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2014

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Articles 1231 - 1260 of 1587

Full-Text Articles in Biology

Pcr Amplification Of The Green Fluorescence Protein Gene For Sub-Cloning, Royce Hogue Jan 2014

Pcr Amplification Of The Green Fluorescence Protein Gene For Sub-Cloning, Royce Hogue

2014 Symposium

We developed a plasmid cloning by PCR technique for the green fluorescence protein gene. PCR was used to amplify the GFP gene on the pGLO plasmid with custom PCR primers. The primer design included three sequences: 1) a leader sequence, 2) a restriction endonuclease recognition sequence for the cloning site, and 3) a complimentary sequence to the GFP gene. The GFP gene amplicon was ligated to pre-cut pUC18. The recombinant pUC18 was transformed using chemically competent E. coli DH5a. A blue/white screening method was used to identify the recombinant clones.

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Full Issue: Volume 8, Number 1 Jan 2014

Full Issue: Volume 8, Number 1

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

No abstract provided.

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How Does Spaceflight Affect The Human Body?, Sara Dina Feinzeig Jan 2014

How Does Spaceflight Affect The Human Body?, Sara Dina Feinzeig

The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences

Spaceflight can impact just about every organ of the human body. The launch into space increases gravitational forces, which may decrease consciousness. Once subjected to the microgravity of outer space, the constant mechanical stress exerted on the body from Earth’s gravity decreases enormously, causing bone degeneration to occur. Calcium, a major component of bone is excreted in very high amounts, often leading to the formation of calcium kidney stones. Astronauts perform weight bearing exercise, take osteoporosis drugs and calcium and vitamin D supplements in order to combat bone loss. The vertebrae of the spine are also impacted by the lack …

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Developmental Origins Of Pregnancy Loss In The Adult Female Common Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix Jacchus), J. N. Rutherford, V. A. Demartelly, D. G. Layne Colon, Corinna N. Ross, S. D. Tardif Jan 2014

Developmental Origins Of Pregnancy Loss In The Adult Female Common Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix Jacchus), J. N. Rutherford, V. A. Demartelly, D. G. Layne Colon, Corinna N. Ross, S. D. Tardif

Biology Faculty Publications (Archived)

Background: The impact of the intrauterine environment on the developmental programming of adult female reproductive success is still poorly understood and potentially underestimated. Litter size variation in a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus), allows us to model the effects of varying intrauterine environments (e.g. nutrient restriction, exposure to male womb-mates) on the risk of losing fetuses in adulthood. Our previous work has characterized the fetuses of triplet pregnancies as experiencing intrauterine nutritional restriction. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used over a decade of demographic data from the Southwest National Primate Research Center common marmoset colony. We evaluated differences between …

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Native Warm-Season Grasses Resist Spotted Knapweed Resurgence, Neil W. Macdonald, William J. Bottema Jan 2014

Native Warm-Season Grasses Resist Spotted Knapweed Resurgence, Neil W. Macdonald, William J. Bottema

Peer Reviewed Publications

No abstract provided.

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Native Plant Establishment Success Influenced By Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Stoebe) Control Method, Laurelin M. Martin, Neil W. Macdonald, Tami E. Brown Jan 2014

Native Plant Establishment Success Influenced By Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea Stoebe) Control Method, Laurelin M. Martin, Neil W. Macdonald, Tami E. Brown

Open Access Publishing Support Funded Articles

Invasive species frequently need to be controlled as part of efforts to reestablish native species on degraded sites. While the effectiveness of differing control methods are often reported, the impacts these methods have on the establishment of a native plant community are often unknown. To determine methods that effectively reduce spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) while enhancing native species establishment, we tested 12 treatment combinations consisting of an initial site preparation (mowing, mowing + clopyralid, or mowing + glyphosate), in factorial combination with annual adult knapweed hand pulling and/or burning. We established 48 plots and applied site preparation treatments …

