigate S. cerevisiae $\beta$-glucan immunomodulatory activity against cancer cells.In our experiments, BALB/c mice were fed with insoluble whole $\beta$-glucan particles, and then their blood was collected for experiments. MH-22a hepatoma cells were treated with the blood of mice fed with $\beta$-glucan, and tumor cell viability was investigated after the treatment.The obtained results demonstrated that leukocytes …

Optimization Of Multiplex Rt-Pcr For M1, M23, And M23x Splice Variants Of Aqp4 And Ss-Actin Transcripts In Dalton?S Lymphoma Mouse Tissues, Rajaneesh Kumar Gupta, Sukala Prasad

Turkish Journal of Biology

Multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (MRT-PCR) is a method of choice for efficient and simultaneous analysis of gene expression at the transcript level with limited amounts of tissues; however, it is less common than other methods due to certain limitations. Here, we describe the protocol for MRT-PCR-based semiquantitative analysis of all AQP4 transcripts simultaneously in Dalton's lymphoma (DL) using transcript-specific primers and outline the critical parameters. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels are associated with edema of tissues due to various diseases. The AQP4 transcript possesses alternative transcription initiation sites and produces three isoforms, AQP4.M1, AQP4.M23, and AQP4.M23X, which constitute heterotetrameric orthogonal …

Use Of In Vitro Propagation Of `Obla?Inska? Sour Cherry In Rootstock Breeding, Dusica Doric, Vladislav Ognjanov, Goran Barac, Mirjana Ljubojevic, Ankica Pranjic, Krunoslav Dugalic, Sezai̇ Erci̇şli̇

Turkish Journal of Biology

Prunus cerasus L. `Obla?inska? sour cherry germplasm was established in vitrodirectly from in situ plants on different explant collection dates, enabling quick clonal multiplication and introduction to a rootstock breeding program. Rosette initiation of four investigated genotypes was possible from November to April on the medium containing Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) macroelements, Murashige and Skoog (MS) microelements, and vitamins supplemented with (in mg L?1) 6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.5; indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 0.01; gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.1; citric acid, 10; and L-ascorbic acid, 10. The lowest percent of contamination was noted in November and December, when dormant buds were used as an …