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Energy Tradeoffs Between Food Assimilation, Growth, Metabolism And Maintenance, Lihong Jiao Jan 2014

Energy Tradeoffs Between Food Assimilation, Growth, Metabolism And Maintenance, Lihong Jiao

Masters Theses

"The effect of metabolic rate (MR) on organisms' health maintenance is a long-standing puzzle and empirical data on this issue is contradictory. A theoretical model was developed for understanding animal's energy budget under the food condition of Ad libitum (AL) and food restriction. This model offers a framework for understanding the role of MR and health maintenance mechanism from the perspective of energy tradeoff between food assimilation, growth, metabolism and maintenance. Hornworm (Manduca sexta larva) has been selected as an model to test the energetic tradeoff under different food supply and ambient temperatures. The changes in energy budget can …

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Steps Towards Successful Cryopreservation Of Fish Gametes: Improving Laboratory Protocols In The Zebrafish Model To Increase Gamete Viability And Efficiency, Megan Chastain Jan 2014

Steps Towards Successful Cryopreservation Of Fish Gametes: Improving Laboratory Protocols In The Zebrafish Model To Increase Gamete Viability And Efficiency, Megan Chastain

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Cryopreserervation is a powerful tool for the long term storage of genetic material from endangered species. While mammalian gametes have long been freezable, eggs and embryos from fish have yet to be successfully frozen. Furthermore, protocols for freezing fish sperm have low success rates. In an effort to overcome the limitations in gamete manipulation currently impeding successful fish gamete cryopreservation, I outline two experiment using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model for freshwater fish species. First, I attempted to extend working time in both eggs and sperm by incubating the gametes in rainbow trout oviductal fluid (RTOF), RTOF + HEPES, …

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Relative Abundance, Distribution, And Life Histories Of Fish Species In The Colville River Watershed, Stevens County, Washington, Aaron Mettler Jan 2014

Relative Abundance, Distribution, And Life Histories Of Fish Species In The Colville River Watershed, Stevens County, Washington, Aaron Mettler

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

This was the first study to report on the fish assemblage of the Colville River watershed, Stevens County, Washington. Sixty-nine sites were sampled from May – November of 2013, 19 in the Colville River and 50 in its tributaries: Blue Creek (n=2), Chewelah Creek (n=6), Cottonwood Creek (n=2), Deer Creek (n=2), Gold Creek (n=3),Haller Creek (n=2), Huckleberry Creek (n=3), Jump Off Joe Creek (n=2), Little Pend Oreille River (n=11), Mill Creek (n=8), Paye Creek (n=1), Sheep Creek (n=2), Sherwood Creek (n=2), Stensgar Creek (n=2), Stranger Creek (n=1), and Thomason Creek (n=1). Sites were sampled using backpack electrofishing, seine nets, and …

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An Exploration Of Mutation Effect Sizes In The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans, Melody Dossey Jan 2014

An Exploration Of Mutation Effect Sizes In The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans, Melody Dossey

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Mutation rates vary within and among species, in part reflecting the variable input of the two main sources of mutation, DNA replication errors and DNA damage. In somatic tissues, oxidative damage resulting from free radical attacks on DNA is an important and well-characterized cause of mutation, contributing to many diseases and to the aging process. In contrast, it is not known whether oxidative damage can lead to heritable mutations in germline (sperm and egg) DNA. In a previous study, the germline mutation rate was estimated from a mutation accumulation study in two strains of rhabditid nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), the N2 …

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Wild Kokanee Tracking And Movements In Lake Roosevelt, 2010, Tyler Parsons Jan 2014

Wild Kokanee Tracking And Movements In Lake Roosevelt, 2010, Tyler Parsons

EWU Masters Thesis Collection

Wild kokanee in Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, commonly known as Lake Roosevelt, comprise an essential part of the fishery in Lake Roosevelt. The salmon population in Lake Roosevelt plays a vital role in the local ecosystem, and also is a major source of socioeconomic income for the surrounding areas of eastern Washington. There are many gaps in the managers’ knowledge of this wild population of kokanee in Lake Roosevelt. In 2008 we initiated a four year study to determine 1) the seasonal reservoir use areas by kokanee, 2) monitor the thermal and depth experience of kokanee throughout the year, 3) …

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Meta-Analysis Of Male And Female Function In Plants With Contrasting Architecture And Mating Systems, Lisa Wyse Jan 2014

Meta-Analysis Of Male And Female Function In Plants With Contrasting Architecture And Mating Systems, Lisa Wyse

Senior Honors Theses and Projects

A plant has limited resources to invest in growth and reproduction. A plant's inflorescence architecture and mating system are predicted to influence investment in sexual function. Investment in male and female function (pollen and ovules) represents one measure of such balance. However, few studies have considered architecture and mating system in combination. P:O ratio, as well as information regarding inflorescence structure and lifespan was assembled and analyzed to test the hypothesis that pollen: ovule ratio is contingent upon combined plant architecture and mating system. Across different mating systems, xenogamous species had significantly larger P:O ratios than autogamous and facultative species. …

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Investigation Of Angiogenic Effects Of Bioactive Borate Glass Microfibers And Beads In A Rodent Model, Richard Jeffrey Watters Jan 2014

Investigation Of Angiogenic Effects Of Bioactive Borate Glass Microfibers And Beads In A Rodent Model, Richard Jeffrey Watters

Masters Theses

"The primary objective of this research project was to evaluate the effects of three different compositions of bioactive glass microfibers (45S5, 13-93B3, and 13-93B3Cu) and bioactive glass beads (13-93, 13-93B3, and 13-93B3Cu) on angiogenesis in subcutaneous tissue in the SKH1 'hairless' mouse. Microvascular responses to the bioactive glass implants were investigated via three experimental approaches: noninvasive vital imaging of microvasculature in dorsal skin windows; quantitative histomorphometry of microvascular densities; and quantitative PCR measurements of mRNA expression of pro-angiogenic cytokines VEGF and FGF-2. The live imaging of dorsal skin window preparations in the hairless SKH1 showed the formation of a halo-like …

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Ecology Of A Declining Great Plains Fish, Fundulus Sciadicus, In The Missouri Ozarks, Gregory Travis Thompson Jan 2014

Ecology Of A Declining Great Plains Fish, Fundulus Sciadicus, In The Missouri Ozarks, Gregory Travis Thompson

Masters Theses

"Anthropogenic habitat disturbances are of growing concern due to their impacts on native biota, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Damming, channelization, urbanization, wetland draining, and non-native fish introductions all play large roles in habitat homogeneity, fragmentation, and species competition. This has negative effects on native fish and invertebrate species. In the Midwestern United States, the plains topminnow (Fundulus sciadicus) has been declining across its range, to the point of becoming a species of special concern in Missouri. This is possibly due to a combination of the above anthropogenic habitat disturbances. To better understand the ecology of the plains topminnow …

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Comparative Study Of Factors Influencing Seed Germination And Seedling Longevity In Cuscuta (Dodder, Convolvulaceae), Behrang Behdarvandi Jan 2014

Comparative Study Of Factors Influencing Seed Germination And Seedling Longevity In Cuscuta (Dodder, Convolvulaceae), Behrang Behdarvandi

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Cuscuta (dodder), the only parasitic genus of Convolvulaceae family, is a significant plant from ecological, economical, and conservational point of views. The genus consists of c. 200 described species with wide ranges of ecological distributions. Cuscuta spp. are categorized as stem parasitic plants with reduced (or lost) photosynthesis-related genes. The filamentous coiled embryo, embedded in the endosperm, lacks cotyledons and is covered with a multiple-layered seed coat. The seedlings carry a vestigial root-like organ which is not considered a ‘true’ functional root. Members of the genus differ in their germination rate and seedling survival. It is known that seed …

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Microbial Community Characterization And Pathogen Profiling Of Land-Based Aquaculture Systems Using Culture-Based And Molecular-Based Fingerprinting Techniques, Nicole S. Kteily Jan 2014

Microbial Community Characterization And Pathogen Profiling Of Land-Based Aquaculture Systems Using Culture-Based And Molecular-Based Fingerprinting Techniques, Nicole S. Kteily

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The growing worldwide demand for fish production has prompted research towards intensive aquaculture. Innovative system designs, such as recirculating and flow-through aquaculture systems, have been developed to improve the efficiency and sustainability of intensive aquaculture practices. These LBAS systems exhibit a wide range of spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Although such heterogeneity suggests the potential for culture water to support a diverse and spatially complex assortment of microorganisms, there is a lack of information regarding the overall diversity and composition of microbial communities (including pathogens) in the different compartments of these systems. To better understand the diversity and functionality of microbial …

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The Role Of Body Size On The Outcome Of Mating Interactions In Drosophila Melanogaster, Adam C. Lounsbury Jan 2014

The Role Of Body Size On The Outcome Of Mating Interactions In Drosophila Melanogaster, Adam C. Lounsbury

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

Sexual selection is the process by which some individuals produce more and/or better quality offspring than others because they are better at securing mates. While this may be accomplished by defeating same-sex rivals (intrasexual selection), individuals of one sex (typically females) may also “decide” on the suitability of individuals of the opposite sex (typically males), resulting in intersexual selection on attractive traits. While a great deal of scrutiny has focused on how sexual selection influences male display traits, much less scrutiny has been directed toward the factors underlying female preference, including genetic variation, as well as the extent to which …

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Distribution And Elimination Of 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol (Tfm) By Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) And Non-Target, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser Fulvescens), Michael W. Le Clair Jan 2014

Distribution And Elimination Of 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol (Tfm) By Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon Marinus) And Non-Target, Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) And Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser Fulvescens), Michael W. Le Clair

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The pesticide, 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), has been highly successful in the control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes. Treatments with TFM involve applying it to streams, where it targets larval sea lamprey which live burrowed in the stream substrate. While the toxic mechanism of TFM has been elucidated, and its effects on sea lamprey described, its effects on non-target fish species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are not as well understood. The present work demonstrated that rainbow trout show a great capacity to detoxify the lampricide using glucuronidation, when exposed to …

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Genome Jigsaw: Implications Of 16s Ribosomal Rna Gene Fragment Position For Bacterial Species Identification, Jennifer Mitchell Jan 2014

Genome Jigsaw: Implications Of 16s Ribosomal Rna Gene Fragment Position For Bacterial Species Identification, Jennifer Mitchell

Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive)

The 16S rRNA gene is present within all bacteria, and contains nine variable regions interspersed within conserved regions of the gene. While conserved regions remain mostly constant over time, variable regions can be used for taxonomic identification purposes. Current methodologies for characterizing microbial communities, such as those used to study the human microbiome, involve sequencing short fragments of this ubiquitous gene, and comparing these fragments to reference sequences in databases to identify the microbes present. Traditionally, whole 16S rRNA sequences with more than 97% sequence identity (id) are assigned to a single operational taxonomic unit (OTUs); each OTU being a …

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Is Logarithmic Transformation Necessary In Allometry? Ten, One-Hundred, One-Thousand-Times Yes, Joseph Mascaro, Creighton M. Litton, R. Flint Hughes, Amanda Uowolo, Stefan A. Schnitzer Jan 2014

Is Logarithmic Transformation Necessary In Allometry? Ten, One-Hundred, One-Thousand-Times Yes, Joseph Mascaro, Creighton M. Litton, R. Flint Hughes, Amanda Uowolo, Stefan A. Schnitzer

Biological Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

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Functional Characterization Of A Novel Thioredoxin Domain-Containing Protein Of The Malaria Parasite Plasmodium, Rachel Kooistra Jan 2014

Functional Characterization Of A Novel Thioredoxin Domain-Containing Protein Of The Malaria Parasite Plasmodium, Rachel Kooistra

Master's Theses

A novel thioredoxin domain-containing protein of the malaria parasite Plasmodium was identified and found to be conserved among eukaryotes. This protein belongs to the phosducin-like family of proteins (PhLPs), and was therefore assigned the name PhLP1, since it is the first phosducin-like protein to be identified in Plasmodium. PhLPs have been found to have various roles in G-protein signaling, cell cycle progression, and protein folding. However, the biochemical mechanism by which PhLPs perform their function is unknown. Here is described the cloning and biochemical characterization of both PhLP1 and its human homolog TXNDC9. Both purified PhLP1 and TXNDC9 showed enzymatic …

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Environmental Drivers Of Leaf Breakdown Rate In An Urban Watershed, Ashley Rachelle Cook Jan 2014

Environmental Drivers Of Leaf Breakdown Rate In An Urban Watershed, Ashley Rachelle Cook

Master's Theses

Leaf litter breakdown is a critical ecosystem process in urban streams, but environmental conditions in urban streams may generate confounding effects on breakdown rates. Reduced abundance of macroinvertebrate shredders may slow breakdown, but rates may increase if high nutrient concentrations stimulate microbial decomposers and if flooding enhances leaf fragmentation. We used the litter bag technique to measure the relative importance of multiple environmental drivers on breakdown of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves at 5 sites throughout the North Branch of the Chicago River watershed. Sites spanned a gradient of urbanization, but no specialized macroinvertebrate shredders were present at any sites. …

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Regulators Of Repo: A Search For Gcm/Repo Transcription Factors, Kathy Ann Nipper Jan 2014

Regulators Of Repo: A Search For Gcm/Repo Transcription Factors, Kathy Ann Nipper

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The role of the Drosophila melanogaster gene glial cells missing (gcm) is that of a binary switch in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in specification of the glial fate for multipotent precursor cells. However, Gcm is also essential for maturation of hematocytes and tendon cells ( Alfonso and Jones, 2002; Jones, et al., 1995; Hosoya et al., 1995; Soustell et al., 2004). The varied outcomes of gcm expression imply the interaction of co-factors capable of giving the Gcm protein different "meanings" in different developmental contexts. The Gcm target repo is expressed exclusively in …

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Effects Of Weaning Age On Body Composition And Growth Of Ex Situ California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Pups, Brandon Davis Jan 2014

Effects Of Weaning Age On Body Composition And Growth Of Ex Situ California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Pups, Brandon Davis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Pinnipeds exhibit a wide range of lactation strategies that vary from just a few days to nearly three years in duration. Phocids have a relatively short, intense nursing period culminating with weaning after just a few days or weeks, while dependent otariids generally take several months of consuming a combined milk and solid food diet before being completely independent. The transition to nutritional independence can be particularly challenging for newly weaned pups, which must adjust to behavioral, physiological and nutritional changes as a milk diet is replaced with solid food. An interruption in energy resources during this formative stage could …

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Using Land Cover Mapping And Landscape Metrics To Evaluate Effects Of Urban Development On Ecological Integrity In Florida, Michael Gilbrook Jan 2014

Using Land Cover Mapping And Landscape Metrics To Evaluate Effects Of Urban Development On Ecological Integrity In Florida, Michael Gilbrook

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The widespread loss and degradation of habitat constitutes the largest threat to biodiversity in North America. While regulatory programs such as the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and wetland permitting under the Clean Water Act have addressed acute assaults on critical habitat, large areas of unprotected uplands have been lost. Urban development, particularly the advent of lower density suburban and rural sprawl, has greatly diminished the extent of contiguous patches of forest habitat and introduced a host of other undesirable effects on ecosystem function. This study sought to evaluate the extent of urban sprawl and its effects on ecological integrity …

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Art Or Science?, Allison Marsh Jan 2014

Art Or Science?, Allison Marsh

Section 3: Imaging the Fast Moving

No abstract provided.

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Phylogenomic Analyses Support The Bifurcation Of Ciliates Into Two Major Clades That Differ In Properties Of Nuclear Division, Feng Gao, Laura A. Katz Jan 2014

Phylogenomic Analyses Support The Bifurcation Of Ciliates Into Two Major Clades That Differ In Properties Of Nuclear Division, Feng Gao, Laura A. Katz

Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Ciliates are a diverse assemblage of eukaryotes that have been the source of many discoveries including self-splicing RNAs, telomeres and trans-splicing. While analyses of ciliate morphology have given rise to robust hypotheses on relatively shallow level relationships, the deeper evolutionary history of ciliates is largely unknown. This is in part because studies to date have focused on only a single locus, small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU-rDNA). In the present study, we use a taxon-rich strategy based on multiple loci from GenBank and recently completed transcriptomes to assess deep phylogenetic relationships among ciliates. Our phylogenomic data set includes up to 537 …

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Genome Structure Drives Patterns Of Gene Family Evolution In Ciliates, A Case Study Using Chilodonella Uncinata (Protista, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea), Feng Gao, Weibo Song, Laura A. Katz Jan 2014

Genome Structure Drives Patterns Of Gene Family Evolution In Ciliates, A Case Study Using Chilodonella Uncinata (Protista, Ciliophora, Phyllopharyngea), Feng Gao, Weibo Song, Laura A. Katz

Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

In most lineages, diversity among gene family members results from gene duplication followed by sequence divergence. Because of the genome rearrangements during the development of somatic nuclei, gene family evolution in ciliates involves more complex processes. Previous work on the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata revealed that macronuclear β-tubulin gene family members are generated by alternative processing, in which germline regions are alternatively used in multiple macronuclear chromosomes. To further study genome evolution in this ciliate, we analyzed its transcriptome and found that (1) alternative processing is extensive among gene families; and (2) such gene families are likely to be C. uncinata …

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The Dynamic Nature Of Genomes Across The Tree Of Life, Angela M. Oliverio, Laura A. Katz Jan 2014

The Dynamic Nature Of Genomes Across The Tree Of Life, Angela M. Oliverio, Laura A. Katz

Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Genomes are dynamic in lineages across the tree of life. Among bacteria and archaea, for example, DNA content varies through out life cycles, and nonbinary cell division in diverse lineages indicates the need for coordination of the inheritance of genomes. These observations contrast with the textbook view that bacterial and archaeal genomes are monoploid (i.e., single copied) and fixed both within species and throughout an individual's lifetime. Here, we synthesize information on three aspects of dynamic genomes from exemplars representing a diverse array of bacterial and archaeal lineages: 1) ploidy level variation, 2) epigenetic mechanisms, and 3) life cycle variation. …

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Characterization Of The Life Cycle And Heteromeric Nature Of The Macronucleus Of The Ciliate Chilodonella Uncinata Using Fuorescence Microscopy, Laure Bellec, Xyrus X. Maurer-Alcala, Laura A. Katz Jan 2014

Characterization Of The Life Cycle And Heteromeric Nature Of The Macronucleus Of The Ciliate Chilodonella Uncinata Using Fuorescence Microscopy, Laure Bellec, Xyrus X. Maurer-Alcala, Laura A. Katz

Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Only a limited number of studies exist on the life cycles of nonmodel ciliates such as Chilodonella uncinata (Cl: Phyllopharyngea). The handful of papers on this taxon indicate the presence of a heteromeric macronucleus, marked by separate DNA-rich and DNA-poor regions. Here, we study the life cycle of C. uncinata using confocal laser scanning microscopy with 4′,6-diamidino-2- phenylindole staining, which allows us to differentiate nuclear dynamics of the micronucleus and the macronucleus during life-cycle stages. We photo-documented various stages and confirmed aspects of the development of the new macronucleus previously characterized by electron microscopy. We further reveal the heteromeric structure …

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